Nano Convergence最新文献

{"title":"Fluorine surface engineering for Vt control and memory window boost in HZO FeFET toward high-performance, energy-efficient in-memory computing","authors":"Kyungsoo Park,&nbsp;Sangmyun Lim,&nbsp;Sangkuk Han,&nbsp;Jihoon Choi,&nbsp;Minhyuk Kim,&nbsp;Jinho Ahn,&nbsp;Changhwan Choi","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00573-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00573-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Threshold-voltage (V_t) control without sacrificing the memory window remains a key challenge for energy-efficient ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET)-based in-memory computing. Here, we introduce a novel fluorine surface treatment (FST)-based V_t tuning strategy that selectively engineers the interfacial layer of Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ based Si FeFETs. Fluorine-induced electrostatic modulation and interfacial defect passivation jointly contribute to a positive shift of the entire transfer hysteresis and memory-window enhancement without noticeably altering the ferroelectric switching characteristics of the HZO layer. The optimized FST achieves an approximately 0.5 V positive V_t shift, an approximately 0.5 V memory window enhancement, and a 40× reduction in leakage current at 0 V, enabling normally-off operation of the low-V_t state. The resulting devices exhibit robust reliability, consistent device-to-device characteristics, and favorable analog synaptic behavior. Furthermore, simulation using the experimentally measured device characteristics improves CIFAR-10 classification accuracy from approximately 78% to 83%. These results establish interfacial-layer-selective fluorine engineering as a compelling route toward low-leakage, reliable, and energy-efficient FeFET-based analog in-memory computing.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00573-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149332020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bias-programmable linear-to-nonlinear photoresponse for filter-free single-pixel VIS–NIR discrimination","authors":"Jiyoon Shin,&nbsp;Masroor Alam,&nbsp;Jaeyeon Kim,&nbsp;Yong Geon Lee,&nbsp;Min Kyu Jeon,&nbsp;Hyeonghun Kim,&nbsp;Gun Young Jung","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00585-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00585-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Filter-free discrimination of visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light within a single photodetector pixel remains challenging because conventional photodiodes typically require optical filters or multiple detector elements. This work reports a monolithic nonlinear back-to-back photodiode (NL-BPD) that enables bias-programmable reconfiguration between high-linear-dynamic-range (LDR) photodetection and nonlinear spectral-discrimination modes. By changing the bias from − 0.5 V to + 0.5 V, the device's initially independent linear responses in both VIS and NIR channels (LDRs ≥ 100 dB) evolve into a nonlinear regime in which the VIS response reverses polarity with increasing light intensity while the NIR response remains monotonic. This behavior is enabled by defect-assisted transport pathways formed through partial interfacial reactions between the highly conductive PEDOT:PSS interlayer and MAPbI₃. Together with the optimized device architecture, this interfacial current-path engineering reduces resistive bottlenecks and promotes cooperative carrier extraction from both absorbers. The resulting electrical signatures allow mixed VIS–NIR signals to be decoded from a single electrical output without optical filters or spatially separated pixels. The NL-BPD enables accurate spectral reconstruction (average R² = 0.9996), demonstrates single-point pulse oximetry, and achieves &gt; 96% accuracy in normalized-difference-vegetation-index-based vegetation health classification. These results establish bias-programmable nonlinear photodetection as an effective strategy for single-pixel multispectral sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149260356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interstitial fluid-like NICHE-chip for neural stem cell niche modeling and nanoscale neurotrophic delivery","authors":"Surim Shim,&nbsp;Yejin Lee,&nbsp;Hyun Lee,&nbsp;Nayoung Lee,&nbsp;Da Eun Kim,&nbsp;Jongsoo Han,&nbsp;Kang Moo Huh,&nbsp;Hyun-Do Jung,&nbsp;Kisuk Yang","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00584-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00584-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in anatomically confined niches, where three-dimensional (3D) geometry and interstitial fluid (ISF) flow collectively regulate NSC behavior. However, in vitro platforms that simultaneously recapitulate size-controlled 3D architecture, ISF-like dynamics, and nanoscale therapeutic delivery remain limited. Here, we present a 3D printing-based platform with multi-sized microwells, termed the Neural-Inspired Culture for a Hydrodynamic Environment (NICHE)-chip, which incorporates an osmosis-driven flow system to generate ISF-like flow. The NICHE-chip enabled stable formation of uniform human neural stem cell (hNSC) neurospheres across defined microwell sizes. Under ISF-like flow, hNSC neurospheres showed enhanced viability, reduced apoptosis, and increased self-renewal and differentiation marker expression, particularly in 100 μm microwells. ISF-like flow also promoted laminin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and cell–cell interactions, suggesting niche-like remodeling of the 3D microenvironment. In the ISF-integrated 100 μm neurosphere model, amyloid-β (Aβ) was introduced to establish an Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like neurotoxicity model, which was then used to evaluate nanoparticle-mediated neurotrophic factor delivery using brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. BDNF-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (BDNF-NPs) enabled sustained BDNF delivery, attenuated Aβ-induced neuronal marker loss, and counter-regulated a subset of Aβ-induced transcriptional alterations associated with neuroprotection. Overall, the NICHE-chip provides an ISF-integrated 3D neurosphere culture platform for NSC niche modeling, AD-like neurotoxicity assessment, and nanoscale neurotrophic factor delivery.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00584-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149226887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfur-incorporated copper catalysts for enhanced ethylene production in membrane electrode assembly CO2 electrolysis","authors":"Juho Ha,&nbsp;Hyunki Kim,&nbsp;Seohyeon Jang,&nbsp;Andi Haryanto,&nbsp;Jungmin Yoo,&nbsp;Yeonghye Yun,&nbsp;Sunbeom Ahn,&nbsp;Gyeong Ho Han,&nbsp;Myoung Hwan Oh,&nbsp;Soo Young Kim,&nbsp;Chan Woo Lee,&nbsp;Inho Nam,&nbsp;Sang Hyun Ahn","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00581-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00581-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Copper sulfides typically favor formate production in CO₂ electrolysis, yet their behavior under membrane electrode assembly (MEA) conditions remains largely uncharted. In this study, Cu_xS/Cu electrodes with tunable morphologies, including spheres, films, polygons, and cubes, were synthesized, and the surface sulfur content was systematically tuned through electrodeposition followed by controlled sulfidation. Performance evaluation in MEA systems reveals that sulfidation markedly enhances C₂H₄ selectivity and partial current density (PCD). For spherical Cu electrodes, sulfidation to a S/Cu surface ratio of 0.33 resulted in a 1.76-fold increase in C₂H₄ PCD, from 58.2 to 102.5 mA/cm² at 3.2 V. In situ Raman spectroscopy suggests that sulfur coordination stabilizes bridge-bonded CO and promotes the formation of the CH₂CHO intermediate, which is consistent with the enhanced C₂H₄ activity. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Cu-rich sulfide surfaces, including Cu₂S and Cu₃₁S₁₆, stabilize *OCCO intermediates, suggesting a thermodynamically favorable C–C coupling reaction pathway through synergistic Cu–S coordination. These findings identify surface sulfur incorporation as a structural motif that actively promotes CO dimerization and enhances C₂H₄ selectivity under MEA conditions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00581-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) for nanotechnology: scientific foundations, global policy perspectives, and industrial practice","authors":"Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu,&nbsp;Angela Serra,&nbsp;Seung-Geun Park,&nbsp;Ishita Virmani,&nbsp;Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros,&nbsp;Ariadna Acedo-Terrades,&nbsp;Fotini Nikiforou,&nbsp;Achilleas Karakoltzidis,&nbsp;Seong-Kwan Kim,&nbsp;Hyeonsoo Eom,&nbsp;Martin Himly,&nbsp;Dimitris G. Mintis,&nbsp;Vasileios Minadakis,&nbsp;Dimitra-Danai Varsou,&nbsp;Spyros Karakitsios,&nbsp;Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis,&nbsp;Giusy del Giudice,&nbsp;Marcella Torres Maia,&nbsp;Michele Fratello,&nbsp;Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,&nbsp;Panagiotis Isigonis,&nbsp;Anna Pohl,&nbsp;Sang Hee Lee,&nbsp;Byung-Tae Lee,&nbsp;Yang-won Suh,&nbsp;Candida Lorusso,&nbsp;Francesco Dondero,&nbsp;Steffi Friedrichs,&nbsp;Antreas Afantitis,&nbsp;Haralambos Sarimveis,&nbsp;Eva-Kathrin Schillinger,&nbsp;Peter Wick,&nbsp;Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez,&nbsp;Iseult Lynch,&nbsp;Thomas E. Exner,&nbsp;Tommaso Serchi,&nbsp;Tae Hyun Yoon,&nbsp;Dario Greco","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00583-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00583-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) is emerging as a transformative framework for integrating safety and sustainability with functionality in nanotechnology. This review provides a unified perspective on SSbD, bridging its scientific foundations, global policy developments, and industrial implementation. We highlight how advances in mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial–biological interactions enable earlier and more predictive safety assessment, supporting informed material design. At the policy level, evolving regulatory and governance approaches across regions are shaping the integration of sustainability and safety requirements. From an industrial perspective, SSbD is driving innovation in material substitution, process optimization, and lifecycle-oriented design. Despite this progress, challenges remain in standardization, data integration, and alignment between regulatory frameworks and industrial practice. This work positions SSbD as a central paradigm for enabling responsible innovation and accelerating the transition toward safer and more sustainable nanotechnologies.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00583-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tube-in-tube hollow RuCrMn oxide nanofibers for noble-metal-efficient oxygen evolution via Cr/Mn-regulated Ru active sites","authors":"Subin Lee,&nbsp;Joohee Lee,&nbsp;Saleem Sidra,&nbsp;Sieon Jung,&nbsp;Myong Yong Choi,&nbsp;Do Hwan Kim,&nbsp;Myung Hwa Kim,&nbsp;Youngmi Lee","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00582-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00582-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reducing the Ru content while maintaining high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity remains a major challenge. In this study, single phase Ru_0.30Cr_0.31Mn_0.39O₂ nanofibers were prepared through electrospinning process followed by temperature-regulated heat treatment. The temperature regulation process induces a unique formation of a hollow tube-in-tube structure while simultaneously influencing crystallinity and defect distribution. Among the prepared samples, the material treated at 400 °C shows the most favorable performance for OER. This behavior is associated with improved transport properties and increased accessibility of catalytically active sites. The catalyst reaches an overpotential of only 211 mV at 10 mA cm^− 2 and maintains stable operation in alkaline electrolyte. The mass-normalized activity and turnover frequency (TOF_metal) are significantly 293- and 104-fold higher than those of commercial RuO₂, respectively, highlighting its superior catalytic efficiency with reduced Ru content. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory suggest that the incorporation of Cr and Mn modulates the electronic structure of RuO₂, particularly near the Fermi level, and adjusts the d-band center position. These changes lower the energy barrier associated with the O* to OOH* step. The results thus demonstrate that simultaneous control of composition and morphology can improve OER performance in alkaline media.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00582-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amorphous boron nitride as a low-k dielectric for next-generation BEOL interconnects","authors":"Jong Won Baek,&nbsp;Ju-Hyun Jung,&nbsp;Hyeong-Seok Kim,&nbsp;Junho Kim,&nbsp;Dong-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Jangyup Son,&nbsp;Sangyul Ha","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00579-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00579-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As back-end-of-line (BEOL) scaling pushes porous low-<i>k</i> dielectrics toward their reliability limits, nonporous dielectrics that combine a low dielectric constant (<i>k</i>) with mechanical, thermal, and interfacial robustness are increasingly needed. Among nonporous low-<i>k</i> candidates, amorphous boron nitride (aBN) has attracted attention for advanced BEOL interconnects owing to its low-<i>k</i> value (<i>k</i> ≈ 2) and high mechanical robustness, as reflected by a Young’s modulus of ~50 GPa. In this review, we discuss aBN from a BEOL process-integration perspective, focusing on the origin of its low-<i>k</i> behavior, process-dependent structure–property relationships, and its potential roles in BEOL interconnects and hybrid-bonding interfaces. Finally, we discuss remaining issues and future directions for validating aBN as a nonporous low-<i>k</i> dielectric/interface material under BEOL and hybrid-bonding integration.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13631203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amplification-free colorimetric detection of exosomal miRNA using a CRISPR/Cas13a-activated HRP/Au/MoS2 nanobiohybrid catalyst","authors":"Myeong-Jun Lee,&nbsp;Minkyu Shin,&nbsp;Joungpyo Lim,&nbsp;Ha Rim Ahn,&nbsp;Dain Jung,&nbsp;Shan Liu,&nbsp;Chenzhong Li,&nbsp;Jin-Ha Choi,&nbsp;Jeong-Woo Choi","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00580-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00580-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CRISPR-based, amplification-free colorimetric sensing has emerged as a powerful approach for exosomal miRNA (Exo-miR) analysis, offering high specificity, simple operation, and direct visual readout suitable for point-of-care diagnostics. However, the sensitivity of existing systems is limited because conventional colorimetric probes generate inherently weak signals, making the reliable detection of ultralow-abundance Exo-miRs difficult without amplification. Here, we firstly report an amplification-free colorimetric biosensor based on a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/gold nanoparticle (Au)/molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanobiohybrid catalyst (HRP/Au/MoS₂) that generates intense chromogenic signals via synergistic catalytic interactions. In this nanoparticle, MoS₂ provides a high-surface-area scaffold with intrinsic peroxidase-like activity, Au nanoparticles facilitate efficient electron transfer, and HRP contributes to high catalytic turnover. Together, these features markedly enhance the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and the resulting blue coloration. Using this signal-amplifying HRP/Au/MoS₂, a magnet-based sensing system was constructed by immobilizing the HRP/Au/MoS₂ onto magnetic nanobeads (MNBs) through biotinylated single-stranded RNA linkers (MNB–ssRNA–HRP/Au/MoS₂). This construction was then integrated into a CRISPR/Cas13a assay, in which the target miR-155 activates Cas13a, which cleaves the ssRNA linkers, releasing the HRP/Au/MoS₂ into solution for colorimetric readout. The resulting biosensor exhibits a detection range of 1 fM–1 nM (LOD = 0.82 fM), and single-nucleotide specificity without nucleic acid amplification. Furthermore, our system enables detection of Exo-miR-155 in both cell-derived exosomes and clinical samples, distinguishing cancer patients from healthy donors. Therefore, this platform represents a promising approach for highly sensitive, selective, simple, and time-efficient detection of Exo-miR, which can be used for liquid biopsy-based early cancer detection.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and optimization of image classification models for edge AI applications","authors":"Sunghyun Kim,&nbsp;Hanbin Cho,&nbsp;Taejee Kim,&nbsp;Huseok Lee,&nbsp;Sungjae An,&nbsp;Sungju Ryu","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00574-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00574-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Image classification on edge devices requires models that maintain accuracy while reducing inference cost. This paper reviews the development of image classification models from convolutional neural networks to Vision Transformer models and examines their relevance to edge artificial intelligence applications. To improve Vision Transformer inference efficiency without redesigning the backbone, we propose a selective token merging method that identifies low-significance image tokens and applies token merging mainly to those tokens. Experimental results on CIFAR-10 using ViT-Tiny show that the proposed method improves the accuracy-throughput tradeoff compared with standard Token Merging. In particular, selectively merging the least significant token group with a layer-dependent schedule achieves 97.41% accuracy and 19.04 images/s, compared with 97.22% accuracy and 18.97 images/s for standard Token Merging. Additional ImageNet-1 K evaluations using ViT-Tiny, ViT-Small, and ViT-Base show that selective merging in an shallow-layer window preserves more of the baseline accuracy than standard ToMe while retaining an inference speedup. These results show that token significance can guide more accurate and efficient token reduction for edge-oriented image classification.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00574-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2D nanomaterials for near infrared responsive photomedicine: a review","authors":"Su Bin Lee,&nbsp;Anara Molkenova,&nbsp;Seung Yun Yang,&nbsp;Ki Su Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00577-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00577-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The continuously growing demand for efficient and non-invasive treatment has accelerated the development of near infrared (NIR) responsive phototherapy, a therapeutic modality that leverages the biological transparent window (700–1850 nm) to enable deeper tissue penetration compared to ultraviolet (UV)/visible light approaches. NIR-responsive two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have emerged as particularly promising platforms for advanced photomedicine, attributed to high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable electronic structure, and broadband optical absorption. 2D nanomaterials can be broadly classified into elemental materials, layered nonmetal compounds, metal-based compounds, and 2D organic frameworks, each exhibiting distinct physicochemical and photonic features that enable tailored photothermal and photodynamic therapy applications. Their structural versatility and surface functionality further facilitate multimodal NIR theranostic integration. This review systematically investigates recent advances in NIR-responsive 2D nanomaterial-mediated phototherapy, with particular emphasis on their photomedical performance. Furthermore, the existing critical challenges, including biocompatibility, long-term biosafety, controlled degradation, NIR penetration depth limitations, and clinical translation barriers have been overviewed. Finally, future perspectives are proposed to guide the development of the next-generation NIR-responsive 2D nanomaterials for photomedicine. </p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00577-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}