Affective science最新文献

{"title":"Within-Person Fluctuations in Objective Smartphone Use and Emotional Processes During Adolescence: An Intensive Longitudinal Study","authors":"Alexandra M. Rodman,&nbsp;Jason A. Burns,&nbsp;Grace K. Cotter,&nbsp;Yuri-Grace B. Ohashi,&nbsp;Rachael K. Rich,&nbsp;Katie A. McLaughlin","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00247-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00247-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the advent of smartphones, peer interactions over digital platforms have become a primary mode of socializing among adolescents. Despite the rapid rise in digital social activity, it remains unclear how this dramatic shift has impacted adolescent social and emotional experiences. In an intensive, longitudinal design (<i>N</i> = 26, <i>n</i> = 206 monthly observations for up to 12 months, 12–17 years), we used digital phenotyping methods to objectively measure within-person fluctuations in smartphone use (screen time, pickups, notifications) across different categories (social media, communication, entertainment, games) and examined their prospective, bidirectional associations with positive and negative mood. Bayesian hierarchical models showed that when adolescents reported better mood than usual, they subsequently spent more time on communication apps and launched social media and communication apps upon pickup less often. Meanwhile, when adolescents used entertainment apps more than usual, they subsequently reported improved mood. These preliminary findings suggest a pattern where fluctuations in mood relate to subsequent changes in smartphone use that are primarily social, whereas the fluctuations in smartphone use relating to subsequent changes in mood were primarily entertainment-related. We found little evidence that within-person fluctuations in screen time or social media use were associated with increases in negative mood, as frequently theorized. These findings highlight the importance of disentangling the distinct components of smartphone use that relate to affective processes and examining their bidirectional, prospective relationships over time, due to the possibility of differential outcomes. This work is a necessary first step in identifying targets for intervention efforts promoting resilience and wellbeing during adolescence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 4","pages":"332 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42761-024-00247-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"YouTube Kids: Understanding Gender and Emotion through Modern Media","authors":"Lauren T. Lyles,&nbsp;Leslie A. Frankel,&nbsp;Julie C. Dunsmore","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00246-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00246-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This project examines associations of gender and emotions in videos on YouTube Kids, a virtual environment for socialization during middle childhood. We selected YouTube Kids because of its popularity, newness, and absence in previous research on emotion socialization. The top 20 recommended videos were sampled and coded for gender and emotional content, by two independent teams of coders. This procedure was replicated for a total of 40 videos and 689 characters. By assessing gender and emotion content at both the video and character levels, we found feminine videos and characters depict more positive emotionality than their masculine counterparts. Furthermore, characters presented without any gender-typed information displayed significantly less emotionality than feminine, masculine, and androgynous characters. Emotionality is a gendered aspect of media representations. Nonetheless, evolving forms of media have potential as an avenue towards gender-fair socialization of emotions by proactively presenting and promoting equal representations of people and emotions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 4","pages":"321 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Associations of Adolescents’ Momentary Social Media Use and Negative Emotions","authors":"Tyler Colasante,&nbsp;Katie Faulkner,&nbsp;Dana Kharbotli,&nbsp;Tina Malti,&nbsp;Tom Hollenstein","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00244-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00244-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Public discourse and empirical studies have predominantly focused on the negative repercussions of social media on adolescents’ mental health. However, pervasive social media use is a relatively new phenomenon—its apparent harms have been widely accepted before sufficient longitudinal and experimental research has been conducted. The present study used an intensive longitudinal design (four assessments/day × 14 days; <i>N</i> = 154 12- to 15-year-olds (<i>M</i>_age = 13.47, <i>SD</i> = 0.58); <i>N</i> = 6,240 valid measurement occasions) to test the directionality of social media–negative emotion links in early adolescence, accounting for the type of social media usage (i.e., browsing vs. posting). The significance of effects depended on social media type: browsing predicted higher-than-usual negative emotions hours later, whereas no significant directional effects emerged for posting. The browsing effect was small but held after controlling for prior levels of negative emotions. It did not replicate concurrently, underscoring the importance of process-oriented designs with mental health symptoms tested shortly <i>after</i> passive social media usage. The results partially support the active-passive hypothesis, which singles out passively engaging with others’ curated social media content as most detrimental to mental health. Nonetheless, the small browsing effect and overall null-leaning pattern of effects imply that mediators and moderators are needed to further understand when using social media is problematic, beneficial, or neither.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 4","pages":"300 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42761-024-00244-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You are How You Eat: Foraging Behavior as a Potential Novel Marker of Rat Affective State","authors":"Vikki Neville,&nbsp;Emily Finnegan,&nbsp;Elizabeth S. Paul,&nbsp;Molly Davidson,&nbsp;Peter Dayan,&nbsp;Michael Mendl","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00242-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00242-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effective and safe foraging requires animals to behave according to the expectations they have about the rewards, threats, and costs in their environment. Since these factors are thought to be reflected in the animals’ affective states, we can use foraging behavior as a window into those states. In this study, rats completed a foraging task in which they had repeatedly to decide whether to continue to harvest a food source despite increasing time costs, or to forgo food to switch to a different food source. Rats completed this task across two experiments using manipulations designed to induce both positive and negative, and shorter- and longer- term changes in affective state: removal and return of enrichment (Experiment 1), implementation and reversal of an unpredictable housing treatment (Experiment 1), and delivery of rewards (tickling or sucrose) and punishers (air-puff or back-handling) immediately prior to testing (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, rats completed fewer trials and were more prone to switching between troughs when housed in standard, compared to enriched, housing conditions. In Experiment 2, rats completed more trials following pre-test tickling compared to pre-test sucrose delivery. However, we also found that they were prone to disengaging from the task, suggesting they were really choosing between three options: ‘harvest’, ‘switch’, or ‘not work’. This limits the straightforward interpretation of the results. At present, foraging behavior within the context of this task cannot reliably be used as an indicator of an affective state in animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 3","pages":"232 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142402169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Media Use Preference Indirectly Relates to Adolescent Social Anxiety Symptoms Through Delta-Beta Coupling","authors":"Sarah Myruski,&nbsp;Bridget Cahill,&nbsp;Kristin A. Buss","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00245-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00245-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adolescence is a period of profound biological and social-emotional development during which social anxiety symptoms commonly emerge. Over the past several decades, the social world of teens has been transformed by pervasive digital media use (e.g., social media, messaging apps), highlighting the urgent need to examine links between digital media use and mental health. Prior work suggests that a preference to use digital media to communicate emotions, rather than face-to-face contexts, is associated with emotion regulation vulnerabilities. Difficulties with emotion regulation are a hallmark of elevated anxiety, and the maturation of frontal-subcortical circuitry underlying emotion regulation may make adolescents especially vulnerable to the possible detrimental effects of digital media use. The current study leveraged an emerging neurophysiological correlate of emotion regulation, delta-beta coupling, which captures cortical-subcortical coherence during resting state. We test links among digital media use preferences, delta-beta coupling, and anxiety symptoms with a sample of 80 adolescents (47 females; 33 males) ages 12–15 years (<i>M</i> = 13.9, <i>SD</i> = 0.6) (80% White, 2% Black/African American, 16% more than one race, 2% Hispanic/Latine). Youth had their EEG recorded during 6 min of resting-state baseline from which delta-beta coupling was generated. Youth self-reported their social anxiety symptoms and preferences for digital media use vs face-to-face modalities. Greater digital media use preferences for both positive and negative social-emotional communication were associated with elevated social anxiety symptoms indirectly through high delta-beta coupling. This suggests that neural regulatory imbalance may be a pathway through which adolescents’ habitual preferences for digital media use over face-to-face communication relate to elevated social anxiety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 4","pages":"310 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture and Awe: Understanding Awe as a Mixed Emotion","authors":"Jennifer E. Stellar,&nbsp;Yang Bai,&nbsp;Craig L. Anderson,&nbsp;Amie Gordon,&nbsp;Galen D. McNeil,&nbsp;Kaiping Peng,&nbsp;Dacher Keltner","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00243-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00243-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent work is establishing awe as an important positive emotion that offers physical and psychological benefits. However, early theorizing suggests that awe’s experience is often tinged with fear. How then, do we reconcile emergent positive conceptualizations of awe with its more fearful elements? We suggest that positive conceptualizations of awe may partially reflect modern Western experiences of this emotion, which make up the majority of participant samples when studying awe. To test whether awe contains more fearful qualities outside of Western cultures, we compared participants’ experiences of this emotion in China to those in the United States. In a two-week daily diary study (Study 1), Chinese participants reported greater fear than American participants during experiences of awe, but not a comparison positive emotion. In response to a standardized awe induction (Study 2), Chinese participants reported more fear, whereas American participants reported more positive emotions. Physiological changes in autonomic activity differed by culture only for heart rate, but not skin conductance or respiratory sinus arrhythmia. These findings reveal that awe may be experienced as a more fearful, mixed emotion in China than in the United States and suggest that current positive conceptualizations of awe may reflect a disproportionate reliance on modern Western samples.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 2","pages":"160 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speaking Well and Feeling Good: Age-Related Differences in the Affective Language of Resting State Thought","authors":"Teodora Stoica,&nbsp;Eric S. Andrews,&nbsp;Austin M. Deffner,&nbsp;Christopher Griffith,&nbsp;Matthew D. Grilli,&nbsp;Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00239-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00239-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite the prevalence and importance of resting state thought for daily functioning and psychological well-being, it remains unclear how such thoughts differ between young and older adults. Age-related differences in the affective tone of resting state thoughts, including the affective language used to describe them, could be a novel manifestation of the positivity effect, with implications for well-being. To examine this possibility, a total of 77 young adults (<i>M</i> = 24.9 years, 18–35 years) and 74 cognitively normal older adults (<i>M</i> = 68.6 years, 58–83 years) spoke their thoughts freely during a think-aloud paradigm across two studies. The emotional properties of spoken words and participants’ retrospective self-reported affective experiences were computed and examined for age differences and relationships with psychological well-being. Study 1, conducted before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed that older adults exhibited more diversity of positive, but not negative, affectively tinged words compared to young adults and more positive self-reported thoughts. Despite being conducted virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic, study 2 replicated many of study 1’s findings, generalizing results across samples and study contexts. In an aggregated analysis of both samples, positive diversity predicted higher well-being beyond other metrics of affective tone, and the relationship between positive diversity and well-being was not moderated by age. Considering that older adults also exhibited higher well-being, these results hint at the possibility that cognitively healthy older adults’ propensity to experience more diverse positive concepts during natural periods of restful thought may partly underlie age-related differences in well-being and reveal a novel expression of the positivity effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 2","pages":"141 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mean Affect Moderates the Association between Affect Variability and Mental Health","authors":"Brooke N. Jenkins,&nbsp;Lydia Q. Ong,&nbsp;Anthony D. Ong,&nbsp;Hee Youn (Helen) Lee,&nbsp;Julia K. Boehm","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00238-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00238-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increasing evidence suggests that within-person variation in affect is a dimension distinct from mean levels along which individuals can be characterized. This study investigated affect variability’s association with concurrent and longitudinal mental health and how mean affect levels moderate these associations. The mental health outcomes of depression, panic disorder, self-rated mental health, and mental health professional visits from the second and third waves of the Midlife in the United States Study were used for cross-sectional (<i>n</i> = 1,676) and longitudinal outcomes (<i>n</i> = 1,271), respectively. These participants took part in the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE II), where they self-reported their affect once a day for 8 days, and this was used to compute affect mean and variability. Greater positive affect variability cross-sectionally predicted a higher likelihood of depression, panic disorder, mental health professional use, and poorer self-rated mental health. Greater negative affect variability predicted higher panic disorder probability. Longitudinally, elevated positive and negative affect variability predicted higher depression likelihood and worse self-rated mental health over time, while greater positive affect variability also predicted increased panic disorder probability. Additionally, mean affect moderated associations between variability and health such that variability-mental health associations primarily took place when mean positive affect was high (for concurrent mental health professional use and longitudinal depression) and when mean negative affect was low (for concurrent depression, panic disorder, self-rated mental health, and longitudinal self-rated mental health). Taken together, affect variability may have implications for both short- and long-term health and mean levels should be considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 2","pages":"99 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42761-024-00238-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141350174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attuned to the Flux of Life: Relations Between Ability Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Reactivity","authors":"Michael D. Robinson,&nbsp;Roberta L. Irvin,&nbsp;Michelle R. Persich Durham","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00241-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00241-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The field of ability-related emotional intelligence (ability EI) could benefit from new perspectives concerning dynamic operations. According to a recent perspective, variations in ability EI are likely to be linked to variations in skills related to evaluation. This perspective contends, perhaps counterintuitively, that higher levels of ability EI are likely to be linked to higher levels of emotional reactivity, defined in terms of stronger event-emotion relationships. Two studies (total <i>N</i> = 245) pursue such ideas in the context of multilevel models involving event valence and emotional experience. Variations in ability EI modulated event-emotion relationships in the context of laboratory inductions involving hypothetical events (Study 1), affective images varying in valence (Study 1), and with respect to naturally occurring variations in positive and negative daily events (Study 2), such that higher levels of ability EI were linked to stronger event-emotion relationships, regardless of whether events and emotions were positive or negative in valence. These results provide new evidence for recent theorizing concerning ability EI while speaking to functional versus dysfunctional perspectives on emotional reactivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 2","pages":"115 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescents’ Social Comparison on Social Media: Links with Momentary Self-Evaluations","authors":"Kaitlyn Burnell,&nbsp;Jolien Trekels,&nbsp;Mitchell J. Prinstein,&nbsp;Eva H. Telzer","doi":"10.1007/s42761-024-00240-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42761-024-00240-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adolescents are developmentally motivated to engage in social comparisons, and social media platforms provide abundant social information that facilitate comparisons. Despite the potential to trigger immediate emotional responses, little research has examined the day-to-day naturalistic occurrence of these comparisons and coinciding effects. Across fourteen days, 94 adolescents (51% female, <i>M</i>_age = 16.47) reported how their life compared to others’ lives on social media three times per day. Lateral comparisons were far more common than upward or downward comparisons and were not consistently correlated with self-evaluations (self-esteem, social connectedness, appearance satisfaction). Overall depressive symptoms was a risk factor for engaging in upward comparisons. When adolescents reported engaging in upward (relative to downward) comparisons at a given time point, they reported poorer self-esteem. When adolescents reported engaging in downward (relative to lateral) comparisons at a given time point, they reported greater self-esteem. Although rare, directional comparisons have in-the-moment associations with self-evaluations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72119,"journal":{"name":"Affective science","volume":"5 4","pages":"295 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}