Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)最新文献

{"title":"Embodied Cross-Domain Intelligence in Biomedical Microrobots: A Review.","authors":"Zongcai Tan, Lan Wei, Kangyi Lu, Dandan Zhang","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0546","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microrobots are emerging as transformative tools for biomedical applications, including minimally invasive diagnostics, targeted therapy, and microsurgical intervention. However, achieving reliable performance and adaptation to diverse tasks and environments requires capabilities that exceed any single form of intelligence. Here, we introduce embodied cross-domain intelligence, a framework for synergistic coupling across physical, biological, computational, and human intelligence, enabling multifunctional, collaborative, and adaptive microrobotic behavior in dynamic, safety-critical biological settings. Unlike prior reviews that address these intelligence domains in isolation, this review aims to provide a unified framework, outlining each domain's principles, recent advances, and limitations; analyzing the interfaces that foster synergy; and mapping representative domain combinations to major biomedical applications. We further identify core challenges in integration, control, safety, and validation and outline future research directions to accelerate clinical translation. By framing biomedical microrobot development as a cross-domain synergy challenge, this review aims to guide interdisciplinary efforts toward systems capable of executing complex, multistage tasks across their operational life cycle. The associated project is available on the online project page (https://nuounuou.github.io/Embodied-Cross-Domain-Intelligence-in-Biomedical-Microrobots-A-Review/).</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0546"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13172582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning for Classifying and Cognitive Profiling of Subcortical Vascular Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"Miao He, Yunsi Yin, Junda Qu, Yan Wang, Xinwei Que, Xinyi Xia, Tongtong Zhang, Jiangting Li, Junyi Shen, Weihong Song, Qi Qin, Chunlin Li, Yi Tang","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0561","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is a heterogeneous cognitive impairment caused by small vessel disease. Diagnosis of SVCI remains challenging when neuropsychological assessment is impractical. This study proposes a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based DenseNet to identify SVCI from subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) and to profile multidomain cognitive risks. We collected neuropsychological scales and DTI from 134 SVCI and 171 SIVD patients in our internal dataset for model development. An external target-domain dataset of 90 SVCI and 103 SIVD patients was used for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). Within this dataset, 45 SVCI and 53 SIVD patients were used for unlabeled UDA fitting; the remaining 45 SVCI and 50 SIVD patients were held out as a target-domain test set. Model-generated salient maps identified white matter (WM) regions associated with SVCI. Mutual information (MI) maps between DTI and 6 neuropsychological scales were computed to identify structural correlates of cognitive domains for cognitive profiling. We computed structural similarity index measure (SSIM) between individual-level salient maps derived from DenseNet and the MI maps for unsupervised clustering to stratify domain-specific cognitive impairment risk in SVCI. The DenseNet achieves high accuracy (0.902 internal, 0.926 target-domain) with AUCs of 0.951 and 0.942, respectively. SVCI probabilities reflect cognitive severity, and salient maps are associated with neuropsychological performance. Regarding cognitive profiling, each cognitive domain is divided into low, moderate, and high subgroups, with significantly different SSIM. Our DTI-based study demonstrates accurate SVCI identification and individualized multi-domain cognitive profiling. This offers a complementary framework to support diagnosis and personalized intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0561"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13168761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147944103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Manipulation Skill Learning for Tactile Myoelectric Prosthetic Hands in Tool Handling.","authors":"Boao Li, Shuhui Wu, Ting You, Shixian Wang, Ziming Chen, Ye Liu, Di Guo, Fuchun Sun, Guangyuan Xu, Du Jiang, Gongfa Li, Bin Fang","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0572","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous tool operation with a myoelectric prosthetic hand is considerably more complex than discrete grasping tasks. This complexity arises because the control system must maintain stable, adaptive, and coordinated motions under varying loads and unpredictable interactions. In human motor control, this stability is achieved through a biological sensorimotor closed loop, where tactile feedback continuously modulates neural signals to adapt to environmental changes. Inspired by these mechanisms for reducing grasp instability caused by external shocks, this study designed a multimodal controller termed the tactile, kinesthetic, and electromyography (EMG) bionic gripping controller (TKE-BGC). It integrates tactile, kinematic, and EMG information. Initially, multimodal data-encompassing tactile signals, joint angles, and EMG patterns-were collected from able-bodied users during tool manipulation via a data glove. Subsequently, the TKE-BGC model was trained on these data, utilizing a Transformer encoder to extract high-level features and a multilayer perceptron to predict joint angles in real time. Based on this controller, this paper presents a prosthetic control framework developed through human skill transfer. Unlike conventional fixed force or force follows strategies that struggle with dynamic impacts or tracking delays, this framework enables robust end-to-end adaptive control. Tested across 4 seen and unseen tool operation tasks, the proposed method demonstrated precise detailed performance. Specifically, it significantly reduced the number of tool drops and shortened task completion times compared to the baseline methods. Furthermore, it achieved human-like average contact forces and substantially lowered the user's physical workload, requiring noticeably less muscle effort than the force follows strategy (e.g., average EMG amplitude, 0.0023 versus 0.0124). By rapidly adjusting grip force through feedback and effectively mitigating instability, this research holds significant practical value in enhancing the daily independence of amputees and supporting their vocational rehabilitation and reemployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0572"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13168764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147944114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic Microfibers for Myelin-Enhancer Screening and Neural Regeneration.","authors":"Lili Quan, Akiko Uyeda, Atsushi Sekiguchi, Ze Zhang, Kazuhisa Sakai, Tsunehiko Takamura, Ruijuan Zhang, Noritaka Ichinohe, Shinjiro Umezu, Rieko Muramatsu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0565","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Remyelination requires the precise wrapping of axons by oligodendrocyte processes, a critical step for restoring neural circuit function. However, a lack of quantitative systems that recapitulate axonal geometry and chemistry has limited mechanistic and pharmacological insights into myelin wrapping. Here, we present a bioengineered microfiber platform that mimics neurite architecture and surface chemistry, enabling high-content quantification of oligodendrocyte wrapping. Through compound screening, we identified dimemorfan, a clinically used sigma-1 receptor agonist, as a potent enhancer of myelin wrapping. Dimemorfan treatment accelerated remyelination and functional recovery in demyelinated mice and promoted myelin wrapping by human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived oligodendrocytes. Moreover, population-level magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses revealed increased white matter volume in dimemorfan-administered individuals. This study establishes a biomimetic materials platform for myelin quantification and regeneration-oriented drug discovery, providing mechanistic and translational insights into sigma-1 receptor-mediated control of myelin wrapping.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0565"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13150081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid-Driven Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Carrier for Targeted Immuno-Chemo Combo Therapy in Bladder Cancer.","authors":"Zhanxiang Zhang, Lin Wang, Zhongcheng An, Yuhang Jiang, Jiawen Niu, Laishou Yang, Qianqian Wang, Xinjian Fan, Tianlong Li","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0492","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combination therapy is a promising approach to enhancing antitumor efficacy and overcoming multidrug resistance. Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) combined with chemotherapy has been employed to improve bladder cancer treatment efficacy, but outcomes are often limited by high-dose drug irritation, poor patient tolerance, and insufficient targeting. To overcome these limitations, we propose a microrobot (MR)-based targeted drug delivery strategy for precise co-delivery of BCG and paclitaxel to bladder tumors, facilitating sustained drug release and minimizing off-target effects. The MRs are fabricated using a layer-by-layer assembly technique, incorporating antitumor drugs, magnetic nanoparticles, and viable BCG. Under the synergistic action of external magnetic fields and hydrogen microbubbles generated through chemical reactions, the MRs achieve targeted navigation and effective accumulation within the 3-dimensional tumor microenvironment. Subsequently, the combined chemotherapeutic and immunostimulatory effects effectively inhibit tumor progression. This approach not only minimizes off-target effects but also facilitates sustained drug release. Additionally, a wearable magnetic fixation device based on a Halbach array is employed to fixate the MRs at the targeted region, further improving drug retention and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The experimental results demonstrate that this MR-based delivery system holds considerable potential for clinical translation into combination therapies for bladder cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0492"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13121890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIR-Propelled Biomimetic Nanomotors for Photothermal/Chemodynamic/NO Synergistic Tumor Therapy.","authors":"Ming Yang, Jian Hu, Zerui Li, Hanhan Xie, Hongri Gu, Chengzhi Hu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0495","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimodal nanotherapeutic systems capable of integrating photothermal, catalytic, and gas-mediated strategies offer powerful opportunities to overcome the limitations of single-mode cancer therapies. Here, we develop a near-infrared (NIR) light-activated biomimetic nanomotor for targeted nitric oxide (NO) delivery and synergistic cancer therapy. The nanomotor is constructed from bowl-shaped mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles loaded with Fe(II) as a Fenton catalyst and BNN6 as a thermally responsive NO donor (denoted as PFB). To endow tumor specificity, the nanomotor is further camouflaged with MCF-7 cancer cell membrane (PFB@CM), enabling homologous recognition and enhanced intratumoral accumulation. Upon NIR irradiation, PFB@CM exhibits strong photothermal conversion efficiency that initiates 3 synergistic processes: (a) self-thermophoretic propulsion that promotes cellular internalization; (b) heat-triggered decomposition of BNN6 for precise NO release; and (c) heat-accelerated Fe(II) release from the polydopamine matrix. The liberated Fe(II) catalyzes endogenous H₂O₂ via a Fenton-like reaction to generate reactive oxygen species, which subsequently react with NO to yield highly cytotoxic reactive nitrogen species. This cascade amplifies oxidative and nitrosative stress within tumor cells, enabling photothermal, chemodynamic, and NO-mediated synergistic therapy. The design of PFB@CM integrates homologous targeting, autonomous motility, and NIR-responsive multimechanism activation, demonstrating a versatile strategy for precision nanomedicine and highlighting the potential of light-activated nanomotors for safe and effective multimodal cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0495"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph-Theoretical Signature from Neural and Vascular Signals Reveals Spinal Cord Stimulation Frequency-Specific Brain Network in Disorders of Consciousness Patients.","authors":"Nan Wang, Xiaoke Chai, Yifang He, Jiuxiang Song, Tianqing Cao, Qiheng He, Sipeng Zhu, Yitong Jia, Juanning Si, Yi Yang, Jizong Zhao","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0539","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introdution:</b> Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as a promising neuromodulatory intervention for patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, the identification of optimal stimulation frequencies remains a subject of ongoing debate. Although previous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies have suggested the therapeutic efficacy of 5- and 70-Hz, respectively, the integrative neurovascular mechanisms and frequency-specific network dynamics underlying these effects remain to be elucidated. <b>Objective and Impact Statement:</b> This study aims to characterize frequency-dependent network reconfiguration in DoC using simultaneous EEG-fNIRS recordings and graph theoretical analysis. By delineating distinct neurophysiological and hemodynamic signatures, our findings establish a mechanistic framework for the optimization of SCS parameters, thereby advancing personalized neuromodulation strategies for the promotion of consciousness recovery. <b>Methods:</b> This prospective trial used simultaneous EEG-fNIRS and graph theory in 16 patients with DoC undergoing multifrequency SCS at 5, 20, 70, and 100 Hz to decode frequency-specific network dynamics. Our integrated EEG-fNIRS analysis revealed 3 principal advances. First, multimodal cortical mapping via a unified anatomical atlas quantified frequency-dependent network reconfiguration, generating graph-theoretical metrics (global and nodal efficiency, characteristic path length, and clustering coefficients) from source-localized EEG (delta-gamma bands) and fNIRS (oxyhemoglobin and deoxygenated) data. Second, we identified frequency-dependent neurophysiological profiles. <b>Results:</b> Five-hertz stimulation produced acute enhancement of theta-band global network efficiency coupled with elevated gamma-band nodal efficiency in the right cingulate motor area, indicating immediate frontolimbic engagement. Conversely, 70-Hz stimulation selectively evoked delayed hemodynamic responses in the visual cortices and increased occipital hemoglobin oxygenation without concomitant EEG alterations, suggesting preferential retinotopic pathway recruitment. <b>Conclusion:</b> Multimodal EEG-fNIRS analysis elucidates frequency-specific SCS mechanisms, where 5-Hz stimulation optimizes local information integration through theta and gamma modulation, while 70-Hz enhances long-range connectivity, exposing frequency-specific neural plasticity mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0539"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13103464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired Nanocomposite for Targeted Immunoengineering and Improved Tendon Regeneration.","authors":"Xianfeng Wang, Zhihong Xu, Yuwen Shangguan, Biyong Deng, Hao Nan, Zhecheng Jiang, Huan Li, Litao Yan","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0503","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tendon healing is impaired by excessive reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cell infiltration, and insufficient osteogenic differentiation during treatment. Therefore, simultaneously modulating the local inflammatory microenvironment and enhancing osteogenic regeneration are critical for effective tendon repair. Here, we designed a biomimetic nanoparticle system, macrophage-membrane-coated Prussian blue@kartogenin (KGN@PB@CM), loaded into a Pluronic@F127/hyaluronic acid (HA-F127) thermosensitive hydrogel. The HA-F127 hydrogel provides excellent hydrophilicity and enables sustained release of M-PB@KGN nanoparticles. Leveraging homologous targeting via the cell membrane, the KGN@PB@CM nanoparticles are efficiently delivered to macrophages, promoting their polarization toward a prohealing phenotype. Concurrently, KGN enhances the migration and differentiation of stem cells. Overall, we propose a \"dual-modulation\" strategy (anti-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic differentiation) to synergistically accelerate tendon healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0503"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13103462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical Tissue-Specific Modeling of Pathology Images Predicts Response in HER2+ Breast Cancer.","authors":"Wensheng Cui, Tao Tan, Ming Fan, Lihua Li","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0554","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The structural and spatial heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (HER2+BC) poses major challenges for predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. While immune-related biomarkers from whole-slide images have been widely explored, tissue-level interaction patterns and semantic features remain underexplored, particularly in characterizing structural organization within tissue compartments. To address this, we propose an interpretable hierarchical framework that models the tissue-specific organization of graph-based structural features and deep-learning-derived pCR scores (DLPSs) and integrates clinical variables to enhance pCR prediction. Whole-slide images were segmented into 5 biologically distinct compartments: tumor, stroma, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs), intratumoral tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (iTILs), and combined tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs plus iTILs). Each compartment was modeled as a graph in which tile-level cluster centers served as nodes and their connections as edges. Structural features were computed using social network analysis (SNA) metrics to characterize spatial organization in each tissue compartment. In parallel, DLPSs were generated using a pretrained clustering-constrained multiple-instance learning model as a feature extractor, followed by training tissue-specific multilayer perceptron classifiers. The tissue-specific SNA features, DLPSs, and clinical variables were integrated for prediction. The model was trained on the Yale Response dataset and externally validated using the IMage-based Pathological REgistration and Segmentation Statistics (IMPRESS) HER2+ dataset. Across compartments, stroma achieved the highest predictive performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.907), surpassing a reported method by 9.5%. Notably, SNA features achieved an AUC of 0.793, outperforming DLPS (0.596) and clinical variables (0.757). These findings suggest the value of integrating tissue-specific structural and semantic features for interpretable modeling of treatment response variability in HER2+BC.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0554"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space Physiology and Technology: Adaptations, Countermeasures, and Opportunities for Wearable Systems.","authors":"Shamas U E Khan, Rejin J Varghese, Panagiotis Kassanos, Dario Farina, Etienne Burdet","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0477","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Space poses substantial challenges for humans, leading to physiological adaptations in response to an environment vastly different from Earth. A comprehensive understanding of these physiological adaptations is necessary to develop effective countermeasures that support human life in space. This narrative review first focuses on the impact of the space environment on the musculoskeletal system. It highlights the complex interplay between bone and muscle adaptations and their implications on astronaut health. Despite advances in current countermeasures, such as resistive exercise and pharmacological interventions, they remain partially effective, bulky, and resource-intensive, posing challenges for future missions aboard compact spacecraft. This review proposes wearable sensing and robotic technologies as promising alternatives to overcome these limitations. Wearable systems, such as sensor-integrated suits and (soft) exoskeletons, can provide real-time monitoring, dynamic loading, and exercise protocols tailored to individual needs. These systems are lightweight, modular, and capable of operating in confined environments, making them ideal for long-duration missions. In addition to space applications, wearable technologies hold considerable promise for terrestrial uses. They could support rehabilitation and assistance for the aging population and individuals with musculoskeletal disorders, and enhance physical performance in healthy users. By integrating advanced materials, sensors, actuators, and intelligent, energy-efficient control, these technologies can bridge gaps in current countermeasures while enabling broader applications on Earth.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0477"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13087406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}