Acta Physiologiae Plantarum最新文献

{"title":"Responses of tropical legumes to nickel stress: impacts on growth, foliar structure, and nitrogen metabolism","authors":"Tassia Caroline Ferreira,&nbsp;Patricia Fernanda Rosalem,&nbsp;Maiara Luzia Grigoli Olivio,&nbsp;Beatriz Silvério dos Santos,&nbsp;Nayane Cristina Pires Bomfim,&nbsp;Aline Renee Coscione,&nbsp;Aline Redondo Martins,&nbsp;Liliane Santos de Camargos","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03814-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03814-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nickel, although an essential micronutrient at low concentrations, can exert detrimental effects on plant growth and development when present in excess, particularly due to anthropogenic activities like industrial processes. Leguminous plants, including <i>Calopogonium mucunoides</i> (Calopo) and <i>Canavalia ensiformis</i> (Jack bean), renowned for their nitrogen-fixing symbioses with rhizobia and their potential to enhance soil fertility, were investigated for their differential responses to moderate Ni stress. This study examined the impact of Ni on biomass production, Ni accumulation, leaf anatomy, and nitrogen metabolism in these legumes. Results demonstrated contrasting responses: Jack bean exhibited higher Ni accumulation in both leaves and roots, concomitant with enhanced growth and pronounced anatomical modifications, suggesting greater tolerance. In contrast, Calopo displayed significant alterations in root protein and amino acid content. Principal component analysis corroborated these findings, highlighting distinct acclimatization strategies employed by each species. This research provides valuable insights into the complex impact of Ni on plant biodiversity, emphasizing the importance of investigating understudied species to comprehend the diverse physiological responses to trace element stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of gene expression of some essential oil components and some genes responsible for the synthesis of these components in Mentha species harvested in different phenological periods","authors":"Civan Çelik,&nbsp;Ümmü Tuğlu,&nbsp;İsa Telci,&nbsp;Yaşar Karakurt,&nbsp;Temel Özek,&nbsp;Gülmira Özek","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03815-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03815-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peppermint (<i>Mentha</i> × <i>piperita</i>) is widely recognized as a significant medicinal plant worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression levels of key genes involved in essential oil biosynthesis—limonene synthase (<i>ls</i>), limon-3-hydroxylase (<i>l3oh</i>), trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase (<i>ipd</i>), isopiperitenone reductase (<i>ipr</i>), menthol dehydrogenase (<i>mdeh</i>), and menthofuran synthase (<i>mfs</i>)—as well as the changes in various essential oil components across phenological stages in selected mint samples. The results revealed that the expression levels of genes associated with terpene biosynthesis varied among peppermint varieties. Additionally, seasonal variations were observed in the essential oil components of the studied varieties. While changes in the main chemical constituents were not always consistent with gene expression levels, some terpenes present in lower concentrations exhibited patterns that aligned with gene activity. Moreover, varieties displaying higher seasonal averages of gene expression levels were found to have higher overall essential oil content. This suggests that the genes studied play a broader role in the synthesis of terpene groups rather than being limited to the regulation of specific primary constituents. These findings provide important insights into the genetic and biochemical mechanisms regulating essential oil composition in mint. Such knowledge can contribute to the development of targeted breeding and cultivation strategies aimed at enhancing the medicinal and commercial value of peppermint.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11738-025-03815-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomic profiling unravels the role of sphingolipid pathways in spot blotch resistance in wheat","authors":"Sagar Yadav,&nbsp;Saborni Maiti,&nbsp;Swapnil Mundhe,&nbsp;Narendra Kadoo","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03813-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03813-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spot blotch, caused by the soil- and air-borne fungal pathogen <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i>, is a major threat to wheat production. The disease is reaching epidemic proportions in wheat-growing areas, particularly in South Asia, South America, Africa, and Australia. In India, over 25 million hectares of wheat-growing area is threatened by this disease. A systematic study of metabolites can provide insights into the molecular basis of this disease. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of <i>B. sorokiniana</i> inoculation on two wheat varieties, Chirya3 (resistant to spot blotch) and DDK1025 (susceptible to spot blotch). We performed time-course non-targeted metabolite profiling of the pathogen-inoculated and mock-inoculated plants using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Multivariate analysis was performed to construct a comprehensive statistical workflow, which led to the defined “metabolomic phenotypes”. Modeling by Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed significant metabolites in responses of the resistant and susceptible varieties to pathogen inoculation. A total of 699 metabolites displayed significant variations during the progression of infection. <i>B. sorokiniana</i>-inoculated Chirya3 exhibited high levels of some metabolites, such as sphingolipids, cysteine, phenylalanine, shikimates, etc. The study revealed that sphingolipid pathways are critical in resistance mechanisms contributing to enhanced lignification and disease resistance in wheat.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing crop resilience with melatonin seed treatment in horticulture crops","authors":"Vinaykumar Rachappanavar","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03808-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03808-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent shifts in climate patterns have exerted a profound impact on farmers’ earnings, resulting in diminished crop yields. To counteract these diverse environmental stressors, novel strategies have been developed to enhance plants’ ability to tolerate stress. Among them, the application of phytohormones to plants under stress conditions has gained significant importance recently. This necessitates the utilization of phytohormones or biostimulators in agricultural practices, which demonstrate a positive influence on plant growth regulation and fortification of resilience through augmentation of a various biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes. Hence, exploring the effects and mechanisms of these phytohormones is of paramount importance for cultivating enhanced stress tolerance. Among these phytohormones, melatonin (MT) has shown substantial evidence of bolstering seed germination even under various abiotic stressors. Additionally, MT seed treatment has been observed to enhance root morphology, seed germination, photosynthesis, seedling growth, delay leaf senescence, boost antioxidant efficiency, facilitate fruit maturation, and promote cellular and tissue-level histogenesis. Consequently, this study aims to delve into the impacts of MT seed treatment on its augmentation of seed germination under abiotic stress conditions, focusing on the modification of hormonal and genetic expressions. Our primary objective is to investigate the comprehensive spectrum of effects triggered by MT in enhancing seed germination, establishing seedlings, promoting plant development, and maintaining homeostasis amid abiotic stress conditions. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrous oxide induces polyploidy in grapevine","authors":"Ayşe Özer,&nbsp;Zeki Kara","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03809-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03809-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global grape breeding field requires the development of grape varieties that can meet the ever-changing environmental and market demands. The development of polyploid forms in viticulture has recently received more attention as a means of coping with different environmental stresses and improving crop quality. In this study, the effectiveness of nitrous oxide (N₂O) treatments in inducing of autopolyploidization in the germinated seeds of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. cultivars (cvs.) Trakya İlkeren (TI), Ekşi Kara (EK) and Gök Üzüm (GU) was investigated. Germinated seeds were exposed to N₂O at different pressures (2.5 bar, 5 bar, 7.5 bar, and 10 bar) and durations (24-h, 48-h and 72-h) and sown in trays to obtain seedlings. The effects of N₂O treatments were firstly evaluated by considering the survival rate (%), stomata and chloroplast observations in seedlings. According to the data obtained, flow cytometry (FC) analysis was performed in plants with large stomata size and high number of chloroplasts. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that a GU seedling treated with 24-h 7.5 bar of N₂O was triploid or near-triploid (aneuploid). The nuclear DNA (nDNA) content of this seedling was calculated as 1.57 pg/2C, and the 1C genome size was calculated as 768 Mbp. It was determined that N₂O was effective in inducing polyploidy in grapevine depending on the genotype. Considering the limiting conditions of our study, the induction rate of polyploidy by N₂O in <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. grape cultivars was found to be lower than 1/1000.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11738-025-03809-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological, biochemical and proteomic analyses of root response of maize to short-term osmotic stress","authors":"Nannan Wang,&nbsp;Man Zhang,&nbsp;Liangjie Niu,&nbsp;Monica Scali,&nbsp;Weili Huang,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03811-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03811-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drought is a major abiotic stress that adversely impacts on crop productivity and global food security. Proteomics greatly facilitates the study of stress response mechanism in crop plants by identifying new stress-responsive proteins. Currently, most proteomic studies on osmotic stress response in cereal crops, such as maize, have mainly focused on medium to long-term scales, but few studies investigated the early osmotic stress response. In this study, maize roots were subjected to 30 min 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 induced osmotic stress, the physiological, biochemical and proteomic changes were analyzed. The results showed that short-term osmotic stress led to the significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS, especially O₂⁻) level, the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and proline, and the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in maize root tips. Proteomics analysis identified a set of 20 stress-responsive proteins, which were mainly involved in antioxidative stress and energy metabolism (e.g., ATP synthase), and most of them were more abundant under osmotic stress. Obviously, the antioxidant system and energy metabolism pathway play critical roles in the early root response to short-term osmotic stress. Our work provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the early response of plants to osmotic stress. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The growth promotion of Arabidopsis thaliana by Serratia sp. H6 requires the metabolic stress sensor SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1)","authors":"Diana Vázquez-Lemus,&nbsp;Esmeralda Guadalupe Rodríguez-Cuevas,&nbsp;Alma Alejandra Hernández-Esquivel,&nbsp;Elda Castro-Mercado,&nbsp;Homero Reyes-de la Cruz,&nbsp;Jesús Campos-García,&nbsp;José López-Bucio,&nbsp;Ernesto García-Pineda","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03812-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03812-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The SNF1 (sucrose non-fermenting1)-related protein kinase1 (SnRK1) is the plant ortholog of the budding yeast SNF1 and mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These conserved proteins function as metabolic sensors activated in response to decreasing energy levels. Here, we analyzed the role of SnRK1 in the interaction of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) <i>Serratia</i> sp. H6, under low-energy conditions, using molecular and pharmacological approaches. In the absence of sucrose in the plant growth medium, <i>Serratia</i> sp. H6 phytostimulated and promoted the growth of the <i>A. thaliana</i> mutant <i>kin10</i>, which has impaired SnRK1 catalytic activity, as assessed by changes in lateral root number, root length, and fresh weight. Under the same growth conditions, the mammalian AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (DM) at 5 μM notably decreased plant growth and cell division in the root meristem, inhibiting the phytostimulation by the rhizobacterium. In contrast, the addition of resveratrol (RSV) at 25 or 50 μM, an activator of mammalian AMPK, in the presence of <i>Serratia</i> sp. H6 and without sucrose, improved cell division in the root meristem, the formation of lateral roots, and the phytostimulatory effects on <i>A. thaliana</i>. RSV was unable to restore phytostimulation in <i>kin10</i> and <i>snrk1.3</i> mutant plants. These pharmacological studies suggest that SnRK1 activity is required for the growth promotion of <i>A. thaliana</i> by the rhizobacterium under low-energy levels. Our findings show that SnRK1 plays a key role in the growth of <i>A. thaliana</i> promoted by <i>Serratia</i> sp. H6, under metabolic stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation of heat response in commonly cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces of Tunisia","authors":"Rania Djemal,&nbsp;Chantal Ebel,&nbsp;Ikram Zaidi,&nbsp;Mohamed Najib Saidi,&nbsp;Agostino Fricano,&nbsp;Moez Hanin","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03810-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03810-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mediterranean cereal crop production is expected to be severely affected by heat waves. Our knowledge on the physiological and molecular responses of barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L) to elevated temperature is particularly scarce. Here, we performed a multivariate analysis to evaluate the response to heat stress of the most common barley landraces (Arturio, Kounouz, Farandole, Arkansas, Manel, Mercure, Sextine, Imen, Rihane) grown in Tunisia. After an exposure of these genotypes during the vegetative growth stage to high temperature (32 °C) for 5 days, measurements of growth parameters along with physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses were performed. Our results showed a large variation among these genotypes in root length, plant height, number of leaves, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), the contents of chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugars and antioxidants enzymes activities like CAT and SOD. Principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap analysis showed that Kounouz and other landraces including Imen, Rihane, Manel, and Mercure are predominantly associated with heat stress tolerance parameters like CAT, SOD, RWC, and soluble sugars activities. However, Farandole, Arturio, and Arkansas are rather associated with the oxidative stress marker H₂O₂ and MDA. Kounouz and Farandole appear as contrasting varieties with heat stress tolerant and sensitive traits respectively, as it was confirmed by evaluating the oxidative stress status. Remarkably, expression analysis of stress-responsive genes in the two contrasting genotypes under heat stress, showed higher induction of most of these genes in Kounouz compared to Farandole. Altogether, this study strongly suggests that Kounouz is among the most heat-tolerant genotypes and should be included in future breeding programs for a better adaptation of barley to heat waves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145145661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyanobacteria as a nutri-fertigation option for stimulating fruit quality and yield in Capsicum annuum","authors":"Akanksha Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Radha Prasanna,&nbsp;Ashvinkumar Katral,&nbsp;Ravi Mourthy Nivedha,&nbsp;Deepti Varsha,&nbsp;Shalini Gaur Rudra,&nbsp;Awani Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Sushma Sagar,&nbsp;Yashbir Singh Shivay","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03802-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03802-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The multifaceted roles of cyanobacterium-based preparations as biostimulatory and nutrient-enriching options for soil and produce were evaluated as a new facet of circular economy in Chilli, grown under protected cultivation. Tapping into their potential to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, photosynthetically sequester C, secrete diverse metabolites, the comparative performance of four different aqueous fertigation options, as either soil drench or foliar was undertaken. The treatments included T1: Water (as Control), T2–T3: carrier-based formulations amended with cyanobacterium <i>Anabaena laxa</i> (<i>A. laxa</i>) or cyanobacterial biofilm <i>Anabaena torulosa</i>–<i>Trichoderma</i> sp<i>.</i> (An–Tr) respectively, and T4: 100 µM Fe-EDTA. These treatments were initiated at the pre-flowering stage and continued at weekly intervals up to 2 months. Soil drench application enhanced leaf enzymatic activities; nitrate reductase activity by 13%, carbonic anhydrase activity by 40%, and soil microbiological attributes such as soil dehydrogenase and urease activity by 11 and 19%, respectively, over control. Foliar application of treatments led to 11–12% increments in leaf pigments, 8–9% increase in ascorbic acid, and 38% increase in capsaicin content in fruits. Among treatments soil drench of An–Tr led to 1.3-fold increase in nitrate reductase activity, and number of fruits, whereas <i>A. laxa</i> reported 1.5-fold increase in leaf carbonic anhydrase activity, over control. PCA illustrated significant correlations among the stimulated soil microbiological activities, nutrient availability, fruit yield and quality, with soil available N, total pigments influencing yield and quality attributes positively. Cost–benefit analyses revealed that cyanobacterial treatments as nutri-fertigation options for enhancing plant growth and fruit quality led to significantly higher gross income and twofold greater benefit–cost ratio, highlighting their promise as economically viable biostimulants for chilli in sustainable horticulture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic adjustment via microbial agents and biochar synergy enhances mercury stress tolerance in Vigna radiata L.","authors":"Shirwan Malaie,&nbsp;Latifeh Pourakbar,&nbsp;Sina Siavash Moghaddam,&nbsp;Nabi Khezrinejad,&nbsp;Jianbo Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s11738-025-03806-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-025-03806-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mercury (Hg) as an abiotic stressor poses significant challenges to plant growth. This study investigates the response of <i>Vigna radiata</i> L plant to three levels of Hg stress (0, 20, and 40 mg/L) using a hydroponic system, inoculated with microbial biostimulators. The two-factorial experiment focused on plant growth, total soluble sugars (TSS), and free amino acids. Results indicated a decrease in plant biomass with increasing stress severity. Under moderate stress (20 mg/L Hg), arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was effective in preserving biomass, while under severe stress (40 mg/L Hg), a combination of biochar, AM, and bacterial biostimulants (BAB) was most effective. The highest biomass was recorded by combined treatment of bacteria and AM (BaAM) although it dropped sharply under stress conditions. Except for BaAM, TSS content increased in all moderate stress treatments, particularly with AM, and was notably enhanced by BAB under severe stress. <i>V. radiata</i> plants generally showed an increase in Proline, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Asparagine, Glycine, and Valin levels when exposed to Hg stress, whereas Aspartate decreased across all stress treatments. Higher Hg tolerance was linked to greater accumulation of TSS and specific free amino acids like Proline, Phenylalanine, and Asparagine. The interaction with microbial inoculation suggests that <i>V. radiata</i> plants adapt to Hg toxicity by altering their sugar and amino acid profiles, which serve as multifunctional molecules and precursors for stress resistance metabolites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}