Micro and Nano Systems Letters最新文献

{"title":"All inkjet-printed flexible see-through heaters based on silver mesh pattern","authors":"Han-Jung Kim,&nbsp;Junhee Kim,&nbsp;Jeongmin Park,&nbsp;Seyong Park,&nbsp;Sang-Keun Sung,&nbsp;Suhan Lee,&nbsp;Yohan Ko,&nbsp;Seung Woo Lee,&nbsp;Sung-Jin An,&nbsp;Yoonkap Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00227-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00227-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heaters fabricated via printing conductive ink or paste on various flexible substrates have been extensively investigated. However, flexible/wearable heaters wherein all the functional structures (heater substrate, heating element, and cover layer) are fabricated via printing have not been reported. In this study, fully printed see-through conductors are fabricated using conductive Ag ink and dielectric ink and their potential for use as wearable see-through heaters is demonstrated. The relationship between the heater performance and the resistance of a printed Ag micromesh structure (which serves as the heating element) is analyzed. In addition, three types of printed heaters are fabricated based on different embedding configurations (three-sides open, one-side open, and fully embedded) of the Ag mesh electrodes, and their mechanical flexibilities are compared. The flexible heater based on the fully embedded Ag mesh structures exhibits remarkable mechanical flexibility. The rapid thermal response and high reliability of the printed flexible heaters are confirmed through Joule heating performance analysis. These results indicate the excellent potential of the proposed inkjet printing technology for the development of all-printed optoelectronics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00227-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers in nanoparticles redefining enzyme immobilization: a review addressing challenges, innovations, and unlocking sustainable future potentials","authors":"Heidi M. Abdel-Mageed","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00228-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00228-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanoparticles (NPs) are redefining enzyme immobilization, offering a paradigm shift in biocatalysis through precision engineering at the nanoscale. With their exceptional surface area, tunable porosity, and customizable functionalities, NPs provide unprecedented control over enzyme stability, activity, and adaptability, bridging the gap between molecular-scale interactions and industrial-scale applications. In the era of intelligent bioprocessing, how can NP-based immobilization strategies be optimized to drive the next frontier of sustainable and high-performance enzyme technologies? A deep understanding of NP structural diversity, interfacial chemistry, and enzyme-matrix interactions is crucial to unlocking their full potential. This review systematically explores emerging NP-based immobilization platforms, including cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), nanoflowers, nanofibers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), ionic liquids (ILs), and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), each offering tailored advantages for catalytic enhancement and process efficiency. The review outlines current advancements such as 3D printing and wearable biosensors, forecasts the integration of artificial intelligence and smart nano-biocatalysts, and envisions futuristic applications including bio-intelligent nano/micro-robotic systems and space biosensors. Challenges, such as upscaling limitations, nanotoxicity concerns, and environmental risks, are addressed to ensure safe and viable implementation. This review provides a structured roadmap on (I) enzyme immobilization advances using next-generation NPs, (II) challenges in scalability and safety, (III) sustainability benefits of enzyme-based industrial biocatalysis, and (IV) the emergence of intelligence, adaptability, and nanoscale precision immobilization technologies and AI-assisted design and optimization. These visionary approaches mark a paradigm shift toward dynamic, adaptive, and highly specialized, multifunctional nano-enzyme systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00228-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible multilayered skin health sensing platform for eyewear applications","authors":"Byeong-Sun Park,&nbsp;Sangmin Lee,&nbsp;Young-hwan Song,&nbsp;Pyungwoo Yeon,&nbsp;Min-gu Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00226-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00226-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Skin diseases are among the most prevalent health issues worldwide, and the prevalence of these diseases is increasing, driven by factors such as aging populations and urbanization-related infrastructure imbalance. As skin diseases become more widespread, the need for their early detection and proper management is gaining prominence, underscoring the importance of developing advanced real-time skin health monitoring technologies. In this study, we propose a flexible, multi-layered skin health monitoring platform capable of the real-time measurement of key indicators such as humidity, sweat secretion, and pH levels. The platform collects sweat from direct skin contact, providing real-time, noninvasive data on humidity, sweat secretion, and pH levels, which are transmitted to a smartphone for continuous monitoring. Sensors for this platform were fabricated using inkjet printing, which enables low-cost and straightforward manufacturing, and were integrated into a vertically stacked configuration designed to fit wearable forms, such as eyewear. In addition, each sensor was constructed using a flexible substrate, making the platform adaptable to various applications beyond skin health monitoring. This platform holds potential for broader use across diverse areas of healthcare and medical science, laying the groundwork for technologies that enable continuous physiological monitoring to advance fundamental research and facilitate practical solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00226-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in inorganic conductive material- and organic conductive polymer-based resistive gas sensors for room-temperature H2S detection","authors":"Leilei Wang,&nbsp;Jungwook Choi","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00225-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00225-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a colorless, flammable, and highly toxic gas that underscores the need for cost-effective, energy-efficient, simple, convenient, and durable detection methods. Resistive gas sensors based on inorganic conductive materials and organic conductive polymers can effectively address these requirements. This review discusses the hazards of H₂S gas and reviews sensors capable of detecting H₂S at room temperature, including those based on metal oxides, MXene/carbon materials, and p-type conductive polymers. It explores the mechanisms behind their enhanced response at room temperature, such as utilizing special structures (e.g., porous/hollow nanospheres, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanocapsules) to increase the effective surface area of the sensing materials, employing metal particles sensitization to improve gas adsorption, and leveraging heterojunctions to amplify the response. Additionally, this review highlights the limitations of these sensors and provides insights for the further development of low-power resistive H₂S gas sensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00225-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural design strategies of triboelectric nanogenerators for omnidirectional wind energy harvesting","authors":"Jingu Jeong,&nbsp;Eunhwan Jo,&nbsp;Jong-An Choi,&nbsp;Yunsung Kang,&nbsp;Soonjae Pyo","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00224-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00224-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Omnidirectional wind energy harvesting has gained increasing attention as a means of harnessing the inherently variable and multidirectional flows encountered in real-world environments. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which leverage contact electrification and electrostatic induction to convert mechanical motion into electrical power, are particularly well-suited for such applications due to their ability to operate effectively under low-speed and intermittent wind conditions. In this review, we first outline the fundamental triboelectric processes and operating modes that underpin TENG functionality, emphasizing how their low inertia and high-voltage outputs make them compatible with a wide range of wind profiles. We then discuss three predominant device classifications—rotary, aeroelastic, and rolling-based—highlighting their distinct mechanical configurations and capacities for omnidirectional capture. Key examples illustrate how strategically designed rotor geometries, flutter-driven films, and rolling elements can maximize contact–separation events and enhance triboelectric generation under complex airflow patterns. Finally, we examine the major obstacles faced by TENG-based harvesters, including durability, hybrid system design, and intelligent power management. Strategies to overcome these barriers involve wear-resistant materials, adaptive architectures, and advanced circuitry, offering TENG solutions that are feasible in micro- or off-grid scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00224-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative green and bio-based approaches for photosensitive nanoparticle synthesis: a review on methodologies, characterization, and applications","authors":"Fatemeh Zanbili,&nbsp;Ahmad Poursattar Marjani","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00223-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00223-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly technologies has recently led to the development of green and bio-based synthesis methods for a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs). This is because these methods are non-toxic, biocompatible, and cost-effective. Photosensitive nanoparticles (PSNPs) have gained popularity due to their photo-responsive properties. PSNPs have also been found to be promising nanomaterials with applications in optoelectronics, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, bioimaging, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. However, conventional synthesis methods for PSNPs raise concerns about their environmental impact. To address these challenges, researchers have explored alternative synthesis approaches for PSNPs. This review comprehensively evaluates green and bio-based synthesis methods and their advantages and limitations for PSNPs and highlights their unique properties and applications in various fields. It also covers general concepts about PSNPs, their mechanism of action, characterization techniques, and challenges that have not been discussed in detail in previous studies. Moreover, this review uniquely addresses the challenges and potential solutions for scaling up green synthesis methods, an aspect often overlooked in the existing literature. By connecting fundamental research with industrial-scale applications, this review offers a comprehensive perspective on the sustainable production and various applications of PSNPs, emphasizing their potential in multiple fields.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00223-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-powered gas sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG): a comparative review of sensing mechanisms","authors":"Sungjong Lee,&nbsp;Hee-Jin Ko,&nbsp;Jongbaeg Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00222-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00222-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the advancements of industrialization and the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for gas sensing technologies has grown significantly. However, conventional gas sensors, which rely on external power supplies, face limitations in lifespan, capacity, and replacement convenience. As a result, interest in self-powered solutions has grown, with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) emerging as a promising alternative. TENG-based self-powered gas sensors utilize triboelectricity, enabling gas detection without external power. Notably, TENGs offer the unique advantage of integrating energy harvesting and gas detection into a single device. This review categorizes the sensing mechanisms of TENG-based gas sensors into two main types and introduces each mechanism in detail. Through case studies, it provides a comprehensive understanding of these gas sensors. Additionally, it aims to analyze the challenges faced by TENG-based gas sensors and offer new insights into research strategies, ultimately contributing to the advancement of this technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00222-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lightweight resonance tracking system for piezoresistive microcantilever sensors","authors":"Andi Setiono,&nbsp; Nelfyenny,&nbsp; Suryadi,&nbsp; Qomaruddin,&nbsp;Wilson Ombati Nyang’au,&nbsp;Erwin Peiner","doi":"10.1186/s40486-025-00221-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-025-00221-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A lightweight resonance tracking system designed for precise monitoring of resonant frequency shifts in microcantilever sensors is introduced. The system integrates a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)-based technique with a Python-based interface for real-time control and visualization. A tipless microcantilever sensor was tested under relative humidity (RH) conditions ranging from 63% to 90% to experimentally validate the system. The system demonstrated a sensitivity of 1.082 Hz/% RH and a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1.89% RH. The silicon dioxide (<span>(SiO_2)</span>) surface of the microcantilever is hygroscopic, allowing water vapor adsorption and causing frequency shifts. This effect is more pronounced at high humidity levels (&gt;80% RH) due to multilayer adsorption. These results confirm the reliability and precision of the system in detecting environmental changes. The findings highlight the potential of the developed system for applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and industrial chemical sensing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-025-00221-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface roughness impact of 3D Ti-alloy printed WR-10 waveguide and rectangular horn antenna at W-band (75-110 GHz)","authors":"Cheolbok Kim,&nbsp;Ryan Cadwell,&nbsp;Anthony Ngoma,&nbsp;Zhong Yang,&nbsp;Md Mufassal Ahmad,&nbsp;Jungkwun Kim,&nbsp;Sung Jin Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40486-024-00220-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-024-00220-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To investigate the effect of the surface roughness of 3D-metal-printed sub-THz components, the WR-10 3-inch-long waveguide and 24 dBi rectangular horn antenna were 3D-metal-printed using a titanium alloy powder and a high-resolution 3D metal printer. The characterized surface roughness of the printed components was 17.27 µm in RMS from a 3D optical surface profiler, and a nodule ratio of 7.89 µm and surface ratio of 1.52 for Huray model from the analyzed SEM images. The measured results of the 3D-metal-printed waveguide and rectangular horn antenna were compared with the ones of commercial waveguide and horn antenna having the same shapes. The 3D-metal-printed waveguide has 4.02 dB higher loss than the commercial waveguide, which may be caused by an ohmic loss of 0.85 dB and a surface roughness loss of 2.81 dB. The 3D-metal-printed horn antenna has 2 dB higher loss then the commercial horn antenna, which may be caused by an ohmic loss of 0.2 dB, surface roughness of 0.1 dB and fabrication tolerance loss of 1.7 dB. The loss separation was done from the EM simulation by changing the conductor material and surface roughness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-024-00220-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical analysis and biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. and screening of their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential","authors":"Jagriti Rana,&nbsp;Ankush Sharma,&nbsp;Jyoti Rana,&nbsp;Anand Sagar","doi":"10.1186/s40486-024-00218-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40486-024-00218-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <i>Phlomis bracteosa</i> Royle ex Benth. is one of the medicinal plants used by the people of the north-western Himalayan region, India. Initially, phytochemical components of this plants have been evaluated by estimating total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents, and also by GCMS analysis in acetone and methanol solvents, which listed twenty-four compounds in acetone and twenty-two in methanol extract with different percentage peak areas. Later, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were biogenically synthesized from the acetone extract of the same plant. The formation of SNPs was observed with UV-vis spectroscopy with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 438 nm. Further, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested the presence of carbonyls, nitrogenous compounds and different types of hydrocarbons in SNPs. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy suggested the spherical shape of SNPs with average size of 43.53 ± 0.71 nm. On the other hand, the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy depicted Ag as major element, the selected area electron diffraction and the X-ray diffraction supported crystalline nature of synthesized SNPs. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of both extracts (acetone and methanol) and SNPs were also studied. For the antimicrobial activity analysis, disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were selected which displayed that plant extracts (PEs) exhibited better activity against Gram-positive bacteria and were inactive against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, while synthesized SNPs displayed better antimicrobial activity against all selected microorganisms. In case of antioxidant activity, by following two methods i.e., DPPH radicle scavenging and reducing power methods again SNPs expressed better antioxidant property with lower IC₅₀ value (40.55 µg/mL) than PEs i.e., 93.48 µg/mL (acetone) and 92.57 µg/mL (methanol). Therefore, biosynthetic SNPs can be a useful strategy in the biomedical sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://mnsl-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40486-024-00218-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}