中国医学科学院学报最新文献

{"title":"Analysis and Model Prediction of the Burden of Early-Onset Cancer Attributed to Overweight and Obesity in the Chinese Population From 1990 to 2021.","authors":"Ting Zhang, Fan Li, Yu-Ping Wang","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17015","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective To analyze the trends in the burden of early-onset cancer attributed to overweight and obesity in China from 1990 to 2021 and to predicted its changes over the next 15 years，thus providing a reference for cancer prevention and control in China. Methods The data were sourced from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease database.The disease burden was described based on mortality rates，disability-adjusted life year （DALY） rates，and their age-standardized rates.R 4.4.1 software was used to analyze the differences and changes in disease burden across different gender and age groups.The Joinpoint regression model was adopted to quantify the temporal trends of the burden of early-onset cancer attributed to overweight and obesity in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2021，and the average annual percentage of change （AAPC） was calculated for age-standardized mortality rates and age-standardized DALY rates.An autoregressive integrated moving average model was established to predict changes in disease burden over the next 15 years. Results Between 1990 and 2021，the burden of early-onset cancers attributed to overweight and obesity in China showed an upward trend.The AAPC values of age-standardized mortality rates for men and women were 2.94% （95%<i>CI</i>=2.90-2.97） and 1.98% （95%<i>CI</i>=1.93-2.02），respectively，while those of age-standardized DALY rates were 2.88% （95%<i>CI</i>=2.83-2.91） and 1.82% （95%<i>CI</i>=1.77-1.86），respectively （all <i>P</i><0.001）.The age group of 30-34 years old in 2021 compared with 1990 saw the most significant increases （88.24% and 91.02%，respectively） in cancer mortality and DALY rates due to overweight and obesity.It was predicted that in the next 15 years，the age-standardized DALY rates for cancers （except female uterine cancer） attributed to overweight and obesity would keep rising.The top five cancers contributing to the disease burden in men would be colorectal cancer，liver cancer，leukemia，kidney cancer，and gallbladder and biliary tract cancer.For women，the top five cancers contributing to the disease burden in 2028 and earlier would be colon and rectum cancer，breast cancer，liver cancer，uterine cancer，and leukemia.From 2029 to 2036，ovarian cancer would surpass leukemia，rising to the fifth position. Conclusions From 1990 to 2021 and in the next 15 years，the burden of early-onset cancer attributed to overweight and obesity in China shows an overall upward trend.The main cancers causing the burden on men are colon and rectum cancer，liver cancer，leukemia，kidney cancer，and gallbladder and biliary tract cancer.The main cancers imposing the burden on women are colon and rectum cancer，breast cancer，liver cancer，uterine cancer，leukemia，and ovarian cancer.It is recommended that comprehensive prevention and control strategies should be improved for overweight and obesity and targeted interventions should be implemented for high-risk cancers and specific populations to reduce the burden of related cancer diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"676-685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of Thyroid Lymphatic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules：A Prospective Single-Center Study.","authors":"Lei Cai, Tao-Hua Gou, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17106","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective To explore the value of thyroid lymphatic contrast-enhanced ultrasound （LCEUS） in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Methods Patients who were suspected of having thyroid cancer by ultrasound and were planned to undergo puncture biopsy or surgery from November 2020 to June 2024 were prospectively enrolled.All the patients underwent conventional ultrasound and LCEUS before surgery.The enhancement characteristics within the nodules，around the nodules，and in the adjacent thyroid capsule were observed and recorded.With the pathological results as the gold standard，the above characteristics were compared between the benign and malignant groups. Results A total of 144 （37 benign and 107 malignant） nodules in 144 patients were finally included.The inter-observer consistency of each LCEUS index was excellent （Kappa value：0.84-0.93）.Compared with benign nodules，malignant nodules were more likely to show non-enhancement （88.79% <i>vs.</i> 18.92%，<i>P</i><0.001），an enlarged lesion area after contrast injection （60.75% <i>vs.</i> 18.92%，<i>P</i><0.001），and irregular ring-shaped enhancement （49.53% <i>vs.</i> 10.81%，<i>P</i><0.001）.The sensitivity，specificity，and accuracy of LCEUS in diagnosing malignant nodules were 97.20%，75.68%，and 91.67% respectively.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.864，higher than that （0.761） of conventional ultrasound （<i>P</i><0.001）. Conclusions By revealing the lymphatic perfusion characteristics inside and around the nodules，LCEUS shows excellent efficacy in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.LCEUS exhibits significantly better specificity and overall diagnostic ability than conventional ultrasound，demonstrating important clinical application value.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"653-659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Puncture：Experience in Two Difficult Cases.","authors":"Si Chen, Jiao Zhang, Min Qian, Yi Dai, Sheng-Nan Yang, Xu-Lei Cui","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lumbar puncture is an important clinical technique.In patients with spinal deformities or those who undergo lumbar surgery，using surface anatomical landmarks for localization is often challenging，and real-time ultrasound guidance can be employed to complete the procedure.This article reports two representative difficult cases of lumbar puncture and provides a detailed review and summary of the application and clinical experience of ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture in these types of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"771-775"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Splenic Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Inflammatory Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma：Report of One Case.","authors":"Hai-Ting Zhu, Xiao-Dong Guo, Guan-Wei Gao, Cai-Ling Shao, Peng-Fei Zhang, Yan-Li Yang","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16881","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Splenic Epstein-Barr virus-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma （EBV+IFDCS） is a rare low-grade malignant tumor typically associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection.Most patients are asymptomatic，and the splenic mass is often discovered incidentally during routine physical examinations.A minority of patients may present with symptoms such as abdominal distension or pain.Due to the lack of specific clinical manifestations，early diagnosis of EBV+IFDCS is challenging.Pathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of splenic EBV+IFDCS.This article reports a case of splenic EBV+IFDCS and discusses its clinicopathological features with a review of the related literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"776-781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progressin the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer With Phytoestrogens from Chinese Medicinal Plants.","authors":"Feng-Xia Dong, Hong-Rong Fei, Xue-Qin Hou, Lu-Yu Ma","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16899","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytoestrogens are a class of natural compounds existing in plants，with their chemical structures similar to that of the endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol in mammals.They can exert estrogenic or anti-estrogenic biological effects by binding to estrogen receptors，and have a wide range of effects on diseases caused by estrogen disorders in the body.Recent studies have discovered that phytoestrogens have significant effects in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.This article reviews the research progress in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer with phytoestrogens from the active components of Chinese medicinal plants，Chinese medicinal plants，and traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas，as well as the related mechanisms. Specifically，the phytoestrogens exert anti-estrogenic effects by binding to estrogen receptors，regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways （such as the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway，phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway，and P53 signaling pathway），inhibit tumor angiogenesis，and modulate metabolism and immune function.The review aims to provide a theoretical basis for clinical research on the prevention and treatment of breast cancer with traditional Chinese medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"749-757"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical and Morphological Structure of the Lesser Occipital Nerve.","authors":"Min Wu, Tian-Han Hu, Xin Gong, Yi-Nan Tao, Bin Li, Rang-Rang Wu","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17117","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective To characterize the anatomical features of the lesser occipital nerve，thereby providing an applied anatomical basis for cervical neuralgia and local surgical procedures. Methods This study included both left and right sides of 40 adult formalin-fixed adult human specimens，totaling 80 sides.Routine incision was adopted in the dissection of lateral cervical region and the sternocleidomastoid region. Results The dissection rate of the lesser occipital nerve was 100%.Specifically，67.5%，25.0%，and 7.5% originated from the anterior branch of the third cervical nerve，the ansa cervicalis of the second cervical nerve，and the ansa cervicalis of the third cervical nerve，respectively.Below the accessory nerve，the lesser occipital nerve wraps around the accessory nerve in front of it to the vicinity of the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid or its shallow surface.It controls the skin on the upper part of the sternocleidomastoid，the upper part of the posterior cervical triangle，and the middle surface behind the auricle.The lesser occipital nerve specimens were classified into a single branch type （17.5%） and a multi-branch type （82.5%） after coiling around the accessory nerve in the posterior cervical triangle，among which the multi-branch type was dominated by the three-branch type. Conclusions The lesser occipital nerve is mainly a shrub-type nerve without a main trunk，and its distribution range spans the skin on the upper part of the sternocleidomastoid，the posterior cervical triangle，and the middle surface behind the auricle，and its position is superficial.The lesser occipital nerve block point should be at the midpoint of the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid and should not be too deep.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"671-675"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Home Caregiving Quality on the Psychological and Behavioral Development of Vulnerable Children Aged 0-3 Years.","authors":"Yi-Fan Wang, Wan-Qing Liu, Lian Tong","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17041","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective To explore the short-term and long-term effects of caregiving quality on the psychological and behavioral development among children aged 0-3 years. Methods A prospective study design was adopted，and 220 vulnerable children aged 0-3 years and their primary caregivers were recruited from child care facilities and community healthcare service centers in two districts of Shanghai by stratified cluster sampling.Baseline and one-year follow-up surveys were conducted.Chi-square tests and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of responsive caregiving and parenting behaviors on the psychological and behavioral development of children. Results Children whose caregivers with poorer respect for children's autonomy （<i>OR</i>=0.869，95%<i>CI</i>=0.583-0.920，<i>P</i>=0.031） and poorer caregiving support （<i>OR</i>=0.779，95%<i>CI</i>=0.464-0.912，<i>P</i>=0.020） at baseline had a higher risk of developmental delay in the problem-solving domain.In addition，reduced social stimulation in caregiving was linked to a higher risk of developmental delay in the communication domain （<i>OR</i>=0.885，95%<i>CI</i>=0.852-0.963，<i>P</i>=0.032）.Insufficient caregiving support received by parents increased the risk of fine-motor developmental delay in children （<i>OR</i>=0.794，95%<i>CI</i>=0.653-0.952，<i>P</i>=0.043）.Children who already exhibited developmental delay in communication，fine motor，problem-solving，or personal-social domain at baseline were more likely to experience delay in the same domain at the one-year follow-up （communication：<i>OR</i>=5.988，95%<i>CI</i>=2.344-14.502，<i>P</i><0.001；fine motor：<i>OR</i>=5.618，95%<i>CI</i>=1.690-22.241，<i>P</i><0.01；problem-solving：<i>OR</i>=15.152，95%<i>CI</i>=1.854-44.841，<i>P</i>=0.004；personal-social：<i>OR</i>=2.525，95%<i>CI</i>=1.041-6.340，<i>P</i>=0.041）.In contrast，children with normal development at baseline demonstrated substantially lower risks of subsequent developmental delay. Conclusions Early caregiving quality has an immediate effect on children's psychological and behavioral development，and it continues to influence later development through affecting developmental outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"640-646"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula YA3D3 Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology and Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice.","authors":"Tian Yang, Jia-Rui Ma, Si-Yao Liang, Yue-Meng Zhang, Ling Guo, Wu-Juan Li, Yu-Hong Lü","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17127","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective To evaluate the effects of the traditional Chinese herbal formula YA3D3 on cognitive impairment and cerebral β-amyloid （Aβ） deposition in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and to determine whether these effects are mediated by up-regulation of the autophagy-related gene 14 （ATG14）. Methods Network pharmacology was employed to predict YA3D3 targets.Total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity were measured <i>in vitro</i>.BV2 microglial cells were infected with short hairpin RNA （shRNA） lentivirus targeting ATG14 （designated as sh-ATG14） and then treated with 0.5 mg/mL of either water-extract （YA3D3-HF） or fermented （YA3D3-MHF） preparation for 24 h.The expression levels of ATG14 and downstream ATG16L1 were assessed by qPCR and Western blot.Sixty-four 3-month-old male APP/PS1 mice were randomly allocated to eight groups （<i>n</i>=8）：APP/PS1 model，donepezil，low-，medium-，and high-dose YA3D3-HF，and low-，medium-，and high-dose YA3D3-MHF.All the drugs were administered ad libitum in drinking water for 90 days.Spatial learning and memory were evaluated through the Morris water maze.Cerebral Aβ deposition was quantified by immunofluorescence.Autophagy-related gene expression in the brain tissue was analyzed by qPCR. Results Network pharmacology indicated significant enrichment of YA3D3 targets in autophagy and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways.YA3D3-MHF showed stronger antioxidant activity than YA3D3-HF <i>in vitro</i> （<i>P</i><0.001）.In BV2 cells，both preparations reversed ATG14 knock-down-induced down-regulation in the expression of ATG14 and ATG16L1，with YA3D3-MHF being more potent （<i>P</i>=0.003）.The animal experiment showed that all the YA3D3 groups exhibited shorter escape latency and more platform crossings than the APP/PS1 model group （all <i>P</i><0.05），along with reduced Aβ fluorescence intensity （all <i>P</i><0.001）.The efficacy of high-dose YA3D3-MHF was similar to that of donepezil.qPCR confirmed that YA3D3 up-regulated the expression of ATG14 and modulated the expression of downstream autophagy-related genes in the brain tissue （all <i>P</i><0.05）. Conclusions The traditional Chinese herbal formula YA3D3 may up-regulate the expression of ATG14 to slow down Aβ deposition and ameliorate cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice，serving as a potential candidate for Alzheimer's disease intervention.It should be noted that this study has not directly verified the necessity of ATG14 <i>in vivo</i>，and the causal relationship between the <i>in vivo</i> therapeutic efficacy of YA3D3 and the up-regulation of ATG14 requires further confirmation.In addition，this study only verifies the expression regulation of autophagy-related molecules and does not confirm the enhancement of autophagy flux.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"618-630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress in Metabolomics for Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.","authors":"Hai-Yang Zhang, Yao Yao","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16892","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid cancer （TC） is one of the most common endocrine malignancies with high incidence and heterogeneity.Its diagnosis mainly relies on ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy，while it still fails to give a definitive diagnosis in 15%-30% of lesions，leading to a large number of unnecessary repeat biopsies and surgical procedures.Metabolomics，as a newly developed discipline，plays a role in the early diagnosis，treatment，and prognosis of TC by detecting differential metabolites in a variety of biological samples，such as tissue and blood，and researching the differential expression of metabolic pathways in TC.This review summarizes the research progress of metabolomics in the last 5 years，aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the screening of diagnostic biomarkers and exploring potential therapeutic targets for TC.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"727-737"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress of Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Endometriosis.","authors":"Yuan-Huan Chen, Cui Zhao, Quan-Sheng Wu, Hai-Yan Mao, Bin Yue, Xiao-Hua Zhang","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16928","DOIUrl":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometriosis （EMs） is a common and refractory disease in clinical practice.It has the pathological characteristics of adhesion and invasion，while the pathogenesis remains unclear.In recent years，studies have found that autophagy and ferroptosis are two important regulatory mechanisms of cell life activities，closely related to cell survival and death，and they play a key role in EMs.Moreover，the two have crosstalk cooperation at the molecular level.Whether this interplay contributes to the pathogenesis occurrence and progression of EMs warrants further investigation.Therefore，conducting targeted experiments <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> to clarify the mechanisms of autophagy，ferroptosis，and their interaction in the occurrence and progression of EMs can not only delve into the invasion and migration processes of ectopic lesions in the pelvis and abdomen but also provide new ideas and targets for the treatment of EMs.This article reviews the mechanisms of autophagy and ferroptosis in EMs and the key targets of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis，aiming to provide new strategies and a theoretical basis for revealing the etiology and pathogenesis and developing new prevention and treatment options of EMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":"48 4","pages":"717-726"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}