Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)最新文献

{"title":"Jellyfish-Inspired Ultrafast and Versatile Magnetic Soft Robots for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Yuxuan Sun, Ruiqi Liu, Chiyuan Ma, Jingyang Liu, Semina Yi, Junnan Gu, Liangyu Xia, Haitao Qing, Kailin Cai, Liang Li, Lining Yao, Quanliang Cao","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0540","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Achieving rapid and adaptive locomotion in soft robots is essential for navigating complex environments and enabling diverse real-world functions. Here, we present a jellyfish-inspired magnetic soft robot (J-MSR) capable of ultrafast swimming and seamless multimodal motion transitions in liquid environments. By employing an asymmetric trapezoidal magnetic field waveform for actuation, the J-MSR capitalizes on spatial and temporal asymmetries during its swimming cycle, mimicking the natural propulsion mechanism of jellyfish. Through magnetic-fluid-solid multiphysical field coupling analysis and magnetic field waveform optimization, the J-MSR achieves a remarkable swimming speed of 14.85 body lengths per second, demonstrating notably enhanced propulsion performance compared with previously reported jellyfish-inspired robots. Unlike traditional designs relying on auxiliary buoyancy structures, the J-MSR demonstrates versatile multimodal motions under natural negative buoyancy conditions, including large-angle multidirectional swimming (0° to 122°), slit traversal, and rolling. Meanwhile, its exceptional locomotion capabilities facilitate the integration of functional devices, enabling it to perform diverse tasks such as emitting light to mimic fluorescent jellyfish, capturing objects, injecting microneedles, and conducting gastroscopy. These capabilities highlight the J-MSR's substantial potential as a versatile platform for biomedical applications in confined and unstructured environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0540"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable Fabric Electrotactile System with Stimulation-Inhibition Electrode Units.","authors":"Hongbo Yao, Delong Li, Wenjun Zhang, Qiwei Xiong, Yuhe Luo, Chuhang Lin, Jiyu Wang, Jialong Liu, Mingyu Tan, Xijie Wu, Yuanjun Ma, Yihuan Lin, Qingao Hu, Tao Huang, Lin Shu, Lei Wei, Xinge Yu, Xiangmin Xu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0515","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tactile feedback is crucial for enhancing the virtual-reality (VR) interaction experience. However, current electrotactile devices suffer from issues such as current diffusion and electrode crosstalk, limiting spatial accuracy. To address this challenge, we designed a fabric-based ultrathin flexible microelectrode array with novel stimulation-inhibition electrode units that reduces current diffusion and improves focusing, improving tactile feedback accuracy and clarity. Additionally, we developed an electrical tactile interaction evaluation system to quantitatively assess the tactile recognition accuracy and reaction time of 30 participants. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed electrode structure and evaluation system substantially enhance tactile perception in VR environments. This system has been demonstrated through immersive scenarios such as touching running water, stroking a bird's forehead, and feeling a cactus, highlighting its potential for providing precise tactile feedback and enhancing personalized human-computer interaction in VR.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0515"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13039521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Octopus-Inspired Underwater Gripper with Rapid Stiffness Tuning and Robot Enabling Upward Transport.","authors":"Mingxin Wu, Yurong Liu, Jiaxi Wu, Waqar Hussain Afridi, Xingwen Zheng, Chen Wang, Guangming Xie","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0528","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Underwater operations-such as marine environmental protection, resource recovery, and seabed exploration-require grippers with high adaptability. Existing rigid and soft grippers are constrained by their inherent material limitations, restricting their manipulation versatility. In this work, we introduce an octopus-inspired underwater gripper with rapidly tunable stiffness, integrated into an upward transport robot designed for efficient underwater object manipulation. Achieving softening in 1.3 s and rigidification in 0.8 s, the gripper demonstrates the shortest stiffness transition time reported to date, substantially advancing rapid and adaptive underwater manipulation. Emulating the octopus's multimodal grasping strategy, the system can handle a wide range of objects-from light to heavy and soft to rigid-even in cluttered underwater environments. The integrated robot combines active buoyancy control with manipulation to enable continuous grasping and vertical transport of submerged objects. This study offers a robust solution for adaptive underwater manipulation, with potential applications in autonomous marine operations, ecological restoration, and ocean missions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0528"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinecone-Inspired Water-Responsive Curling Adhesive Conduit for Peripheral Nerve Repair.","authors":"Xiaolei Guo, Jinwei Li, Hongyu Xu, Shengrong Long, Junhong Li, Ao Wang, Wenkai Liu, Fan Zhang, Zhen Li, Feng Luo, Jiehua Li, Yanchao Wang, Hong Tan, Ting Lan","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0556","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neural guidance conduits represent a promising approach for treating peripheral nerve injuries. However, challenges remain, including the complexity of microsuturing, potential iatrogenic damage, and variations in nerve dimensions. Inspired by the deformation of pinecone scales upon water absorption, this study developed a water-responsive self-curling adhesive conduit to achieve adaptive wrapping and suture-free repair for peripheral nerve injury. The self-curling film (PU/PGA _<i>X</i> ) was composed of hydrophilic γ-polyglutamic acid (PGA) and hydrophobic polyurethane (PU). Differential swelling of these components in water drives the autonomous curling of the membrane into a tubular structure. Coating the self-curling film with a PU adhesive emulsion endows the material with adhesion functionality. The resulting self-curling adhesive conduit can adaptively wrap around nerve tissue and achieve adhesion fixation, providing a biomimetic scaffold for nerve regeneration. Furthermore, the PGA-loaded conduit exhibits excellent biocompatibility and effectively promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. This self-curling adhesive conduit offers straightforward operability and demonstrates marked repair efficacy, indicating substantial potential for applications in nerve repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0556"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13022317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A High-Speed Visual BCI Based on Hybrid Frequency-Phase-Space Encoding and High-Density EEG Decoding.","authors":"Gege Ming, Weihua Pei, Sen Tian, Xiaogang Chen, Xiaorong Gao, Yijun Wang","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0555","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology establishes a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices. Current visual BCI systems suffer from insufficient information transfer rates (ITRs) for practical use. Spatial information, a critical component of visual perception, remains underexploited in existing systems because the limited spatial resolution of recording methods hinders the capture of the rich spatiotemporal dynamics of brain signals. This study proposed a hybrid frequency-phase-space encoding method, integrated with high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, to develop high-speed BCI systems. EEG data were recorded using a 256-channel standard cap, and 4 electrode configurations comprising 66, 32, 21, and 9 parieto-occipital electrodes, extracted from 256-, 128-, and 64-channel caps (abbreviated as 66/256, 32/128, 21/64, and 9/64), were systematically compared. In the classical frequency-phase encoding the 40-target BCI paradigm, the 66/256, 32/128, and 21/64 electrode configurations brought theoretical ITR increases of 83.66%, 79.99%, and 55.50% over the traditional 9/64 setup. In the proposed frequency-phase-space encoding 200-target BCI paradigm, these increases climbed to 195.56%, 153.08%, and 103.07%, respectively. The online BCI system achieved an average actual ITR of (472.72 ± 15.06) bits per minute. Taken together, these findings clarify how the spatiotemporal encoding strategy and electrode density jointly determine achievable ITRs and provide quantitative design guidelines for future high-speed visual BCIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0555"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13018654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction, Control, and Application of Cyborg Animal Composed of Biological and Electromechanical Systems.","authors":"Yue Ma, Chuang Zhang, Fei Nie, Hengshen Qin, Qi Zhang, Yiwei Zhang, Lianchao Yang, Lianqing Liu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0486","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The limitations of biohybrid and mechanical robots, including insufficient control accuracy, limited flexibility, long-term stability, and endurance, have spurred considerable research interest in cyborg animals, which leverage the innate locomotion capabilities, physiological systems, and natural intelligence of organisms to perform tasks with high adaptability, superior performance, and extended endurance. This study provides a comprehensive overview of cyborg animals within the framework of animal taxonomy, summarizing the current state of research from a zoological perspective. Subsequently, the effect of different control techniques on the locomotion performance of cyborg animals was examined, with a special emphasis on 2 prominent research areas: brain-computer interfaces and muscle-receptor electrical stimulation. In addition, the role of advances in electronic backpack design and navigation control algorithms in enabling closed-loop control and applications, including swarm robotics, environmental exploration, and human-machine interaction, is also introduced, offering valuable insights for developing cyborg animals. This study highlights 4 critical aspects essential for the future advancement of cyborg animals by synthesizing recent progress and clarifying technical distinctions: adaptation between control strategies and animals, biocompatibility and stability of electronic backpacks, construction of interactive hybrid robotic systems, and ethical and welfare considerations related to the experimental animals, with the hope of facilitating the optimization and application of cyborg animal systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0486"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13018655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mechanotransduction-Aware Strategy for Enhancing MSC Potency via 3D Culture and Localized Delivery.","authors":"Xuyu Gu, Jijun Sun, Yifei Zhou, Dongning Lu, Weixi Wang, Cong Ye","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0552","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrotic remodeling, yet mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies remain limited by poor retention and insufficient microenvironmental adaptation. Here, we engineered a composite system, GelMA@hMSCs-Alg-RGD (hereafter referred to as the sandwich composite), in which RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) -functionalized alginate microbeads support human MSCs and are encapsulated within an adhesive, stress-relaxing dopamine-modified GelMA (GelMA-DA) hydrogel. This design provided a 3-dimensional low-tension niche that preserved MSC identity while enhancing paracrine potency, antioxidative capacity, and resistance to apoptosis. Conditioned media from hMSCs-Alg-RGD promoted endothelial proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation, while attenuating oxidative stress in a partially cytoskeleton-dependent manner. In fibroblasts, treatment suppressed alpha-smooth muscle actin stress fiber formation, focal adhesion maturation, and Yes-associated protein nuclear translocation, thereby preventing myofibroblast differentiation and restoring isotropic morphology. GelMA@hMSCs-Alg-RGD enabled rapid gelation, robust wet adhesion, stress-relaxing mechanics, and controlled degradation, resulting in prolonged pulmonary retention confirmed by in vivo and ex vivo imaging. In murine ALI, this strategy alleviated edema, reduced inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β), myeloperoxidase activity, and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), while enhancing superoxide dismutase activity, improving survival, and reshaping the immune microenvironment through reduced neutrophil infiltration and enhanced macrophage M1 → M2 polarization. Together, these results establish GelMA@hMSCs-Alg-RGD as a bioengineered therapeutic that integrates localized retention with paracrine amplification to reprogram immune and mechanical microenvironments, offering a broadly applicable platform for MSC-based regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0552"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147516729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humanoid Robotic Loading Enhances Mechanotransduction in Tendon Tissue Engineering.","authors":"Zekun Liu, Jinrong Lin, Tania Choreno Machain, Muhammad Hanif Nadhif, Yuyang Wei, Nicole Dvorak, Dylan Yeo, Yu Kiu Victor Chan, Alona Kharchenko, Rafael Hostettler, Antoine Jerusalem, Sarah Waters, Sarah Snelling, Pierre-Alexis Mouthuy","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0542","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechanical stimulation is essential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for proper tissue maturation. However, conventional uniaxial platforms fail to reproduce the multiaxial loading experienced in vivo. In this study, we present a humanoid robotic bioreactor capable of delivering human-like shoulder motions to engineered tendon constructs, enabling controlled multiaxial stimulation with real-time strain monitoring. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on decellularized tendon scaffolds and subjected to adduction-abduction loading at peak strains of approximately 3.5% and 9.5% under external forces of 25 and 50 N, respectively. Strain levels were directly quantified in situ using a flexible sensor integrated within the bioreactor. The transparent bioreactor membrane allowed noninvasive observation while simultaneously applying mechanical stimulation over 14 d, with continuous assessment of cellular morphology without fixation. Compared with static and traditional uniaxial controls, the robot motions enhance cell alignment and activation of mechanotransduction pathways while inducing notable gene and protein expression changes, particularly within the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Although dynamic loading resulted in a moderate reduction in cell viability, the transcriptional profile was consistent with mechanically driven phenotypic adaptation toward tenogenic-related programs rather than dominant signatures of acute cytotoxic damage. These findings demonstrate that replicating human-like multiaxial mechanics in vitro fundamentally alters cellular mechanosensing and may provide a mechanobiological foundation for the future development of more physiologically relevant tendon grafts.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0542"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RST2G: Residual-Guided Spatiotemporal Transformer Graph Fusion Enhancement for Breast Cancer Segmentation in DCE-MRI.","authors":"Shaoli Xie, Lulu Xu, Chenyi Lei, Jinxiang Wang, Jason Wang, Zhibin Wang, Yiran Sun, Danyi Li, Fangfang Li, Rubing Lin, Hongwei Yang, Yang Xiao, Tianxu Lv, Yixuan Huang, Lingmi Hou, Junyan Li, Maoshan Chen","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0502","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate segmentation of breast tumors in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is essential for effective diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of breast cancer. However, the high heterogeneity of tumor appearance and the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of contrast enhancement present critical challenges for existing segmentation methods. In this study, we propose a novel residual-guided spatiotemporal transformer with graph fusion enhancement (RST2G) framework for precise breast tumor segmentation in DCE-MRI. RST2G explicitly leverages pre-contrast MRI, post-contrast MRI, and their residual differences to capture rich inter-temporal kinetic information. Specifically, RST2G employs a weight-sharing hybrid encoder that combines convolutional neural networks and vision transformers to extract local and global features, followed by a residual-guided multi-scale refinement module to enhance feature discriminability. To effectively model spatial and temporal contextual dependencies, we construct modality-specific graphs and apply inter-slice and inter-temporal attention mechanisms for spatiotemporal graph enhancement. Extensive experiments on 2 publicly available breast DCE-MRI datasets demonstrate that RST2G significantly outperforms state-of-the-art 2-dimensional (2D), 3D, and 4D segmentation methods. Given its effectiveness in capturing complex spatiotemporal tumor characteristics for cancer annotation, RST2G has the potential to improve clinical breast cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0502"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13006731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft Multiaxial Strain Mapping Interface with AI-Driven Decoding for Silent Speech in Noise.","authors":"Sunguk Hong, Junyoung Yoo, Sung-Min Park","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0536","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silent speech interfaces (SSIs) offer a viable alternative to traditional microphones in capturing clear audio in noisy environments. We propose a reconceptualized SSI that reproduces voice by monitoring continuous multiaxial strain maps induced by throat muscle movements. The system integrates a computer vision-based optical strain (CVOS) sensor with deep learning-based voice reconstruction, enabling clear alphabetic communication under extreme noise conditions. The CVOS sensor-comprising a soft silicone substrate with micromarkers and a tiny camera-achieves high-sensitivity marker detection and captures complex strain patterns with higher scalability and reliability compared to conventional wearable sensors. The inference pipeline of the CVOS-based SSI incorporates physics-based automated baseline calibration and content-adaptive temporal attention, enabling robust analysis of the captured strain patterns. Based on the inference results, a personalized text-to-speech model subsequently reconstructs the speaker's voice. These algorithmic features ensure robustness under dynamic conditions by employing real-time adaptive signal processing that compensates for inter- and intrasubject anatomical variability. Alphabet-based communication is achieved through the synergy between optimized algorithms and interface design. The performance of the CVOS-based SSI was validated in real-world noisy scenarios, confirming its practical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0536"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13006734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}