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Physics in Perspective最新文献

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Four Facts Everyone Ought to Know about Science: The Two-Culture Concerns of Philip W. Anderson 关于科学，每个人都应该知道的四个事实:菲利普·w·安德森的两种文化关注
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0229-8
Andrew Zhang, Andrew Zangwill
{"title":"Four Facts Everyone Ought to Know about Science: The Two-Culture Concerns of Philip W. Anderson","authors":"Andrew Zhang,&nbsp;Andrew Zangwill","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0229-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0229-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lay people have a large appetite for information about scientific and technological issues that affect them, such as self-driving automobiles, gene manipulation, and climate change. However, this information must be clear and accurate if they are to use it to make informed political decisions. In 1994, the Nobel prize–winning physicist Philip W. Anderson used a newspaper essay to convey his concerns about the fidelity of the communication channels that connect the public to the creators of technical knowledge. He also suggested strategies to improve the quality of that communication. We analyze that essay and other writings by Anderson to identify the origins of his concerns and to place them in the larger context of his scientific philosophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 4","pages":"342 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0229-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5057782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Interrogating the Legend of Einstein's “Biggest Blunder” 质疑爱因斯坦“最大的错误”的传说
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0228-9
Cormac O’Raifeartaigh, Simon Mitton
{"title":"Interrogating the Legend of Einstein's “Biggest Blunder”","authors":"Cormac O’Raifeartaigh,&nbsp;Simon Mitton","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0228-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0228-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is well known that, following the emergence of the first evidence for an expanding universe, Albert Einstein banished the cosmological constant term from his cosmology. Indeed, he is reputed to have labelled the term, originally introduced to the field equations of general relativity in 1917 in order to predict a static universe, his “biggest blunder.” However, serious doubts about this reported statement have been raised in recent years. We interrogate the legend of Einstein’s “biggest blunder” statement in the context of our recent studies of Einstein’s cosmology in his later years. We find that the remark is highly compatible with Einstein’s cosmic models of the 1930s, with his later writings on cosmology, and with independent reports by at least three physicists. We conclude that there is little doubt that Einstein came to view the introduction of the cosmological constant term as a serious error and that he very likely labelled the term his “biggest blunder” on at least one occasion. This finding may be of some relevance for those theoreticians today who seek to describe the recently discovered acceleration in cosmic expansion without the use of a cosmological constant term.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 4","pages":"318 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0228-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5022669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
On “Minor” Scientists 关于“小”科学家
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-08-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0226-y
Robert P. Crease, Joseph D. Martin, Peter Pesic
{"title":"On “Minor” Scientists","authors":"Robert P. Crease,&nbsp;Joseph D. Martin,&nbsp;Peter Pesic","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0226-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0226-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 3","pages":"219 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0226-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4813611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fueling Peter’s Mill: Mikhail Lomonosov’s Educational Training in Russia and Germany, 1731–1741 给彼得的磨坊加油:米哈伊尔·罗蒙诺索夫在俄国和德国的教育训练，1731-1741
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0227-x
Robert P. Crease, Vladimir Shiltsev
{"title":"Fueling Peter’s Mill: Mikhail Lomonosov’s Educational Training in Russia and Germany, 1731–1741","authors":"Robert P. Crease,&nbsp;Vladimir Shiltsev","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0227-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0227-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article, the second in a series about the Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), traces his education from his arrival in Moscow in 1731 to study at the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy, through his admission to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1736, to his trip abroad to complete his educational studies from 1736 to 1741. Lomonosov’s story during this time opens a vista on the introduction of modern physics and modern science into Russia. Michael D. Gordin has argued that Peter the Great’s plans to Westernize Russia were more broadly conceived than he is usually credited, with ambitions that exceeded mere utilitarian and pragmatic goals. Lomonosov’s career trajectory is a good example, illustrating how different aspects of the Petrine vision intersected with and reinforced each other. The article ends with Lomonosov’s return to Russia from Germany in 1741, an important landmark in the growth of the Academy and of Russian science.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 3","pages":"272 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0227-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4670299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ludvig Lorenz and His Non-Maxwellian Electrical Theory of Light 洛伦兹和他的非麦克斯韦光电学理论
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1
Helge Kragh
{"title":"Ludvig Lorenz and His Non-Maxwellian Electrical Theory of Light","authors":"Helge Kragh","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maxwell’s celebrated electromagnetic theory of light dates from 1865. Two years later, without appealing to the ether as a carrier of light waves, the Danish physicist Ludvig Lorenz (1829–1891) independently published another electrical theory of light based on optical equations and the novel idea of retarded potentials. In spite of resting on a very different conceptual foundation, Lorenz’s theory led to almost the same results as Maxwell’s. But whereas Maxwell’s field theory heralded a revolution in physics, Lorenz’s alternative was largely forgotten and soon relegated to a footnote in the history of physics. In part based on archival material and other sources in Danish, this paper offers a detailed contextual account of Lorentz’s theory and its reception in the physics community. Moreover, it includes a brief introduction to other of Lorenz’s scientific contributions and discusses the reasons why his electrical theory of light failed to attract serious interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 3","pages":"221 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4123737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Celebrity Physicist: How the Press Sensationalized Einstein’s Search for a Unified Field Theory 著名物理学家:媒体如何轰动爱因斯坦对统一场论的研究
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0
Paul Halpern
{"title":"Celebrity Physicist: How the Press Sensationalized Einstein’s Search for a Unified Field Theory","authors":"Paul Halpern","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Einstein’s later years, from the late 1920s onward, his reputation in the physics community as an innovator had faded as he pursued increasingly unrealistic unified field theories. Yet from the perspective of the press, his image and ideas were still marketable. We will see how his various attempts to craft a unified field theory generated numerous headlines, despite their lack of experimental evidence or even realistic solutions. We will examine how Einstein’s “latest theory,” became a much sought-after commodity used to generate interest in books, magazines, and newspapers.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 3","pages":"254 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5013708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Pressure Became a Scalar, Not a Vector 压强如何变成标量，而不是矢量
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3
Alan Chalmers
{"title":"How Pressure Became a Scalar, Not a Vector","authors":"Alan Chalmers","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gradual emergence of a science of hydrostatics during the course of the seventeenth century is testament to the fact that a technical concept of pressure that was up to the task was far from obvious. The first published version of a theory of hydrostatics containing the essentials of the modern theory appeared in book 2 of Isaac Newton’s <i>Principia</i>. Newton derived the propositions of hydrostatics from a definition of a fluid as a medium unable to withstand a distorting force. Newton’s reasoning required that pressure be understood as a force per unit area acting on either side of imaginary planes within the body of a fluid. For a fluid in equilibrium, the forces at some location within a fluid are independent of the orientation of such planes. As Newton came to realize, within the body of a liquid, pressure acts equally in all directions so that there is no resultant pressing in any direction. Pressure has an intensity but not a direction. In modern terms, it is a scalar, not a vector. Although earlier scholars such as Simon Stevin, Blaise Pascal, and Robert Boyle helped set the scene for Newton’s innovations, they were unable to transcend the common sense of pressure as a directed force acting on the solid surfaces bounding a fluid.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 2","pages":"165 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4738657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Science and Politics Collide 当科学与政治碰撞
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-04-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2
Robert P. Crease, Joseph D. Martin, Peter Pesic
{"title":"When Science and Politics Collide","authors":"Robert P. Crease,&nbsp;Joseph D. Martin,&nbsp;Peter Pesic","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 2","pages":"163 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4745574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Fiftieth Anniversary of Brookhaven National Laboratory: A Turbulent Time 布鲁克海文国家实验室五十周年纪念:一个动荡的时代
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-03-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x
Peter D. Bond
{"title":"The Fiftieth Anniversary of Brookhaven National Laboratory: A Turbulent Time","authors":"Peter D. Bond","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fiftieth anniversary year of Brookhaven National Laboratory was momentous, but for reasons other than celebrating its scientific accomplishments. Legacy environmental contamination, community unrest, politics, and internal Department of Energy issues dominated the year. It was the early days of perhaps the most turbulent time in the lab’s history. The consequences resulted in significant changes at the lab, but in addition they brought a change to contracts to manage the Department of Energy laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 2","pages":"180 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4261955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Desire to Data: How JLab’s Experimental Program Evolved Part 2: The Painstaking Transition to Concrete Plans, Mid-1980s to 1990 从欲望到数据:JLab的实验项目是如何演变的。第二部分:从1980年代中期到1990年，艰难地过渡到具体的计划
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2
Catherine Westfall
{"title":"From Desire to Data: How JLab’s Experimental Program Evolved Part 2: The Painstaking Transition to Concrete Plans, Mid-1980s to 1990","authors":"Catherine Westfall","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This is the second in a three-part article describing the development of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility’s experimental program, from the first dreams of incisive electromagnetic probes into the structure of the nucleus through the era in which equipment was designed and constructed and a program crafted so that the long-desired experiments could begin. These developments unfolded against the backdrop of the rise of the more bureaucratic New Big Science and the intellectual tumult that grew from increasing understanding and interest in quark-level physics. Part 2, presented here, focuses on the period from 1986 to 1990. During this period of revolutionary change, laboratory personnel, potential users, and DOE officials labored to proceed from the 1986 laboratory design report, which included detailed accelerator plans and very preliminary experimental equipment sketches, to an approved 1990 experimental equipment conceptual design report, which provided designs complete enough for the onset of experimental equipment construction.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"43 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4642315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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