Innovative green and bio-based approaches for photosensitive nanoparticle synthesis: a review on methodologies, characterization, and applications

IF 4.7 Q2 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY

Micro and Nano Systems Letters Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI:10.1186/s40486-025-00223-7

Fatemeh Zanbili, Ahmad Poursattar Marjani

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Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly technologies has recently led to the development of green and bio-based synthesis methods for a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs). This is because these methods are non-toxic, biocompatible, and cost-effective. Photosensitive nanoparticles (PSNPs) have gained popularity due to their photo-responsive properties. PSNPs have also been found to be promising nanomaterials with applications in optoelectronics, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, bioimaging, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. However, conventional synthesis methods for PSNPs raise concerns about their environmental impact. To address these challenges, researchers have explored alternative synthesis approaches for PSNPs. This review comprehensively evaluates green and bio-based synthesis methods and their advantages and limitations for PSNPs and highlights their unique properties and applications in various fields. It also covers general concepts about PSNPs, their mechanism of action, characterization techniques, and challenges that have not been discussed in detail in previous studies. Moreover, this review uniquely addresses the challenges and potential solutions for scaling up green synthesis methods, an aspect often overlooked in the existing literature. By connecting fundamental research with industrial-scale applications, this review offers a comprehensive perspective on the sustainable production and various applications of PSNPs, emphasizing their potential in multiple fields.