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An Emerging Role for Gut-Brain Signaling Involving Ghrelin in Chronic Stress. 肠-脑信号在慢性应激中的新作用。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_7
Alexis A Salcido, Neftali F Reyes, Andrea Y Macias, Serina A Batson, Dirk W Beck, Alexander Friedman, Ki A Goosens
{"title":"An Emerging Role for Gut-Brain Signaling Involving Ghrelin in Chronic Stress.","authors":"Alexis A Salcido, Neftali F Reyes, Andrea Y Macias, Serina A Batson, Dirk W Beck, Alexander Friedman, Ki A Goosens","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our internal and external environments are not stable; these ever-changing contexts produce stress on bodily systems. In response, the body recruits numerous peripheral hormones to bring those systems back within a desired homeostatic range. When our environments change in extreme ways and for prolonged periods of time, a different set of hormonal stress responses are recruited. These chronic stress responses produce adaptive changes but can also drive maladaptation. This chapter begins by reviewing the peripheral hormones that are recruited as part of the acute stress response and describing their adaptive impact on brain and peripheral function. We then examine new research describing the role of ghrelin, a hormone produced by the gut, in chronic stress. We review the role of ghrelin in hunger and consider how energy deficiency, a state shared by both hunger and stress, might explain why ghrelin is elevated by both. We consider how the unique recruitment of ghrelin during chronic stress mediates responses in the brain that can help an organism respond to future stressors, but also how chronic elevation of ghrelin can produce additional adaptations that contribute to stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders. Lastly, we identify important future areas for research on the biology of ghrelin.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1477 ","pages":"205-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brain-Body Communication in Glucose Metabolism. 葡萄糖代谢中的脑-体通讯。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_3
Astrid A S van Irsen, Andries Kalsbeek, Susanne E la Fleur
{"title":"Brain-Body Communication in Glucose Metabolism.","authors":"Astrid A S van Irsen, Andries Kalsbeek, Susanne E la Fleur","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89525-8_3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucose is an essential fuel for the brain, and its concentration must be maintained within strict boundaries for optimal fitness. Maintaining glucose homeostasis involves a balance between glucose uptake and output, as well as the management of daily rhythms in glucose concentrations. This chapter explores the roles of various brain regions in glucose homeostasis and their connections through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to peripheral organs such as the pancreas and liver. Key hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus, are well established in their roles in glucose regulation. Additionally, cortico-limbic areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, contribute to the modulation of glucose metabolism. These brain regions communicate with the pancreas and liver via autonomic pathways, influencing insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production, and overall metabolic balance. By examining the neural circuits and mechanisms involved, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how brain-body interactions maintain glucose homeostasis and their implications for metabolic health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1477 ","pages":"63-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genes as Genome Stabilizers in Pluripotent Stem Cells. 基因在多能干细胞中的基因组稳定作用。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2025_853
Asmita Karmakar, Allan Blessing Harison Raj Augustine, Rajkumar P Thummer
{"title":"Genes as Genome Stabilizers in Pluripotent Stem Cells.","authors":"Asmita Karmakar, Allan Blessing Harison Raj Augustine, Rajkumar P Thummer","doi":"10.1007/5584_2025_853","DOIUrl":"10.1007/5584_2025_853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pluripotent stem cells, comprising embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are characterized by their self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers of an adult animal. Out of the two, iPSCs are generated through the reprogramming of somatic cells by inducing a pluripotency-specific transcriptional program. This process requires a resetting of the somatic cell genome to a pluripotent cell-specific genome, resulting in cellular stress at genomic, epigenetic, and transcriptional levels. Notably, in contrast to the predominant compact and inactive organization of chromatin in somatic cells, the chromatin in ESCs and iPSCs is open. Furthermore, maintaining a pluripotent state needs a plethora of changes in the genetic landscape of the cells. Here, we attempt to elucidate how certain genes safeguard genomic stability in ESCs and iPSCs, aiding in the complex cellular mechanisms that regulate self-renewal, pluripotency, and somatic reprogramming.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":"21-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antifungal Innate Immunity. 抗真菌先天免疫。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_9
Sarah Sze Wah Wong, Sarah Dellière, Mathieu Lepas, Vishukumar Aimanianda
{"title":"Antifungal Innate Immunity.","authors":"Sarah Sze Wah Wong, Sarah Dellière, Mathieu Lepas, Vishukumar Aimanianda","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite being common inhabitants of human barrier surfaces (skin, oral cavity, gut, lungs, vagina), diseases caused by fungi are rare owing to their surveillance by and sentinel function of human innate immune system. Whereas a compromised or suppressed immunity facilitates the establishment of fungal infections, the consequence of which ranges from superficial infections affecting life quality to life-threatening invasive fungal diseases. Over the last few decades, the number of people at risk for invasive fungal infections has increased due to immunosuppressive medical interventions. Also, there is an alarming increase in incidence of antifungal drug resistance, which demands alternative antifungal strategies. In vivo experimental studies have indicated that immunotherapies could be promising to combat fungal pathogens. Nevertheless, development of an effective clinical immunotherapy requires in-depth knowledge on pathobiology of fungi and the consequent host responses. Here is an overview of the defense mechanisms exerted by the human innate immune system against fungal pathogens, counteracting virulence mechanisms associated with these fungal pathogens and the innate immune system-based antifungal therapeutic strategies developed so far.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1476 ","pages":"225-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Complement System. 补体系统。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_7
Margot Revel, Alessandra Zarantonello, Lubka T Roumenina
{"title":"The Complement System.","authors":"Margot Revel, Alessandra Zarantonello, Lubka T Roumenina","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The complement system is an ancient component of innate immunity, playing a crucial part in the defense against pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. Complement assures the opsonization of pathogens, facilitating phagocytosis. It generates potent mediators of inflammation recruiting and activating immune and stromal cells at the site of infection. Finally, it contributes to the direct killing of gram-negative bacteria by membrane perforation. The relevance of the complement system as an innate immune defense is evident from the increased susceptibility to infections in individuals with a deficiency of its components. As with every defensive mechanism, complement can turn against the host when dysregulated, causing severe organ damage. Therefore, understanding complement function is critical to understand human and animal homeostasis and defense against infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1476 ","pages":"147-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The C-Type Lectin Receptors. c型凝集素受体。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_5
Kasturi Ganguly, Taruna Madan
{"title":"The C-Type Lectin Receptors.","authors":"Kasturi Ganguly, Taruna Madan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85340-1_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>C-type lectins (CTLs) form a broad and diverse protein superfamily with the ability to identify a wide array of ligands with their characteristic C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs), thus governing a broad spectrum of physiological functions. CTLD-containing proteins (CTLDcps) are now classified into 17 groups based on their phylogeny and overall domain organization. While much research has centered on the role of C-type lectins in innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses, their significance extends further. They are increasingly acknowledged for their significant involvement in cancer biology. It has been evident that the CLR signaling can wield dual effects akin to a double-edged sword across various microbial or oncogenic scenarios. Consequently, the therapeutic potential of both agonists and antagonists targeting CLR signaling is now surfacing as innovative strategies. The growing body of evidence highlighting the indispensable role of C-type lectin receptors (CTLR) in numerous biological processes underscores the necessity for a deeper comprehension of their functional capabilities in both immune defense and disease contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1476 ","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diagnosis and Treatment of HFEC282Y-Linked Hemochromatosis. hfec282y型血色素沉着症的诊断与治疗。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_9
Paul C Adams
{"title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of HFE<sup>C282Y</sup>-Linked Hemochromatosis.","authors":"Paul C Adams","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic variants for hemochromatosis have been identified in human fossils that are over 4000 years old in Northern Ireland. Iron overload can lead to life-threatening complications, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, the emphasis is on developments in the diagnosis and treatment of C282Y-linked hemochromatosis. There is a need for earlier diagnosis leading to earlier treatment to prevent morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1480 ","pages":"119-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dietary Iron Absorption: Biochemical and Nutritional Aspects. 膳食铁吸收：生化和营养方面。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_6
David M Frazer, Gregory J Anderson, James F Collins
{"title":"Dietary Iron Absorption: Biochemical and Nutritional Aspects.","authors":"David M Frazer, Gregory J Anderson, James F Collins","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron is an essential nutrient for most organisms; however, it can also be toxic when present in excess. For this reason, life has evolved complex pathways to tightly control the amount of iron contained within body tissues. Unlike most other nutrients, mammals do not have a regulated excretory mechanism for iron and, therefore, must regulate body iron levels at the point of dietary iron absorption in the proximal small intestine. In this chapter, we will describe the molecules and pathways involved in this important process, including our current understanding of the mechanisms of both heme and non-heme iron absorption. The regulation of this process will also be discussed, with particular emphasis on local and systemic factors that affect how much iron is absorbed from the diet. We also highlight areas where our knowledge is incomplete and where more research is required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for this essential process.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1480 ","pages":"75-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hepcidin and Tissue-Specific Iron Regulatory Networks. Hepcidin和组织特异性铁调控网络。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_7
Samira Lakhal-Littleton, Carole Peyssonnaux
{"title":"Hepcidin and Tissue-Specific Iron Regulatory Networks.","authors":"Samira Lakhal-Littleton, Carole Peyssonnaux","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepcidin is primarily secreted by the liver and functions as an endocrine hormone. However, a growing number of studies show that hepcidin can also be produced locally by other cells and organs, where it acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner to mediate important iron-dependent pathways. These pathways can operate under normal homeostatic conditions or become relevant in pathophysiological conditions (inflammation, infection, cancer, liver disease, myocardial infarction, etc.). This chapter will delve into the local roles of hepcidin, highlighting its unconventional functions in barrier maintenance, host defense, growth, tissue housekeeping, and injury repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1480 ","pages":"89-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iron and Liver Disease. 铁和肝脏疾病。
4区 医学
Advances in experimental medicine and biology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_16
Heinz Zoller
{"title":"Iron and Liver Disease.","authors":"Heinz Zoller","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92033-2_16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mutual relationship between iron and liver disease is highlighted by the fact that too much iron can cause liver disease, while hepatic iron overload can also result from acute or chronic liver diseases. As the principal storage site for iron, hepatic iron concentration is a reliable surrogate marker for total body iron in iron overload conditions. Assessment of hepatic iron is therefore important for the initiation and monitoring of treatment of iron overload by therapeutic phlebotomies or iron chelators. The present chapter reviews how the liver controls iron homeostasis, and discusses how liver iron can be assessed before primary and secondary liver diseases with iron overload.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1480 ","pages":"237-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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