Microchimica Acta最新文献

{"title":"“All-in-a-tube” detection of RDX and TNT: old silver mirror reaction revived for nitro-explosive quantification","authors":"Selen Durmazel,&nbsp;Ayşem Üzer,&nbsp;Reşat Apak","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07195-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07195-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inspired by analyte-induced in situ formation/growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the traditional Tollens’ reagent of diamminesilver(I) complex cation [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ was shown to be capable of detecting explosives. Thus, a color test based on in situ formation of AgNPs was developed for 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The resultant yellow-colored AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectrophotometry, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurements. The system displays turn-on absorbance behavior with RDX and TNT, yielding detection limits of 50.3 and 67.2 nmol L⁻¹, respectively. The assay could distinguish between RDX and TNT using a simple extraction-based recovery procedure. Good recoveries for RDX and TNT were obtained from real (Composite B, Composite A5, and Octol) and synthetically prepared formulations. Method validation was performed by statistically comparing the analytical results obtained by the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method applied to RDX standards and RDX-contaminated soil samples. As a novelty of this system, direct spectrophotometric detection of RDX through its decomposition product, formaldehyde, was successfully performed for the first time. Compared with the widely used indirect spectrophotometric methods based on nitrite formation from RDX degradation, the system is superior in that it does not require pre-hydrolysis of RDX and does not respond to 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX). It is also noteworthy that the system responds to TNT in a way that constitutes an innovative alternative to the existing mechanism of Meisenheimer/Janowsky complex formation in the literature.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00604-025-07195-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parallel assembly of dual-electrochemical cell: a novel approach for simultaneous multiplexed sensing analysis","authors":"Pedro V. V. Romanholo,&nbsp;Larissa M. Andrade,&nbsp;Marcelo Giglioti,&nbsp;Guilherme Z. A. Luccas,&nbsp;Sergio A. S. Machado,&nbsp;Livia F. Sgobbi","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07194-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07194-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the field of biosensing and chemical sensing, there is a growing demand for multiplexed detection and quantification of multiple targets within complex matrices. In electrochemical sensing, simultaneous multiplexed analysis is typically performed with multiple electrodes connected to a multichannel potentiostat. An alternative strategy involves using a single electrode capable of discriminating and detecting several analytes in a single measurement, which is, however, unfortunately limited to a selective group of molecules. Herein, we report a novel electrochemical method based on the parallel assembly of a dual-electrochemical cell (PADEC), which enables the simultaneous detection and quantification of solvent-incompatible analytes, prepared separately in two distinct electrochemical cells, using a single-channel potentiostat—thus achieving multichannel-like performance. This approach relies on connecting two electrochemical cells in parallel, allowing the concurrent measurement of distinct electrochemical responses from analytes that otherwise could not be simultaneously determined  due to solvent incompatibility. As a proof of concept, the water-soluble vitamin C, and the lipid-soluble vitamin D3 were simultaneously determined, each in its respective optimized medium. The PADEC approach demonstrated performance comparable to individual detection methods, achieving limits of detection of 27 μM for vitamin C and 32 μM for vitamin D3 over a linear range of 20–400 μM. This strategy establishes a new approach for simultaneous, multiplexed electrochemical determination  of analytes in different media. Moreover, this innovation may extend applications in electrochemistry beyond (bio)sensing to include areas such as electrocatalysis, energy and corrosion, potentially reducing dependence on multichannel potentiostats.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring shell thickness in Au@Cu2O nanoparticles for enhanced mimetic peroxidase activity: a colorimetric aptasensor for zearalenone detection","authors":"Junhao Wang,&nbsp;Huifu Ji,&nbsp;Bobo Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zhu,&nbsp;Yingju Liu,&nbsp;Weidan Chang,&nbsp;Xinhua Xie,&nbsp;Hongshuai Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07202-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07202-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zearalenone (ZEN), a prevalent mycotoxin in agricultural crops, poses significant risks to human and animal health due to its bioaccumulation potential within the food chain. In this study, Au@Cu₂O core–shell nanoparticles with precisely controlled Cu₂O shell thickness were synthesized through a gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-mediated self-assembly strategy by modulating the amount of AuNPs. Systematic analysis revealed an inverse correlation between peroxidase-like activity and shell thickness. Consequently, a high-sensitivity colorimetric aptasensor for ZEN detection was developed via the integration of Au@Cu₂O nanoparticles with ZEN-specific aptamers. The Au@Cu₂O nanoparticles function as signal amplifiers, while the aptamers provide target specificity. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor demonstrated a linear dynamic range of 0.0005–5 μg/L for ZEN, with colorimetric signal intensities exhibiting exceptional specificity for ZEN, with negligible cross-reactivity to co-occurring mycotoxins (AFB₁, AFB₂, OTA, DON, T-2), while achieving stable detection in real agricultural matrices, including wheat flour and cornmeal. Hence, this work not only offers a novel strategy for ZEN monitoring in food but also advances the rational design of core–shell nanomaterials for biosensing applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXene-based nanocomposites: synthesis, optical properties, and biomedical applications","authors":"Hui Huang,&nbsp;Jian Zhu,&nbsp;Guojun Weng,&nbsp;Jianjun Li,&nbsp;Junwu Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07181-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07181-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the discovery and in-depth research of 2D carbide/nitride MXene, MXene-based nanocomposites have attracted widespread attention due to their unique enhancement and synergistic effects, demonstrating tremendous application potential in the biomedical field. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive discussion of the synthesis methods, optical properties, and biomedical applications of MXene-based nanocomposites. Firstly, it discusses and compares various synthesis methods for MXenes and MXene-based nanocomposites, and categorizes the combination types based on surface engineering strategies and distinct properties. Subsequently, the optical properties of MXene-based nanocomposites are summarized, including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). Furthermore, this review provides an in-depth discussion of the applications of MXene-based nanocomposites in biosensors, optical therapeutics, and bioimaging. Finally, we thoroughly explore the challenges and opportunities for the future development of MXene-based nanocomposites, aiming to offer a feasible approach for the development of high-performance materials for biomedical applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel strategy for ultrasensitive detection and effective inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus based on Fe3O4-QCS-PEI-Cu-aptamer and ladder-branch HCR","authors":"Dongxia Ren,&nbsp;Lin Wang,&nbsp;Hua Wei,&nbsp;Shijie Mu,&nbsp;Longfei Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07184-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07184-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacterial infection is one of the leading causes of human death globally and is considered to be an urgent public health challenge. It is important to accurately and rapidly detect and kill pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, a multifunctional platform for sensitive detection and efficient elimination of pathogenic bacteria should be developed to reduce the threat of bacteria. In this study, an integrated strategy based on Fe₃O₄-quaternary ammonium chitosan-polyetherimide-Cu-aptamer (Fe₃O₄-QCS-PEI-Cu-aptamer) and ladder-branch hybridization chain reaction (HCR) was proposed for the detection and inactivation of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>). The aptamer-complementary chain (aptamer-CP) conjugated to the surface of Fe₃O₄-QCS-PEI-Cu induces CP release in the presence of <i>S. aureus</i>, further initiating the ladder-branch HCR reaction and achieving signal amplification. Under optimal conditions, the developed sensor demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 3 CFU/mL for <i>S. aureus</i> and exhibited high selectivity against several other pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the Fe₃O₄-QCS-PEI-Cu-aptasensor showed potent antibacterial properties under near infrared (NIR) irradiation, achieving an antimicrobial efficiency of 99.946%. This strategy synergistically combined the high-sensitivity molecular detection with the antibacterial activity of novel nanomaterials activated by near infrared light, providing a new insight into the prevention of bacterial infections.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An “on–off-on” photoelectrochemical aptasensor using CoO as a signal label for T-2 toxin detection","authors":"Keshuai Shang,&nbsp;Mengzhen Shan,&nbsp;Le Wang,&nbsp;Xiaolin Yu,&nbsp;Rui Xu,&nbsp;Chenyu Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07196-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07196-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>T-2 toxin, a mycotoxin commonly found in food, is recognized as one of the most harmful contaminants. Herein, a sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor based on an “on–off-on” signal response strategy was developed for T-2 detection using WO₃/CdIn₂S₄ as a photoanode. The sensitization of WO₃ with CdIn₂S₄ significantly enhanced the photocurrent, leading to the initial “signal-on” state. As a signal label of probe DNA (pDNA), CoO significantly inhibited the photocurrent response of WO₃/CdIn₂S₄ (“signal-off” state), enhancing the signal recovery space and improving the detection sensitivity. T-2 toxin is preferentially bound to aDNA, releasing the CoO-pDNA complex from the electrode, realizing the “signal-on” state again. This signal switching mechanism enabled a broad detection range from 1 fg mL^–1 to 1 μg mL^–1 with an ultralow detection limit of 0.434 fg mL^–1 (S/N = 3), while the sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, stability and selectivity. This platform not only provided a robust analytical tool for T-2 toxin detection in food safety but also established a generalizable sensing paradigm adaptable to other mycotoxins by replacing the recognition element.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical mesoporous ZIF-8–immobilized enzyme microreactor coupled with HPLC for screening of α-glucosidase inhibitors from green tea","authors":"Ruobing Wu,&nbsp;Xiangrong Wu,&nbsp;Chenjia Jiang,&nbsp;Haodong Zhou,&nbsp;Jinhua Zhu,&nbsp;Zaved H. Khan","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07201-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07201-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hierarchical mesoporous ZIF-8 (HZIF-8) was synthesized using a thermosensitive hydrogel as a soft template. Zinc ions (Zn²⁺) were uniformly dispersed on the hydrogel surface through metal-ion coordination with salicylic acid and melamine, followed by coordination with 2-methylimidazole at room temperature. After the thermal removal of salicylic acid and melamine, HZIF-8 was obtained which exhibited a bimodal pore structure comprising both micropores and mesopores. α-Glucosidase (α-Glu) was encapsulated into HZIF-8 via an in-situ diffusion method to construct an immobilized α-Glu microreactor. The morphological and structural characteristics of HZIF-8 before and after α-Glu immobilization were thoroughly characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis. The immobilization optimization studies revealed that the optimal immobilization time was 3 h, and the ideal mass ratio of HZIF-8 to α-Glu was 5:2 (w/w). Under these conditions, the α-Glu loading capacity reached 82.09 μg/mg, and the immobilized α-Glu microreactor still retained 70% enzyme activity after seven cycles. The application of the HZIF-8-α-Glu microreactor was verified by coupling with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the offline screening of α-Glu inhibitors in green tea extract. The experimental results demonstrated the application of the immobilized α-Glu microreactor by screening out catechin and epicatechin gallate from the tea extract.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron/cobalt co-doped boron quantum dots as nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities and the nanozyme-involved cascade catalysis system for ratiometric fluorescence and dual-mode visual detection of glutamate","authors":"Meng Yang,&nbsp;Hui Jin,&nbsp;Rijun Gui","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07183-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07183-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To further explore the boron-involved nanomaterials toward efficient applications in chemo/bio sensing and detection fields, this work reports facile preparation of the emerging iron/cobalt co-doped boron quantum dots (Fe/Co@BQDs) that were explored as new artificial nanozymes for ratiometric fluorescence (FL) and visual detection of glutamate (Glu). In the presence of glutamate oxidase (GLOD), Glu was oxidized to produce H₂O₂, and then the H₂O₂ was catalyzed by Fe/Co@ BQDs nanozymes to produce hydroxyl radical (•OH). Afterwards, the •OH induced FL quenching responses of rhodamine B (RhB) and Fe/Co@BQDs. Therefore, a new nanozyme-assisted cascade catalysis platform was explored, consisting of Fe/Co@BQDs, GLOD, and RhB. The platform was successfully used for ratiometric FL sensing of Glu and liquid/solid dual-channel FL visual semi-quantitative detection of Glu. The platform exhibits a board linear detection range of 1–500 µM, a low limit of detection of 0.3 µM, highly selective ratiometric FL responses on Glu over potential interferents, and high-performance practical detection of Glu in biological samples. Experimental results verify high peroxidase-like activities of Fe/Co@BQDs that enable efficient applications for unique enzymatic reactions and nanozyme-involved cascade catalysis reactions. The platform can facilitate further development of other types of metal-doped nanomaterials with natural biological enzyme-like activities and their promising applications, especially chemo/bio sensing, bioimaging and therapeutics at the levels of living cells and small animals.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosensors based on organic transistors for intraoral biomarker detection","authors":"Ruotong Mai,&nbsp;Yixin Zhou,&nbsp;Kangning Zhao,&nbsp;Miao Xie,&nbsp;Yufei Tang,&nbsp;Xingrui Li,&nbsp;Wei Huang,&nbsp;Lin Xiang","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07189-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07189-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intraoral biomarkers are important indicators for the diagnosis and prediction of oral and systemic diseases. Among various intraoral biomarkers, the biomarkers in saliva have been the main focus of research, due to their abundance, non-invasiveness, and correlation with health status. Nonetheless, detecting low-abundance intraoral biomarkers poses significant challenges, and the conventional assays are unsuitable for swift large-scale analysis due to their complex procedures. Hence, an immediate demand arises for innovative methods to supplant traditional assay techniques. Organic transistor–based biosensors have emerged as promising devices for the detection of these intraoral biomarkers, especially in point-of-care (POC) settings. These biosensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity, selectivity, ease of integration, and biocompatibility. This review provides an overview of the evolution and utilization of biosensors that rely on functional organic transistors, with a focus on electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). First, the working principles and sensing mechanisms of various organic transistors are summarized. Then, recent progress and challenges in developing organic transistor–based biosensing platforms for detecting intraoral biomarkers are summarized, along with examples from representative studies. Last, prospects and opportunities for the advancement of organic transistor–based biosensors for oral health monitoring are discussed.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescence-based spectrometric and imaging methods and machine learning analyses for microbiota analysis","authors":"Jocelyn Reynolds,&nbsp;Jeong-Yeol Yoon","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07159-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07159-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most microbiota determination (skin, gut, soil, etc.) are currently conducted in a laboratory using expensive equipment and lengthy procedures, including culture-dependent methods, nucleic acid amplifications (including quantitative PCR), DNA microarray, immunoassays, 16S rRNA sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, and sophisticated mass spectrometric methods. In situ and rapid analysis methods are desirable for fast turnaround time and low assay cost. Fluorescence identification of bacteria and their mixtures is emerging to meet this demand, thanks to the recent development in various machine learning methods. High-dimensional spectroscopic or microscopic imaging data can be obtained to identify the bacterial makeup and its implications for human health and the environment. For example, we can classify healthy versus non-healthy skin microbiome, inflammatory versus non-inflammatory gut microbiome, degraded versus non-degraded soil microbiome, etc. This tutorial summarizes the various machine-learning algorithms used in bacteria identification and microbiota determinations. It also summarizes the various fluorescence spectroscopic methods used to identify bacteria and their mixtures, including fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectroscopy. Finally, various fluorescence microscopic imaging methods were summarized that have been used to identify bacteria and their mixtures, including epi-fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, two-photon/multi-photon microscopy, and super-resolution imaging methods (STED, SIM, PALM, and STORM). Finally, it discusses how these methods can be applied to microbiota determinations, what can be demonstrated in the future, opportunities and challenges, and future directions. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}