3 Biotech最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the application of herbal photosensitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i>.","authors":"Vinny Virdi, Jagriti Singh, Rolee Sharma, Dipesh Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1007/s13205-024-04205-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-024-04205-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death in the world, despite being a preventable and curable disease. Irrespective of tremendous advancements in early detection and treatment, this disease still has high mortality rates. This is due to the development of antibiotic resistance, which significantly reduced the efficacy of antibiotics, rendering them useless against this bacterial infection. This, in turn, causes immune system evasion, antibiotic treatment failures, and recurrence of disease in patients. Regarding this, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may serve as a useful substitute for antibiotic therapy against drug-resistant <i>mycobacteria</i>. This century-old therapy is already being used in cancer treatment, dentistry, and skeletal and cardiovascular diseases, but it is not yet used in tuberculosis treatment. Researchers have previously used PDI to eradicate other members of the genus <i>Mycobacteria</i> in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This suggests PDI can be explored against <i>M. tuberculosis</i> too. The one limitation associated with PDI is the use of chemical photosensitizers, which are fatal to normal tissues and induce side effects. Recent studies suggest herbal photosensitizers are equally potent as chemically synthesized ones. Therefore, herbal photosensitizers could be used to solve the problem because of their less toxicity to healthy tissues and decreased frequency of side effects. This review emphasizes the importance of herbal photosensitizers and their role as anti-tuberculosis drugs in PDI therapy and also presents five potential herbal photosensitizers-curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, aloe emodin, and phloretin that could be utilized in the clinical development of PDT-mediated tuberculosis therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11747057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indole 3 carbinol attenuated memory impairment, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion induced brain damage in rats.","authors":"Yadava Srikanth, Tuwune Julius, Meda Gayathri, Honnete Samuel Tuyishime, Mtemi Daudi Gelege, Suda Satish Kumar, Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy, Guntupalli Chakravarthi, Kakarla Ramakrishna","doi":"10.1007/s13205-024-04199-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-024-04199-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global cerebral ischemia (GCI) is associated with a multifaceted etiology, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, ultimately leading to cognitive and memory impairments. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective, cognitive, and memory-enhancing effects of indole 3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables. Additionally, network pharmacology analyses were conducted to identify potential molecular targets of I3C in GCI. Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) surgery was performed to induce GCI. I3C was administered orally for 14 days, and cognitive and memory functions were assessed using the Y-maze and Morris water maze paradigms. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA, Nrf2, SOD, and CAT), inflammatory markers (NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-10), and AChE enzyme activity were evaluated. The results demonstrated that I3C treatment significantly inhibited AChE activity, improved spontaneous alternation (%) in the Y-maze test, increased the number of entries and time spent in the platform zone, and reduced escape latency in the Morris water maze test, indicating enhanced cognitive and memory functions. I3C treatment also increased brain levels of Nrf2, SOD, and CAT while reducing MDA levels. Furthermore, it decreased pro-inflammatory markers such as NF-κB and TNF-α and elevated the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10, suggesting neuroprotection through the mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Histopathological analysis revealed improved integrity of CA1 neurons in BCCAO rats treated with I3C. Network pharmacology studies identified TP53, AKT1, TNF, STAT3, BCL2, SRC, ESR1, CCND1, CASP8, and CASP3 as the top ten molecular targets for I3C in the context of GCI. Our in vivo data, supported by network pharmacology studies, suggest that I3C's neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects are driven by its ability to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Overall, this study suggests that I3C is a promising neuroprotective and memory-enhancing agent for global cerebral ischemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11780242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the potential of natural antimicrobial peptides against emerging respiratory viral disease: a review.","authors":"Neelakanta Sarvashiva Kiran, Sudarshan Singh, Chandrashekar Yashaswini, Bhupendra G Prajapati","doi":"10.1007/s13205-024-04184-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-024-04184-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review assesses the antiviral capabilities of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, focussing on their therapeutic potential. AMPs, derived from natural sources, exhibit promising antiviral properties by disrupting viral membranes, inhibiting viral entry, and modulating host immune responses. Preclinical studies demonstrate that peptides such as defensins, cathelicidins, and lactoferrin can effectively reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication and inhibit viral spread. In addition, AMPs have shown potential in enhancing the host's antiviral immunity. Despite these promising outcomes, several challenges require assessments before transforming into clinical translation. Several issues related to peptide stability, cytotoxicity, and efficient delivery systems pose significant limitations to their therapeutic application. Recent advancements in peptide engineering, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and peptide conjugation strategies have improved AMPs stability and bioavailability; however, further optimization is essential. Moreover, whilst AMPs are safe, their effects on host cells and tissues need a thorough investigation to minimise potential adverse reactions. This review concludes that whilst AMPs present a promising route for antiviral therapies, particularly in targeting SARS-CoV-2, extensive clinical trials and additional studies are required to overcome current limitations. Future research should focus on developing more stable, less toxic AMPs formulations with enhanced delivery mechanisms, aiming to integrate AMPs into viable therapeutic options for respiratory viral diseases, including COVID-19 and other emerging infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weighted gene co-expression network analysis reveals the hub genes and molecular mechanism of quiescence.","authors":"J P Apoorvha, S Brindha, M Ganesan, Sujata Roy","doi":"10.1007/s13205-024-04203-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-024-04203-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) continues their functional integrity and return to quiescence quickly even after inflammatory and other proliferative stress. The mechanism which is responsible for this highly regulatory process is not understood clearly. Previous results have shown that CD53 is noticeably upregulated in HSCs in response to a variety of stimuli. Gene expression profile using RNASeq data of HSCs from the bone marrow and spleen of CD53 knock out and their wild-type littermate had been deposited by Greenberg and co-authors, in GEO database, \"GSE219050\". They reported that knockout of CD53 promotes continued cell cycle. To identify key genes and specific processes are affected in absence of CD53, we applied weighted gene co-expression analysis. The results show that cyan module is correlated and dark red and light cyan are anti-correlated with CD53 loss. CDK1 is identified as more connected gene or hub gene in cyan module and it is upregulated in the absence of CD53. Likewise, hub genes from dark-red module are EP300, EGF, MCL1, LPL and IGF1R. The gene enrichment analysis depicts, two biological processes, MAPK cascade and Delta Notch signalling were suppressed. Similarly, the biological processes involved in light-cyan module are chromatin organisation and hub genes are Ehmt2, Ezh2, Kdm1a, Rbbp4, Esr1 and Mysm1. It uncovers the roles of <b>CD53</b> in chromatin organisation, and MAPK cascade and Delta Notch signalling are the major contributors in quiescence mechanism. These findings might provide a new avenue in quiescence research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11735823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRPL24 drives breast cancer metastasis and stemness by targeting c-MYC, BRD4, and STAT3.","authors":"Abdul Jamil Khan, Islam Uddin Khan, Shad Man, Shihao Liu, Gaowa Ailun, Manzar Abbas, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13205-024-04196-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-024-04196-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aims to investigate the clinicopathological significance of MRPL24 in human cancers, with a particular focus on breast cancer (BC). Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were conducted using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and various advanced database, including cBioPortal, UALCAN, TIMER, Prognoscan, TISIDB, KM Plotter, and The Human Protein Atlas, to provide a detailed evaluation of MRPL55's role in cancer. The findings were further validated through experimental studies. Pan-cancer analysis of TCGA/ICGC data revealed significant amplification of MRPL24 across multiple cancer types, with the highest amplification rate of 60% observed in metastatic breast cancer. MRPL24 was found to be overexpressed in primary breast tumors, metastatic, and various molecular subtypes of breast cancer. High MRPL24 expression was associated with poor prognosis and lower survival rates in breast cancer patients. RT-PCR and western blot confirmed MRPL24 depletion in breast cancer cells. Knockdown of MRPL24 was shown to suppress proliferation, and clonogenic potential in breast cancer cells and inhibit cell migration. Additionally, MRPL24 depletion sensitized breast cancer cells to PD0325901 and 5-FU treatment. Mechanistic studies revealed that MRPL24 knock-down downregulates mRNA levels of oncogenic genes, including c-MYC, BRD4, WNT3, and STAT3. Positive correlations were observed between MRPL24 and key genes involved in ferroptosis regulation, such as ERBB2, ERBB3, GRB2, PIK3CA, AKT1, MAPK3, and MAPK1. Finally, through virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations, we have identified three FDA-approved drugs with strong binding affinities and interactions with MRPL24. These findings underscore MRPL24's oncogenic role in breast cancer and suggest potential therapeutic strategies targeting this protein.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04196-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11718041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NF-κB signaling is the major inflammatory pathway for inducing insulin resistance.","authors":"Ahmed Mobeen, Sweta Joshi, Firdaus Fatima, Anasuya Bhargav, Yusra Arif, Mohammed Faruq, Srinivasan Ramachandran","doi":"10.1007/s13205-024-04202-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-024-04202-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insulin resistance is major factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We extracted 430 genes from literature associated with both insulin resistance and inflammation. The highly significant pathways were Toll-like receptor signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, pathways in cancer, TNF signaling, and NF-kappa B signaling. Among the 297 common genes in all datasets of various T2D patients' tissues including blood, muscle, liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues, 71% and 60% of these genes were differentially expressed in pancreas (GSE25724) and liver (GSE15653), respectively. A total of 169 genes contain highly conserved motifs for various transcription factors involved in immune response, thereby suggesting coordinated expression. Through co-expression analysis, we obtained three modules. The respective modules had 78, 158, and 55 genes, and <i>TRAF2</i>, <i>HMGA1</i>, and <i>RGS5</i> as hub genes. Further, we used the BioNSi pathways simulation tool and identified the following five KEGG pathways perturbed in four or more tissues, namely Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-1-like receptor signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and insulin resistance pathway. The genes <i>NFKBIA</i> and <i>IKBKB</i> are common to all these five pathways. In addition, using the NF-κB computational activation model, we identified that the reversal of NF-κB constitutive activation through overexpression of NFKB1 (P50 homodimer), PPARG, PIAS3 could reduce insulin resistance by almost half of its original value. To conclude, co-expression studies, gene expression network simulation, and NF-κB computational modeling substantiate the causal role of NF-κB pathway in insulin resistance. These results taken together with other published evidence suggests that the TNF-TRAF2-IKBKB-NF-κB axis could be explored as a potential target in combination with available metabolic targets in the management of insulin resistance.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04202-4.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11747027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First <i>de novo</i> genome-specific development, characterization and validation of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in <i>Bambusa polymorpha</i>, a commercially important bamboo of India.","authors":"Nishtha, Shambhavi Yadav, Rajendra Kumar Meena, Shruti Godara, Aarzoo Shamoon, Kishan Kumar, Rimpee Garg, Ajay Thakur","doi":"10.1007/s13205-025-04212-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-025-04212-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The natural population of <i>Bambusa polymorpha</i> have not been genetically enumerated due to a lack of genome sequence information or robust species-specific molecular marker. The present study was conducted to develop and validate genome-wide de novo simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers in <i>B. polymorpha</i> through shallow-pass genome sequencing. The genome sequence data of about 13 Gb was generated using Illumina technology, and high-quality sequence reads were de novo assembled into 1,390,995 contigs with GC content 42.34%, contig N 50 value 1047 bp. The Benchmark Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) analysis indicated 75.29% of complete and single-copy genome assembly. By scanning of genome assembly, a total of 73,468 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified, and 44,383 primer pairs were designed. Repeat analysis revealed that the dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats were most abundantly distributed in the genome with 52.95 and 41.17%, respectively. A subset of 33 SSRs was randomly selected for their PCR amplification and polymorphism in 16 random individuals. Of these, 29 SSRs were successfully amplified with the expected product size and 20 showed polymorphic banding patterns. Polymorphic SSRs were characterized by high expected heterozygosity (<i>H</i> _e = 0.72) and polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.68). The clustering pattern obtained using the neighbor joining (NJ) dendrogram revealed the genotypes were clustered in accordance with their geographical locations. The genomic and marker information generated in this study are novel and useful for future studies for genetic improvement and conservation of <i>B. polymorpha.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11739060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and evaluation of <i>Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense</i> MSR-1 bioinoculant on the growth and productivity of <i>Vigna radiata</i> (L.) R. Wilczek.","authors":"Shraddha Shirsat, K Suthindhiran","doi":"10.1007/s13205-025-04206-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-025-04206-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, there has been a growing interest in the application of beneficial microorganisms to enhance crop performance. <i>Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense</i> (MSR-1) are spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that exhibit magnetotaxis with the help of magnetosomes (iron oxide or iron sulphide). They have exhibited biomedical and environmental applications; however, the agricultural utilization of these strains is yet to be explored. This study investigates the nitrogen fixation, iron supplementation, and plant growth promotion (PGP) activity of MSR-1 on <i>Vigna radiata</i> (Green gram). Firstly, agriculturally important genes including nif (360 bp), fur (480 bp), and feoB (675 bp) were identified in MSR-1. Further, the strain was used to produce the <i>Magnetospirillum</i> Liquid Biofertilizer (MLB) and analyzed using GC-MS and LC-HRMS to identify beneficial compounds for agriculture. The findings indicated the presence of biostimulant compounds including proline, indole-3-acetic acid, koninginin, and glutamate. Furthermore, different dilutions (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) of MLB were supplemented to <i>V.radiata</i> to explore its nitrogen-fixing capacity, iron enhancement effects, plant growth and yield. Plants treated with 20% MLB exhibited a significant increase in plant length (85.6%), seed weight (74.5%), total chlorophyll content (58.3%), protein (95.91%), leaf nitrogen content (71.72%) compared to the control group treated with distilled water. Under iron deficiency conditions, 60% MLB improved the plant length (70.38%), seed weight (66.6%), total chlorophyll (84.16%), protein (66.19%), iron content of leaves (80.79%) compared to the control group. The findings indicate that MSR-1 enhances plant productivity and it can be used as a source of iron fertilizer for addressing iron deficiency in plants.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04206-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11751356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low titre of agroinoculum with prolonged incubation period and low auxin concentration in the regeneration media are the key to high frequency of transformation in climate-resilient <i>Aus</i>-type rice genotype Nagina 22.","authors":"Amit Kumar, Priyanka, Jeevanandhan K, Megha Kaushik, Ekta Mulani, Meena S, Jeet Roy, Sachin Phogat, Bhuvnesh Sareen, Jayanthi Madhavan, Amitha Mithra Sevanthi, Amolkumar U Solanke, Prabhanshu Kumar, Pranab Kumar Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s13205-025-04210-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-025-04210-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developing an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol holds paramount significance for advancing genetic transformation technologies in rice, facilitating their utilisation in crop improvement. Nagina 22 (N22), a climate-resilient <i>Aus</i>-type rice genotype known for its tolerance against multiple stresses, lacks a standardised transformation protocol, limiting its utilisation as a background for genetic transformation. This study reports, for the first time, a highly efficient transformation and regeneration protocol for N22 using a CRISPR/Cas9 vector. Mature seeds were used to induce embryogenic calli on CHU(N6)-based callus induction media (CIM) with varying concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The highest callus induction efficiency (~ 94%) was achieved using 3 mgL^-1 2,4-D. For regeneration, calli were transferred to different regeneration media-I (RM-Ia to RM-Ie), where a combination of 5 mgL^-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.02 mgL^-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) resulted in ~ 44% regeneration frequency. Subsequent optimisation of regeneration media-II (RM-II) with low NAA concentration enhanced shoot elongation and root development. Furthermore, reducing basal salt concentration in the resuspension media significantly enhanced transformation efficiency to 44%, achieved, by only using sterile distilled water (SDW) with 150 mM acetosyringone for calli infection. The optimised protocol was successfully validated using CRISPR/Cas9 vector, facilitating targeted gene knockouts for functional genomic studies. This approach addresses a critical gap in N22 genetic transformation, providing a reliable protocol for advancing rice improvement through gene editing. It offers valuable insights for future research and practical applications in genetic transformation of this elite rice genotype for various agronomic and scientific purposes.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04210-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11785844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug-loaded liposomes for macrophage targeting in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: development, characterization and macrophage infection study.","authors":"Ridahunlang Nongkhlaw, Ridaphun Nongrum, Jaganath Arunachalam, Nitin Pal Kalia, Puja Kumari Agnivesh, Rishanlang Nongkhlaw","doi":"10.1007/s13205-025-04208-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13205-025-04208-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates drug-loaded liposomes targeting macrophages as a promising strategy to enhance Tuberculosis (TB) treatment. The focus is on optimizing liposomal formulations for encapsulating OX-23, a previously identified anti-mycobacterial agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56 µg/ml, and assessing their efficacy in macrophage infection models. Liposomal formulations were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering (DLS), with morphology analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Macrophage infection assays, including those with the THP-1 macrophage cell line, were performed to evaluate the targeting efficiency and therapeutic potential of the formulations. Results showed that OX-23 could be successfully encapsulated in liposomes with various charges, achieving high encapsulation efficiency, optimal particle size, and acceptable PDI values. In-vitro studies with the THP-1 cell line demonstrated sustained release of the drug from the liposomes, with morphological analysis confirming that the liposomes were spherical and non-aggregated. The formulations exhibited significant penetration into infected macrophages and effectively inhibited the growth of intracellular <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> at the tested concentrations. These findings support the potential of liposomal OX-23 in targeting both extracellular and intracellular <i>M. tuberculosis</i>, offering a promising approach to TB treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7067,"journal":{"name":"3 Biotech","volume":"15 2","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}