Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)最新文献

{"title":"An Oral Biodegradable Spiny Milli-Ball Robot for Targeted Intestinal Delivery of Biologics with Delayed Onset and Sustained Action.","authors":"Rong Tan, Xiong Yang, Yajing Shen","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0716","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral delivery of biologics offers a noninvasive alternative to repeated injections for treating intestinal and systemic diseases, yet it remains challenged by poor gastric protection, limited intestinal targeting, and uncontrolled payload release timing. Conventional passive delivery systems fail to coordinate targeted localization with delayed onset and sustained action, while most ingestible robotic systems rely on non-degradable materials and lack integrated biologic delivery functions. Here, we present an oral biodegradable spiny milli-ball robot for targeted intestinal delivery of biologics with temporally regulated release. The spiny milli-ball robot integrates a magnetic actuation skeleton for controllable locomotion and precise positioning, a core-shell microneedle array for protected payload loading and mucosal penetration, and pH-responsive biodegradable materials for gastric shielding and intestinal activation. Fabricated via 3D-printing-assisted micromolding, the robot exhibits robust mechanical properties for tissue insertion and adaptive locomotion in complex intestinal environments. In vitro characterizations confirm pH-triggered delayed release, negligible gastric leakage, tunable payload capacity, and excellent biocompatibility. In vivo porcine studies validate magnetic-guided intestinal targeting, effective mucosal insertion, and delayed-onset sustained insulin delivery with reduced early-phase exposure compared to subcutaneous injection. This work establishes a biodegradable ingestible robotic platform that unites active intestinal targeting, tissue engagement, and programmed payload release, addressing critical unmet needs for oral biologic delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0716"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birdlike Takeoff Strategies Enabled by Flapping-Pitch Effect in a Meter-Scale Flapping-Wing Robot.","authors":"Haoyu Wang, Siping Zhong, Yihang Shi, Zhenkun Gong, Jizhou Jiang, Zihao Wei, Erzhen Pan, Junzhi Yu, Wenfu Xu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0714","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The takeoff strategy in birds involves a fundamental trade-off between acceleration and climb, yet its physical consequences are difficult to isolate in biological experiments. Here, we develop a meter-scale flapping-wing robot for controlled investigation of takeoff strategies. We show that a flapping-pitch effect, arising from flapping kinematics and aeroelastic interactions, enables pitch modulation at low speeds where conventional control surfaces have limited authority. In parallel, we establish a lattice-Boltzmann-method (LBM)-based 2-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) framework for the full-process simulation of flapping-wing takeoff. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first LBM-based 2-way FSI analysis that resolves the complete takeoff dynamics of a meter-scale flapping-wing robotic system. Under the tested conditions, the 15° low-angle strategy increased the total flight distance by 49% relative to that of the 65° strategy and reached a comparable altitude at the 3-s evaluation time. These results provide engineering-based physical evidence that may help interpret certain avian takeoff strategies and highlight the role of the flapping-pitch effect in low-speed flight control.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0714"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Prediction and Management of Stroke Rehabilitation.","authors":"Weihua Song, Shuai Si, Yinghui Wang, Hong Chang, Xiaoying Tang","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0702","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence is being studied across the stroke care pathway, but evidence from acute diagnosis, early prognosis, rehabilitation-outcome prediction, and long-term management is often discussed without clearly separating these clinical tasks. This structured narrative review adds an integrated framework that maps each application to its decision point, relevance to rehabilitation, validation level, and readiness for clinical use. Unlike previous technology-centered reviews, it explicitly separates acute prognostic evidence from rehabilitation-specific evidence and distinguishes technical performance from transportability, clinical impact, and rehabilitation benefit. Acute imaging and prognostic models may provide baseline information for later rehabilitation planning, but their diagnostic or prognostic performance does not establish rehabilitation efficacy. Most rehabilitation models and robotic, virtual-reality, brain-computer interface, wearable, and home-monitoring applications remain supported mainly by internal validation or early exploratory studies. Small or selected datasets, limited external and prospective validation, uncertain workflow effects, and sparse patient-centered outcomes continue to constrain clinical interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0702"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13648198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uniform and Complete Irreversible Electroporation on Gastric Mucosa Enabled by Sintered Silver Hydrogel.","authors":"Zhuoqun Li, Shenshen Lei, Quanpeng Li, Fulai Lin, Jian Lv, Yonghui Gong, Zhuomin Ping, Chengjiang Wang, Yuchen Cheng, Wenna Liu, Dingming Zhong, Yutang Li, Yuhao Wang, Feng Ma, Aihua Shi, Xiaoliang Chen, Chuncai Kong, Bai Sun, Sihai Luo, Jie Tao, Rongqian Wu, Hao Sun, Zheng Wu, Shuixiang He, Bowen Ji, Xinge Yu, Jinyou Shao, Fenggang Ren, Yi Lyu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irreversible electroporation is a promising nonthermal ablation for gastric mucosa, but nonconformal contact between the electrode and the rough surface of the gastric mucosa causes an inhomogeneous distribution of the high-voltage electric field. Here, we enhanced gap filling and substantially reduced distortion of the delivered high-voltage electric field by fabricating a soft, highly conductive sintered silver hydrogel as the bioelectronic tissue interface, thereby achieving uniform and complete irreversible electroporation. The sintering reaction was initiated by Cl^- and H⁺, which can work synergistically to partially eliminate the insulating surfactant on silver flakes, facilitating a sintering reaction through the dynamic redeposition of silver nanoparticles on silver flakes. Via a room-temperature sintering process, the conductivity of the hydrogel was promoted from below 1 to >10⁴ S/m at a low silver flake loading (4 vol%), and the mechanical property was still kept at a low Young's modulus (91 kPa), even after swelling from digestive juices. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ablation uniformity improved by up to 86%, with the ablation area increasing by 30% to 52% and a maximum depth of 5.39 mm. Preclinical validation using porcine models demonstrated uniform, complete gastric mucosal ablation, reaching a depth of 2.50 mm, extending through the muscularis mucosae and leaving no residual cells. This sintered silver hydrogel-enhanced irreversible electroporation addresses key challenges and reinforces its potential as a reliable, advanced treatment for gastrointestinal lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0697"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13636299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligence Multimorbidity Score for Human-Machine Clinical Risk Stratification.","authors":"Jinghao Liang, Ying Liu, Wei Wang, Zixian Xie, Yijian Lin, Jihao Qi, Yiwen Cai, Yongxuan He, Yaowen Liang, Yiling Chen, Suzheng Zhao, Ziqiu Cheng, Fayuan Wu, Haonan Zhao, Xinhao Liang, Kaiqi Zhang, Yuanlin Yuan, Jingchun Ni, Xiaoyao Lei, Liangyi Yao, Yuanqin Liu, Zishan Huang, Dianhan Lin, Weiqiang Yin, Hengrui Liang, Zhihua Guo, Qiu Wei, Feiying He, Mingyang Jiang, Nanshan Zhong, Qiong Liang, Jianxing He","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimorbidity is strongly associated with mortality, but existing comorbidity indices often generalize poorly across populations because they depend on fixed disease lists and context-specific weights. We developed the large-language-model-based multimorbidity score (LLM-MMS), a prompt-based large-language-model-derived multimorbidity phenotype score, as a bio-inspired artificial intelligence score for human-machine clinical risk stratification and evaluated it for all-cause mortality prediction in 770,439 adults from 9 international longitudinal cohorts. Harmonized participant-level data were converted into standardized health narratives and processed without model fine-tuning. In the UK Biobank, LLM-MMS achieved strong discrimination, calibration, and prediction accuracy. Across 8 external cohorts, it maintained consistent performance, with <i>C</i>-indices of 0.67 to 0.86 and observed-to-expected ratios close to 1.00. This outperformed recalibrated conventional comorbidity indices in every cohort with absolute <i>C</i>-index gains of 0.12 to 0.21. Performance remained stable across sex and age subgroups, including adults younger than 60 years, and decision-curve analysis showed greater or comparable clinical net benefit in most cohorts. Proteomic and interpretability analyses supported the biological plausibility of LLM-MMS, linking high multimorbidity burden to inflammatory, metabolic, and tissue-damage pathways and identifying clinically coherent drivers of risk. These findings suggest that LLM-MMS offers a transportable and interpretable bio-inspired framework that integrates clinician-like multimodal reasoning with population-level validation for multimorbidity risk stratification across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0691"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Convolutional, Mamba and Spiking Neural Network Architecture Search for Seizure Prediction.","authors":"Bo Yu, Chang Li, Rencheng Song, Xiang Liu, Ruobing Qian, Xun Chen","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, deep learning technology has played an increasingly important role in seizure prediction based on electroencephalogram signals. However, the performance of deep learning algorithms is often highly dependent on the design of their neural network architectures; the process of manually designing neural network architectures is usually very time-consuming and resource-intensive. In addition, different types of networks have distinct advantages, and how to automatically hybridize these networks to design an effective network for seizure prediction remains a substantial challenge. To address this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid convolutional, Mamba, and spiking neural network architecture search framework (CMS-NAS) based on a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for seizure prediction, which can automatically design a lightweight network capable of comprehensively extracting electroencephalogram features. By simulating the natural selection mechanism, CMS-NAS iteratively evolves candidate networks through populations and uses a multiobjective scoring function to simultaneously optimize the model's prediction accuracy and model size. Extensive experiments are conducted on 2 public datasets and a private dataset, and the experimental results show that the network model searched by the CMS-NAS algorithm achieves competitive performance in seizure prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0689"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Bioinspired Perceptual Sensor for Spatiotemporal Decoding of Haptic and Pain Stimuli in Prostheses.","authors":"Ye Qiu, Shihan Wang, Qiangqiang Qian, Yu Yan, Weisheng Wang, Xiu Jia, Shengwei Fan, Yuan Bao, Ye Tian, Yi Song, Aiping Liu, Liu Wang, Liqiang Zhu, Huaping Wu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0679","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phantom limb pain, a common sequela in lower-limb amputees, impairs their ability to accurately perceive and distinguish between haptic and pain sensations, thereby hindering residual limb function and reducing rehabilitation efficacy. Although existing prosthetic technologies seek to restore sensory function, they often fail to provide real-time localization of haptic stimuli and effectively integrate pain feedback, resulting in an inability to deliver cohesive tactile and nociceptive cues. Here, we present a bioinspired perceptual sensor (BPS) capable of spatiotemporally decoding haptic and pain information by integrating artificial mechanoreceptors with synaptic transistors. High sensing performance and synaptic plasticity of the BPS enable the localization and intensity assessment of haptic stimuli, along with the spatiotemporal integration of pain feedback, facilitating the quantitative evaluation of synergistic haptic and pain perception. We first validated our BPS by integrating it into a humanoid robotic system and demonstrated its ability to distinguish and respond to environment-responsive conditioned and unconditioned reflexes in a closed-loop manner. Then, the sensing platform was incorporated into the prosthetic socket interface for amputees, and its capability to provide accurate, reliable haptic and pain feedback was confirmed, thereby offering crucial insights for optimizing prosthetic fit, limb health, and functional rehabilitation outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0679"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13594425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy as a Common Currency for Understanding Embodied Evolution.","authors":"Yue Xie, Yi Zhang, Tao Sun, Fumiya Iida","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unlike living organisms, which persist by balancing energy intake, expenditure, and maintenance, embodied robots are often evaluated primarily by task performance, even when morphology, control, and environment jointly determine what can be sustained over time. This task-centered evaluation supports engineering benchmarks but can obscure embodied costs, limit comparability across heterogeneous embodiments, and weaken biological interpretation when robots and simulations are used as model systems. This Review synthesizes biological energetics and biomechanics to argue that open-system energy accounting provides a common currency for embodied evolution. Under this framing, adaptive success (fitness) is interpreted as persistence under energetic constraint, enabling commensurate comparison of regulation, structural adaptation, and structural plasticity across environments with different energetic structure. A minimal accounting framework and an illustrative experimental paradigm are presented to show how shared accounting yields interpretable differences between adaptive responses beyond task semantics. This paper concludes by discussing implications for interpreting morphological and control complexity and by outlining open challenges and future directions for energy-aware embodied evolution using robots as controlled platforms for biology-facing hypothesis testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0680"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13579111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the Bone-Eye Axis: Machine Learning for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Prediction.","authors":"Xuehao Cui, Qiuchen Zhao, Jingwen Hui, Zheya Han, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Quanhong Han","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0676","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, yet systemic determinants of its risk remain incompletely understood. Bone mineral density (BMD), a marker of skeletal and biological aging, may reflect shared pathways linking systemic and retinal degeneration. We investigated the association between BMD and AMD using a multilayered framework integrating epidemiological analyses, Mendelian randomization (MR), proteomic and metabolomic profiling, machine learning, and an experimental low-BMD model. Across 3 cohorts, including UK Biobank, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and a hospital-based Tianjin cohort, lower BMD was consistently associated with higher AMD risk, although AMD ascertainment and BMD measurement differed across cohorts. Two-sample MR analyses provided supportive genetic evidence consistent with a modest potential contribution of higher BMD to lower AMD risk, while sensitivity analyses did not indicate strong evidence of reverse causality. Machine learning models identified BMD as a recurrent predictive contributor alongside age, but its incremental clinical utility requires formal evaluation using models with and without BMD. UK Biobank proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed overlapping molecular signatures involving extracellular matrix remodeling, lipid transport, amino acid metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. Two-step MR prioritized circulating proteins including granzyme A, collagen type II alpha 1 chain, and NEL-like protein 1 as candidate molecular intermediates rather than established mechanistic mediators. In a glucocorticoid-induced low-BMD rat model, retinal alterations relevant to degeneration, including outer retinal thinning, vascular narrowing, and delayed visual-spatial performance, were observed, but these findings should not be interpreted as direct validation of AMD pathology. Overall, these findings support an association between lower BMD and AMD risk and suggest that BMD may act as an accessible marker of systemic aging processes related to retinal vulnerability.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0676"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13572803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148972334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracortical Microstimulation in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Evoking Perception and Plasticity.","authors":"Pengfei Hu, Chong Chen, Yunliang Zang, Xiaohong Li, Dong Ming","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0690","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), the activation of specific neuronal populations via microelectrodes implanted in the cortex, has emerged as a key technology for invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). This article reviews the technical foundations and functional applications of ICMS within the BCI field, highlighting its diverse capabilities in both perception construction and targeted neuromodulation, while emphasizing the interface and parameter constraints that shape its long-term use. At the technical level, we analyze the evolution of ICMS microelectrode interfaces from rigid arrays to flexible, biomimetic, and biohybrid strategies, alongside key pulse-train parameters relevant to neural recruitment and application safety. Functionally, we discuss how biomimetic and spatiotemporally patterned ICMS generates high-resolution artificial tactile and visual perception, and how ICMS can serve as learnable information channels to guide behavior. We further consider temporally contingent and closed-loop ICMS as plasticity-based approaches for modulating cortical functional connectivity and pathological network activity in selected experimental models, while noting translational challenges related to stability, scalability, safety, and patient variability. Finally, we extend the discussion to novel biohybrid neural interfaces, including cell-seeded interface modifications, axon-guidance strategies, and stem-cell- and brain-organoid-integrated platforms, which provide a theoretical reference for next-generation biointegrated neuromodulation technologies in BCIs. Together, this review evaluates ICMS in BCIs along 2 central lines: evoking artificial perception and engaging plasticity-based modulation, while highlighting that long-term translation will require coordinated advances in interface reliability, stimulation encoding, closed-loop calibration, safety evaluation, and biohybrid integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0690"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13563222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}