Acta Physiologiae Plantarum最新文献

{"title":"Nano-silicon and nano-calcium enriched biochars mitigated salt stress in safflower by enhancing ion homeostasis and root growth","authors":"Seyyed Amirreza Mousavi,&nbsp;Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani,&nbsp;Salar Farhangi-Abriz","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03938-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03938-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil salinity hampers crop growth and productivity by impairing root functions due to nutrient deficiency and/or reduced water uptake. The carbon-rich soil amendments may reduce these adverse effects of salinity on plants. Based on this hypothesis, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological changes and growth of safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.) roots under salt stress (non-saline, 6, and 12 dS m⁻¹) in response to various biochar treatments (control, 30 g kg⁻¹ solid biochar, 30 g kg⁻¹ nano-silicon dioxide enriched biochar, 30 g kg⁻¹ nano-calcium carbonate enriched biochar, and a combination of 15 g kg⁻¹ nano-silicon dioxide + 15 g kg⁻¹ nano-calcium carbonate enriched biochars). The biochar-related treatments greatly reduced sodium uptake and enhanced soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient contents of plant roots. Root length, weight, and density were noticeably enhanced by solid and especially enriched biochars under both saline and non-saline conditions. The biochar-related treatments decreased root lignification and osmolytes such as proline, glycine betaine, soluble carbohydrates, and proteins by increasing root water content, which helped to improve shoot mass and grain yield under salt stress. The findings of this study demonstrate that pure and particularly nanoparticle-enriched biochars have great potential to enhance root and shoot growth of safflower plants under salinity by improving soil properties and reducing salt toxicity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and stomatal trait responses of Raphanus sativus cultivars under elevated CO2","authors":"Flavia Bortes,&nbsp;Andreea Lupitu,&nbsp;Cristian Moisa,&nbsp;Mihaela Dochia,&nbsp;Dana-Maria Copolovici,&nbsp;Lucian Copolovici","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03940-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03940-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Elevated atmospheric CO₂ (eCO₂) will reshape crop physiology, yet genotypic differences in responsiveness remain poorly resolved. We compared nine <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cultivars grown at 400, 800 and 1200 ppm CO₂ to quantify coordinated changes in leaf gas exchange, pigment composition and stomatal traits. Across cultivars, CO₂ enrichment significantly increased net assimilation (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) while stomatal conductance declined and intercellular CO₂ rose. Chlorophyll <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> increased with CO₂, and zeaxanthin generally accumulated, whereas <i>β</i>-carotene changed only slightly, revealing cultivar-dependent reallocation within the photosynthetic pigment system. Stomatal density responded in a genotype-specific manner, increasing in several cultivars but remaining stable or decreasing in others, highlighting plasticity in epidermal patterning under CO₂ enrichment. Parallel-analysis PCA identified a single dominant axis integrating assimilation (C_i), pigments, and stomatal traits, with elevated CO₂ shifting cultivars toward higher PC1 scores. Several traits showed significant CO₂ x cultivar interactions, confirming differential responsiveness among genotypes. Together, these results identify cultivars differing in CO₂-driven physiological responsiveness and trait coordination under elevated CO₂.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11738-026-03940-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat-stress induced changes in morphological and biochemical parameters of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes","authors":"Kamaljeet Kaur,&nbsp;Ruma Devi,&nbsp;Tarsem Singh Dhillon,&nbsp;Rachana D. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03947-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03947-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carrot (<i>Daucus carota</i> L.) is widely known for its nutritional composition but its growth and development are severely affected by heat stress. The study was executed to identify the mechanisms underlying the carrot plants’ ability to tolerate heat stress to mitigate challenges imposed by climate change. Eight carrot genotypes including PC-100, PC-ABR, PC-CPUR and, PC-DJAL (tolerant) and PC-163, Desi Red, CCJ-2 and, PC-172 (sensitive) were grown under early (heat stress) and main (control) conditions. PC-100 demonstrated heat tolerance in terms of yield and yield-contributing traits in the field, followed by PC-DJAL, PC-ABR, and PC-CPUR. Genotypes PC-CPUR and PC-100 depicted highest chlorophyll content during both the seasons. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found to be maximum in the roots and leaves of PC-100 during both the seasons. Heat stress activated Asada-Halliwell pathway in PC-100, PC-CPUR, and PC-ABR revealing higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) alongwith higher Reduced/Oxidised glutathione content (GSH/GSSG ratio). These genotypes were negatively correlated with Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content while showed positive correlation with carrot yield. PC-ABR, another tolerant genotype depicted more than 2.2 folds increase in CAT activity during heat stress. PC-100, PC-ABR, PC-CPUR and PC-DJAL showed higher proline and glycine betaine contents during both seasons. These carrot genotypes displaying tolerant behaviour in response to heat stress may be exploited by plant breeders to develop improved thermotolerant varieties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender-specific physiological plasticity and photosynthetic adaptation in Populus cathayana and Salix babylonica under strontium stress: Implications for phytoremediation and environmental resilience","authors":"Hongxia Xia,&nbsp;Min Wang,&nbsp;Yaohong Guo,&nbsp;Binjie Zhou,&nbsp;Chuan Wei,&nbsp;Chunyan Luo,&nbsp;Peng Ren,&nbsp;Jian Zhou,&nbsp;Ke Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03946-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03946-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the gender-specific response mechanisms of <i>Populus cathayana</i> and <i>Salix babylonica</i> to strontium (Sr) stress using controlled pot experiments. The research focused on Sr enrichment traits and physiological reactions under varying Sr²⁺ concentrations. Results indicated that the translocation coefficient was higher in <i>S. babylonica</i> than in <i>P. cathayana</i>, particularly in females. The value in female <i>S. babylonica</i> (3.026) was 1.36 times that in <i>P. cathayana</i>. Gender-based differences in translocation were significant in both species. Under high Sr²⁺ stress (100 mg·L⁻¹), leaf area was inhibited in both species, whereas the height of <i>P. cathayana</i> was promoted, with males growing 1.22 times taller than females. Low Sr²⁺ treatment (10 mg·L⁻¹) enhanced stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and net photosynthetic rate (A) in females of both species. Antioxidant enzyme activities in male <i>P. cathayana</i> and female <i>S. babylonica</i> showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with rising Sr²⁺ levels. The PLS-PM model further elucidated the relationships among biological enrichment, osmotic regulators, soil enzyme activities, and photosynthetic parameters. These findings provide a theoretical basis for breeding Sr-resistant woody plants and contribute to understanding the interaction between plant gender and environmental stress.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth dynamics and disease resistance of cluster beans were associated with antioxidant enzymes feedback against soil rhizospheric pathogens","authors":"Muhammad Waseem Abbasi,&nbsp;Sabina Parveen,&nbsp;Ishrat Jahan,&nbsp;Qu Wei,&nbsp;Marium Tariq,&nbsp;Muhammad Azeem,&nbsp;Mubashar Raza,&nbsp;Muhammad Javed Zaki,&nbsp;Majid Sharifi-Rad","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03942-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03942-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cluster beans (<i>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</i> L.) are economically valuable vegetables, but their growth is severely affected by (root rot and wilt) rhizosphere pathogens. Rhizospheric soil samples were collected for the first time to study soil-borne pathogens (<i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>, <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, and <i>Fusarium solani</i>) associated with cluster beans. A growth experiment was performed to isolate and colonize these pathogens, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured at 2, 5, 10, and 15 days after infection (DAI). <i>R. solani</i>,<i> M. phaseolina</i>, and <i>F. solani</i> have reduced plant growth, but root development was more deteriorated than the shoot. Root colonization by <i>R. solani</i>,<i> M. phaseolina</i>, and <i>F. solani</i> significantly increased over time. Protein levels, polyphenoloxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities were enhanced in infected plants at 10 and 15 DAI compared to those in non-infected controls. Catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities were higher at 10 and 15 DAI in diseased plants than in the controls. Root colonization by <i>R. solani</i>, <i>M. phaseolina</i>, and <i>F. solani</i> increased enzyme activity. Pathogens residing in the soil rhizosphere are critical for reducing cluster bean growth, and increased activation of antioxidant enzyme activities can enhance disease resistance and crop fitness, thereby promoting long-term plant survival.</p><p>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenomics and expression profiling of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) magnesium transporters under dual drought and salinity stress conditions","authors":"Samar G. Thabet,&nbsp;Fatmah Ahmed Safhi,&nbsp;Amr Elkelish,&nbsp;Ahmad M. Alqudah","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03933-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03933-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Magnesium (Mg²⁺) transport under concurrent drought and salinity remains a major knowledge gap in wheat. We integrated cross-species and wheat-focused phylogenomics with protein architecture, promoter analysis, subcellular targeting, functional annotation, interaction networks, and organ-resolved qRT-PCR to define the <i>TaMGT</i>/<i>MRS2</i> family. A multi-species tree resolved seven clades with grass-specific expansions; a wheat-only tree recovered one recently expanded lineage and two conserved lineages, indicating broad subfamily coverage with lineage-specific retention. Motif and exon–intron patterns support a conserved CorA/<i>MRS2</i> transport core with regulatory variation. Promoter scans revealed dense light, hormone, and stress cis-modules, predicting environmental integration. Predicted localization partitions the family into plasma-membrane (uptake/vascular loading), chloroplast (photosynthetic demand), and vacuole–ER (buffering/remobilization) modules. The expression analysis of <i>TaMGT</i> genes shows coordinated but differential induction under combined drought and salinity stress, with core members (<i>TaMGT5</i>, <i>TaMGT6</i>, <i>TaMGT7</i>, <i>TaMGT13</i>) broadly activated and others displaying tissue-specific responses, underscoring their roles in Mg²⁺ homeostasis while cautioning that double-stress specificity remains unverified without single-stress comparisons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of soil lead exposure on growth, antioxidative enzymatic activities and bioactive constituent accumulation in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch","authors":"Hongrui Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaying Chen,&nbsp;Yanqiu Qiu,&nbsp;Dandan Yang,&nbsp;Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03919-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03919-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil lead (Pb) contamination can affect the growth and medicinal quality of herbal plants. To evaluate the responses of <i>Rehmannia glutinosa</i> Libosch (<i>R. glutinosa</i>) to Pb exposure, a pot experiment was conducted using six soil Pb doses (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soil, with Pb supplied as Pb(NO₃)₂). Growth traits, leaf antioxidative enzymatic activities, proline content, Pb contents in roots and shoots, and the contents of catalpol and rehmannioside D in roots were determined. Low soil Pb doses of 50 and 100 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soil were associated with increased leaf and root biomass, whereas higher Pb doses reduced plant growth. Increasing soil Pb doses altered the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as proline accumulation. Under the 400 mg Pb kg^-1 soil treatment, POD and CAT activities remained lower than those in the control throughout the growth period. Root Pb contents increased with increasing soil Pb doses, showing a 235.12% increase under the 400 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soil treatment compared with the 50 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soil treatment. Pb bioconcentration factors varied across soil Pb doses and growth stages, indicating dose- and stage-dependent Pb accumulation patterns in <i>R. glutinosa</i>. At harvest, catalpol content reached its maximum under the 200 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soil treatment, which was 54.43% higher than that in the control, and exhibited a quadratic relationship with root Pb content. Rehmannioside D content was highest under the 50 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soil treatment and was significantly negatively correlated with Pb content in roots. Changes in SOD, POD, and CAT activities and proline accumulation were observed under Pb exposure, indicating alterations in antioxidative and osmotic adjustment processes in response to Pb stress. Lower root Pb content corresponded to higher rehmannioside D accumulation, whereas excessive Pb accumulation was associated with reduced contents of both catalpol and rehmannioside D. This study provides evidence for the growth, antioxidative enzymatic, osmotic adjustment, Pb accumulation, and bioactive constituent responses of <i>R. glutinosa</i> to different soil Pb doses, and offers useful information for its safe cultivation and medicinal quality control under Pb-contaminated conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yeast extract modulates the auxin biosynthesis pathway via TAR2 to enhance tanshinone accumulation in salvia miltiorrhiza","authors":"Xuhui Huang,&nbsp;Xiyuan Sun,&nbsp;Qiuyan Leng,&nbsp;Xiao Feng,&nbsp;Jinlin Xie,&nbsp;Xuanfeng Du,&nbsp;Xuexue Deng,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Jiang,&nbsp;Ruiwu Yang,&nbsp;Yunsong Zhang,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03923-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03923-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> Bunge, a perennial herb of the Lamiaceae, is renowned for its principal bioactive ingredient, tanshinone, which possesses substantial pharmacological value in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Studies have shown that exogenous elicitor treatments can elevate tanshinone accumulation in <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i>; however, most of these investigations have focused on the transcriptional control of target genes by specific transcription factors. However, the relationship between endogenous phytohormones and tanshinone biosynthesis remains poorly understood. In this study, <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i> seedlings were treated with 200 mg L⁻¹ yeast extract (YE) and the accumulation of tanshinones. Concurrently, the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) were significantly up-regulattion, while the content of abscisic acid (ABA) was significantly decreased. <i>TAR2</i> is a key gene in IAA biosynthesis, and its expression is significantly up-regulated in <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i> following YE treatment. Consequently, hairy root lines overexpressing <i>SmTAR2</i> were established (designated TAR-OE lines). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the tanshinone content in <i>SmTAR2</i> overexpression lines was significantly higher than that in the wild-type lines. The results indicated that YE optimally promoted tanshinones accumulation by up-regulating the expression of <i>SmTAR2</i>. In summary, this work not only defined a more appropriate YE concentration for eliciting tanshinone biosynthesis in <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i>, but also identified the auxin-synthesis gene <i>SmTAR2</i> as a potent enhancer of tanshinone accumulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon-mediated sodium exclusion and biomass enhancement in rice under salinity stress","authors":"Umme Kulsum Shanta,&nbsp;Mohammad Asadul Haque,&nbsp;Sonia Akter,&nbsp;Md Kamal Hossain,&nbsp;Md Fazlul Hoque,&nbsp;Md Jahiruddin","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03934-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03934-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil salinity is a major constraint to rice productivity in coastal regions, while silicon (Si) is recognized as a beneficial element in stress mitigation. However, the mechanisms underlying its interaction with salinity and rice genotypes remain insufficiently understood. A pot experiment was conducted during early-monsoon season, 2023 at Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, to investigate the role of Si amendment in reducing sodium (Na) uptake, and enhancing biomass production in contrasting rice genotypes. The treatments comprised two salinity levels (0 and 6 dS m^− 1), two rice genotypes (BRRI dhan48 and Malachina), and two Si rates (0 and 100 mg Si kg^− 1 soil, applied as calcium silicate) arranged in a factorial design. Salinity significantly reduced plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and root and shoot dry weight, whereas Si application improved these parameters by 4.0%, 10.7%, 24.8%, 16.6% and 20.0%, respectively. Silicon supplementation increased root Si content by 44.1% under non-saline conditions and 85.7% under saline conditions; while shoot Si content increased by 26.9% and 45.9%, respectively compared with Si control. Furthermore, under saline conditions, Si application reduced shoot Na content by 11%. The traditional variety Malachina exhibited greater biomass production and higher Si uptake than BRRI dhan48, indicating genotypic differences in Si-mediated stress tolerance. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Si amendment alleviates salt stress in rice by enhancing Si uptake, restricting Na translocation, and promoting chlorophyll content and biomass yield. These results suggest that integrating Si fertilization into rice production systems could improve the resilience and productivity of coastal agriculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harmonizing plant defenses: exploring phytohormones, and their interplay in biotic stress responses","authors":"Baisista Saha,&nbsp;Jagatjeet Nayak,&nbsp;Sushmita Saha,&nbsp;Nidhi Singh,&nbsp;Mrunmay Kumar Giri","doi":"10.1007/s11738-026-03932-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11738-026-03932-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In their natural habitat, plants confront a diverse array of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi, collectively referred to as biotic stress, Distinguished multilayered response mechanisms are part of the intricate defense system in plants that evolved through time. The initial line of defense is Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which involves the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), followed by effector-triggered immunity (ETI) mediated by resistance (R) proteins. At the heart of these defense mechanisms, phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) orchestrate intricate regulatory networks. Additionally, phytohormones commonly known for plant growth, such as auxin (AUX), cytokinin (CK), gibberellic acid (GA), and brassinosteroids (BR) have emerged as key players in immune responses. As the plant deploys various defense strategies, pathogens employ clever molecular tactics to disrupt hormone biogenesis and signaling pathways, thereby creating a constant interplay in the struggle for dominance. Therefore, understanding these regulatory mechanisms is essential for deciphering the plant defense network and developing strategies to enhance crop resilience against pathogens. This review explores the roles of defense hormones and pathogen-mediated disruptions in shaping plant responses to biotic stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6973,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}