Advances in experimental medicine and biology最新文献

{"title":"Inflow Tract Development.","authors":"Andy Wessels","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of the inflow tract is undoubtedly one of the most complex remodeling events in the formation of the four-chambered heart. It involves the creation of two separate atrial chambers, the formation of an atrial/atrioventricular (AV) septal complex, the incorporation of the caval veins and coronary sinus into the right atrium, and the remodeling events that result in pulmonary venous return draining into the left atrium. In these processes, the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex, consisting of the major atrioventricular (AV) cushions, the mesenchymal cap on the primary atrial septum (pAS), and the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP), plays a crucial role.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1441 ","pages":"145-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141330147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Atrioventricular Septal Defect.","authors":"Andy Wessels","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_31","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of a fully functional four-chambered heart is critically dependent on the correct formation of the structures that separate the atrial and ventricular chambers. Perturbation of this process typically results in defects that allow mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) form a class of congenital heart malformations that are characterized by the presence of a primary atrial septal defect (pASD), a common atrioventricular valve (cAVV), and frequently also a ventricular septal defect (VSD). While AVSD were historically considered to result from failure of the endocardial atrioventricular cushions to properly develop and fuse, more recent studies have determined that inhibition of the development of other components of the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex can lead to AVSDs as well. The role of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) in AVSD pathogenesis has been well-documented in studies using animal models for AVSDs, and in addition, preliminary data suggest that the mesenchymal cap situated on the leading edge of the primary atrial septum may be involved in certain situations as well. In this chapter, we review what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms and animal models that are associated with the pathogenesis of AVSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1441 ","pages":"573-583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141330151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian Neural Networks in Predictive Neurosurgery.","authors":"Benjamin W Y Lo, Hitoshi Fukuda","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-64892-2_9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-64892-2_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Bayesian Neural Networks in Predictive Neurosurgery\" explains both conceptually and theoretically the combination of statistical techniques for clinical prediction models, including artificial neural networks, Bayesian regression, and Bayesian neural networks. This clinical prediction system incorporates both prior knowledge and one's own experiences (Bayesian analysis) as well as recognizes complex statistical associations between prognostic and outcome variables (artificial neural networks).</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1462 ","pages":"139-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142612231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Immunomodulatory Agents as a Complementary Therapy for Poxviruses.","authors":"Sami I Ali, Abeer Salama","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_22","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poxviruses target innate immunity mediators such as tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, interferons, complement, and chemokines. It also targets adaptive immunity such as CD4⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and B cells. Emerging of the recent epidemic of monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic disease native to Central and Western Africa, besides the lack of permitted treatments for poxviruses infections, encouraged researchers to identify effective inhibitors to help in preventing and treating poxviruses infections. Natural bioactive components, particularly polyphenolics, are promising for creating powerful antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, and antiviral agents. As a result, they are potentially effective therapies for preventing and treating viral diseases, such as infections caused by poxviruses including the recent pandemic MPXV. Polyphenolics: rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, quercitrin, myricitrin, gingerol, gallotannin, and propolis-benzofuran A, as well as isoquinoline alkaloids: galanthamine and thalimonine represent prospective antiviral agents against MPXV, they can inhibit MPXV and other poxviruses via targeting different viral elements including DNA Topoisomerase I (TOP1), Thymidine Kinase (TK), serine/threonine protein kinase (Ser/Thr kinase), and protein A48R. The bioactive extracts of different traditional plants including Guiera senegalensis, Larrea tridentata, Sarracenia purpurea, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Quercus infectoria, Rhus chinensis, Prunella vulgaris L., Salvia rosmarinus, and Origanum vulgare also can inhibit the growth of different poxviruses including MPXV, vaccinia virus (VACV), variola virus, buffalopox virus, fowlpox virus, and cowpox virus. There is an urgent need for additional molecular studies to identify and confirm the anti-poxviruses properties of various natural bioactive components, especially those that showed potent antiviral activity against other viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1451 ","pages":"337-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Staging of Hepatic Fibrosis.","authors":"Atilla Engin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_18","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_18","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is in parallel with the obesity epidemic, and it is the most common cause of liver diseases. The patients with severe insulin-resistant diabetes having high body mass index (BMI), high-grade adipose tissue insulin resistance, and high hepatocellular triacylglycerols (triglycerides; TAG) content develop hepatic fibrosis within a 5-year follow-up. Insulin resistance with the deficiency of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity causes an increase in intracellular fatty acid-derived metabolites such as diacylglycerol (DAG), fatty acyl CoA, or ceramides. Lipotoxicity-related mechanism of NAFLD could be explained still best by the \"double-hit\" hypothesis. Insulin resistance is the major mechanism in the development and progression of NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Metabolic oxidative stress, autophagy, and inflammation induce NASH progression. In the \"first hit\" the hepatic concentrations of diacylglycerol increase with an increase in saturated liver fat content in human NAFLD. Activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes are decreased in the liver tissue of patients with NASH. Hepatocyte lipoapoptosis is a critical feature of NASH. In the \"second hit,\" reduced glutathione levels due to oxidative stress lead to the overactivation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling that induces cell death in the steatotic liver. Accumulation of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is caused at least by two ineffectual cyclical pathways. First is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreductin (Ero1)-protein disulfide isomerase oxidation cycle through the downstream of the inner membrane mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and the second is the Kelch like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathways. In clinical practice, on ultrasonographic examination, the elevation of transaminases, γ-glutamyltransferase, and the aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index indicates NAFLD. Fibrosis-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score, and cytokeratin18 are used for grading steatosis, staging fibrosis, and discriminating the NASH from simple steatosis, respectively. In addition to ultrasonography, \"controlled attenuation parameter,\" \"magnetic resonance imaging proton-density fat fraction,\" \"ultrasound-based elastography,\" \"magnetic resonance elastography,\" \"acoustic radiation force impulse elastography imaging,\" \"two-dimensional shear-wave elastography with supersonic imagine,\" and \"vibration-controlled transient elastography\" are recommended as combined tests with serum markers in the clinical evaluation of NAFLD. However, to confirm the diagnosis of NAFLD, a liver biopsy is the gold standard. Insulin resistance-associated hyperinsulinemia directly accelerates fibrogenesis during NAFLD development. Although hepatocyte lipoapoptosis is a key driving force of fibrosis progression, hepatic stellate cel","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1460 ","pages":"539-574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142278849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer: Analysis of Risk Factors and Current Clinical Evaluation.","authors":"Atilla Engin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_26","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies show that a significantly stronger association is obvious between increased body mass index (BMI) and higher breast cancer incidence. Additionally, obese and postmenopausal women are at higher risk of all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality compared with non-obese women with breast cancer. In this context, increased levels of estrogens, excessive aromatization activity of the adipose tissue, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, adipocyte-derived adipokines, hypercholesterolemia, and excessive oxidative stress contribute to the development of breast cancer in obese women. Genetic evaluation is an integral part of diagnosis and treatment for patients with breast cancer. Despite trimodality therapy, the four-year cumulative incidence of regional recurrence is significantly higher. Axillary lymph nodes as well as primary lesions have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance for the management of breast cancer. In clinical setting, because of the obese population primary lesions and enlarged lymph nodes could be less palpable, the diagnosis may be challenging due to misinterpretation of physical findings. Thereby, a nomogram has been created as the \"Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System\" (BI-RADS) to increase agreement and decision-making consistency between mammography and ultrasonography (USG) experts. Additionally, the \"breast density classification system,\" \"artificial intelligence risk scores,\" ligand-targeted receptor probes,\" \"digital breast tomosynthesis,\" \"diffusion-weighted imaging,\" \"18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography,\" and \"dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\" are important techniques for the earlier detection of breast cancers and to reduce false-positive results. A high concordance between estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status evaluated in preoperative percutaneous core needle biopsy and surgical specimens is demonstrated. Breast cancer surgery has become increasingly conservative; however, mastectomy may be combined with any axillary procedures, such as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection whenever is required. As a rule, SLNB-guided axillary dissection in breast cancer patients who have clinically axillary lymph node-positive to node-negative conversion following neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended, because lymphedema is the most debilitating complication after any axillary surgery. There is no clear consensus on the optimal treatment of occult breast cancer, which is much discussed today. Similarly, the current trend in metastatic breast cancer is that the main palliative treatment option is systemic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1460 ","pages":"767-819"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142278850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDIG in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis.","authors":"Chitra Thakur, Yiran Qiu, Zhuoyue Bi, Ziwei Wang, Fei Chen","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-66686-5_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-66686-5_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, and metastasis remains the major cause of breast cancer-related mortality and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Among breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancers have the worst prognosis owing to their highly aggressive and metastasizing attributes and hence have limited therapeutic options. Here, we have presented our research on an environmentally regulated gene named mdig and its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and metastasis. Through global proteomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and a mouse model of orthotopic xenograft, our studies established mdig as an anti-metastasis modulator in breast cancer with its influence on the methylation of DNA and histone proteins, thereby regulating the expression of genes implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transitional, cell motility, and metastasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1465 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunology of Cytokine Storm Syndromes: Natural Killer Cells.","authors":"Anthony R French, Randy Q Cron, Megan A Cooper","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_11","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that rapidly produce cytokines upon activation and kill target cells. NK cells have been of particular interest in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) since all of the genetic defects associated with this disorder cause diminished cytotoxic capacity of NK cells and T lymphocytes, and assays of NK cell killing are used clinically for the diagnosis of HLH. Herein, we review human NK cell biology and the significance of alterations in NK cell function in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of HLH.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1448 ","pages":"145-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Combined Oxygen Therapy and Use of a Surgical Mask or N95 Mask on Inspired Oxygen Fraction and Expired Carbon Dioxide Fraction.","authors":"Akira Doshu-Kajiura, Noriya Hirose, Miho Kijima, Takahiro Suzuki","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-67458-7_25","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-67458-7_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combined use of a surgical mask and oxygen mask might decrease the inspired oxygen concentration and increase the risk of hypercapnia. We investigated the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) under different combinations of masks and oxygen flows. Five healthy volunteers were administered oxygen using the following methods: oxygen mask alone (O group), oxygen mask over a surgical mask (S group), and oxygen mask over an N95 mask (N group). FiO₂ and ETCO₂ were measured at oxygen flow rates of 0, 5, and 8 L/min under each mask condition. At oxygen flow rates of 5 and 8 L/min, FiO₂ was lower in the order of N group (0.32 at 5 L/min, 0.36 at 8 L/min), S group (0.45 at 5 L/min, 0.52 at 8 L/min), and O group (0.61 at 5 L/min, 0.73 at 8 L/min). ETCO₂ was higher in the order of N, S, and O groups. In conclusion, wearing the oxygen mask over the surgical mask or N95 mask reduces FiO₂ and increases ETCO₂ in healthy volunteers. Since patients who have emerged from general anaesthesia are more likely to have worse respiratory conditions, they need close observation to avoid hypoxemia and hypercapnia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1463 ","pages":"147-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance Between Reduction of SpO₂ and Parasympathetic Nervous Activity During Sleep.","authors":"Kentaro Taniguchi, Akitoshi Seiyama, Akito Shimouchi","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-67458-7_32","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-67458-7_32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is associated with cardiopulmonary and dental nasopharyngeal diseases. The blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) detected using pulse oximetry is a diagnostic screening method for SAS. SAS severity is assessed using the oxygen desaturation index (ODI), which measures the number of times the SpO₂ decreases by more than 3% for longer than 10 s. This study investigated the association between reduced SpO₂ and parasympathetic nervous system activity (PSNA) during night sleep in young adults (n = 63; aged 20-32 years). Changes in PSNA were measured every minute for 24 h during a free-moving day using an ActiveTracer accelerometer. Pulse oximetry was performed simultaneously during sleep. All participants had significantly lower PSNA when the SpO₂ decreased by 3% or more than when it did not. There were no significant differences in PSNA when an ODI cutoff of 5 events/h was used. However, participants with an ODI >5 events/h had significantly lower PSNA during normal SpO₂ than those with an ODI <5 events/h, suggesting an association between SpO₂ desaturation and PSNA decline during sleep. A high ODI may indicate reduced PSNA levels during sleep, affecting sleep efficiency. Treatment aimed at reducing the ODI may improve sleep quality, even in young adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1463 ","pages":"191-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}