Acta anatomica最新文献

{"title":"The impact of muscular dystrophy on limb bone growth and scaling in mice.","authors":"A R Lammers,&nbsp;R Z German,&nbsp;P S Lightfoot","doi":"10.1159/000046435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Muscular loading affects bone growth and the factors determining size and shape. However, it is not known what epigenetic impact muscular dystrophy (dystrophia muscularis) has on limb bone growth or ontogenetic scaling. To assess the effects of two types of muscular dystrophy (genotypes dy/dy and dy2J/dy2J) on limb bone growth, we measured lengths and widths of the right humerus, femur and tibia, and lengths of the ulna and radius from dorsal/ventral radiographs of mice taken over a period of 270 days. Radiographs were taken approximately 3 times a week, and the sampling frequency was gradually reduced to once a month. We plotted measurements from each individual against time and fit a Gompertz equation to the growth of each bone. Parameters of the equation were compared using ANOVA across genotypes and between sexes. Slopes of length versus width were calculated for the limb bones of each individual using linear regression. Slope differences among genotypes and between sexes were tested using ANOVA. Control and dy2J values were significantly longer than those of dy mice in all bones, but there was considerable variation across genotypes for the various width measurements. Sexual dimorphism was found in several measurements, where males were always larger than females. There were few significant differences in limb scaling (lengths vs. widths) among genotypes and almost no scaling differences between sexes despite the size differences. Differences among widths suggest that muscular dystrophy affects different parts of limb bones in different ways. This may be the effect of the type and number of muscular attachments, as well as the usage of the limb. The sexually dimorphic measurements suggest that there are size differences in the skeleton between sexes, regardless of the genotype. Our ontogenetic allometry results indicate that size is affected by the muscular dystrophic condition and by sexual dimorphism, while shape remains largely unchanged.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 4","pages":"199-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20742711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in choroidal innervation in Royal College of Surgeons rats with hereditary retinal degeneration.","authors":"M Rexer,&nbsp;C A May,&nbsp;E Lütjen-Drecoll","doi":"10.1159/000046475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats with hereditary retinal degeneration loss of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and choriocapillaris is most pronounced in the upper-temporal quadrant. To investigate whether changes in choroidal vasodilative innervation might be involved in the RPE degeneration, we analyzed whole mount preparations of the retina and choroid stained for nitric oxide synthase and for NADPH-diaphorase (d) of 19 dystrophic RCS rats and 24 age-matched congenic controls of different age groups. Density of NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers was quantitatively evaluated in the upper-temporal and lower-nasal quadrant. Our results revealed that even in control animals there were much less positively stained nerve fibers in the upper-temporal than in the lower-nasal quadrant. Nerve fiber density in both quadrants increased for up to 3 months and remained nearly constant throughout life. In the dystrophic animals up to 3 months of age nerve fiber density was similar to that seen in the controls. In dystrophic animals older than 3 months nerve fiber density in the upper-temporal quadrant decreased significantly, whereas density in the lower-nasal quadrant revealed nearly the same values as in the age-matched controls. Decrease of NADPH-d stained nerve fibers in this quadrant occurred prior to the vascular changes in the choriocapillaris. In the retina of RCS dystrophic rats an increase of NADPH-d-positive amacrine cells was found only in 3-month-old animals. Most of these cells were located in the vicinity of irregularly arranged branches of the central retinal artery. In animals 5 months of age and older the number of cells decreased to the same values found in controls, so that we assume that increase of NADPH-d-positive amacrine cells is involved in capillary degeneration or sprouting.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 2-3","pages":"112-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20742867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epithelial rests colocalize with cementoblasts forming acellular cementum but not with cementoblasts forming cellular cementum.","authors":"M Kagayama,&nbsp;Y Sasano,&nbsp;J Zhu,&nbsp;M Hirata,&nbsp;I Mizoguchi,&nbsp;S Kamakura","doi":"10.1159/000046440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epithelial rests of Malassez and cementoblasts were examined in the rat molars during the early stages of root formation using an antilaminin antibody and/or peanut agglutinin (PNA), and an antiosteocalcin (OC) antibody, respectively. The roots of the first molars were used for study. The antilaminin antibody stained the basement membrane surrounding the epithelial root sheath and epithelial rests. The basement membrane of the epithelial root sheath was continuous, but that of the epithelial rests was discontinuous. The cells of epithelial rests and epithelial root sheath were positive for PNA. The structural characteristics of the epithelial rests were seen in the sections stained doubly with PNA and the antilaminin antibody. The cells of epithelial rests were fibroblast-like and formed a fine mesh in 2-week-old rats. In 3-week-old rats, the epithelial rests were also present at the coronal half of root surface, showing typical cell cords, but were not present at the apical part of the root surface where the cellular cementum covered the root dentin. At the root apex of 3-week-old rats, the cells of epithelial rests forming fine meshes were seen near the epithelial root sheath. The anti-OC antibody stained cementoblasts lining acellular and cellular cementum. The sections doubly stained with the anti-OC and the antilaminin antibodies or PNA further revealed the close relation between epithelial rests and cementoblasts. The OC-positive cells lining acellular cementum or dentin were localized very close to the epithelial rests. In contrast, the OC-positive cells lining cellular cementum did not show close association with the epithelial cells, except the cells located most apically where the basement membrane of the epithelial root sheath is disrupted and the initial cellular cementum begins to be formed. The present results suggest that the epithelial rests and/or the discontinuous basement membrane of them may have a role for the acellular cementum formation at least in the early stage of root formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20761632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The incidence and dimensions of the retroarticular canal of the atlas vertebra.","authors":"J Mitchell","doi":"10.1159/000046490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The retroarticular canal has been implicated in compression of the vertebral artery, where it passes over the posterior arch of the atlas vertebra, during extreme rotational movements of the head and neck. The incidence of this retroarticular canal is not known in the South African population. The aim of the present study was to record the incidence and the dimensions of the retroarticular canal in South African white and black adults, aged 20-80 years. In a total of 1,354 atlas vertebrae, 9.8% of sides (264 left and/or right sides) were classified as having complete retroarticular canals, of which 11.7% (31 sides) were right-only, 24.6% (65 sides) left-only and 31.8% (84 left plus right sides) bilateral canals. This incidence did not increase with age and was lower in whites than blacks, with white males having the lowest and white and black females alike having the highest incidence of the canal. Measurements of the retroarticular canal showed that there was no difference between left and right sides. However, the superoinferior diameter was significantly less than the anteroposterior diameter, in all but the right canals in the white female subgroup. This difference in the dimensions of the retroarticular canal will decrease the cross-sectional area of the space available for the vertebral artery passing through it and may compromise blood flow in the vessel.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 2","pages":"113-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20780620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adenylyl cyclase type 7 is the predominant isoform in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium.","authors":"E Beitz,&nbsp;H Völkel,&nbsp;Y Guo,&nbsp;J E Schultz","doi":"10.1159/000046481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fulfills important supporting tasks to maintain the visual functions of the sensorineural retina. One major signalling mechanism by which adjacent tissues impinge on the RPE is the adenylyl cyclase (AC)/cAMP pathway. In the RPE, cAMP seems to modulate unique functions such as the phagocytosis of discs shed from the rod outer segments, transport of vitamin A or the ion and fluid control in the subretinal space. We analyzed the AC expression pattern in the retina and the RPE and found AC type 7 to be almost the only isoform expressed in the RPE. We cloned AC type 7 from a cDNA library established with fresh bovine RPE, expressed this isoform in eukaryotic cells and characterized some of its properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 2-3","pages":"157-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20743368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in sensitivity, absorption and density of the central rod distribution with eccentricity.","authors":"R P Tornow,&nbsp;R Stilling","doi":"10.1159/000046482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the human rod photopigment distribution and sensitivity with high spatial resolution within the central +/-15 degrees and to compare the results of pigment absorption, sensitivity and rod density distribution (number of rods per square degree).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Rod photopigment density distribution was measured with imaging densitometry using a modified Rodenstock scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Dark-adapted sensitivity profiles were measured with green stimuli (17' arc diameter, 1 degrees spacing) using a T ubingen manual perimeter. Sensitivity profiles were plotted on a linear scale and rod photopigment optical density distribution profiles were converted to absorption profiles of the rod photopigment layer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both the absorption profile of the rod photopigment and the linear sensitivity profile for green stimuli show a minimum at the foveal center and increase steeply with eccentricity. The variation with eccentricity corresponds to the rod density distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Rod photopigment absorption profiles, retinal sensitivity profiles, and the rod density distribution are linearly related within the central +/-15 degrees. This is in agreement with theoretical considerations. Both methods, imaging retinal densitometry using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope and dark-adapted perimetry with small green stimuli, are useful for assessing the central rod distribution and sensitivity. However, at present, both methods have limitations. Suggestions for improving the reliability of both methods are given.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 2-3","pages":"163-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20743369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase in the trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the cat. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study.","authors":"N Lazarov,&nbsp;A Dandov","doi":"10.1159/000046498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The trigeminal ganglion (TrG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) neurons are involved in the transmission of orofacial sensory information. The presence of nitric oxide (NO), a putative neurotransmitter substance in the nervous system, was examined in the cat TrG and MTN using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry. In the TrG, where the majority of the trigeminal primary afferent perikarya are located, most of the intensely NADPH-d/ NOS-stained cells were small in size and distributed randomly throughout the ganglion. The medium-sized neurons were moderately stained. A plexus of pericellular varicose arborizations around large unstained ganglion cells and densely stained fibers in-between could also be observed. In the caudal part of the MTN, both NADPH-d activity and NOS immunoreactivity was present in MTN neurons. In addition, a few scattered NADPH-d/NOS-containing neurons were found in the mesencephalic-pontine junction part of the nucleus. In contrast, only nerve fibers and their terminals were present at a more rostral level in the mid- and rostral MTN. MTN neuronal perikarya were enveloped in fine basket-like NADPH-d/ NOS-positive networks. Differential expression patterns of NOS and its marker NADPH-d suggest that trigeminal sensory information processing in the cat MTN is controlled by nitrergic input through different mechanisms. We introduce the concept that NO can act as a neurotransmitter in mediating nociceptive and proprioceptive information from periodontal mechanoreceptors but may also participate in modulating the activity of jaw-closing muscle afferent MTN neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 4","pages":"191-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20945315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial fibre proportions in human knee joint menisci. Measurement by scanning optical microscopy.","authors":"B W Leslie,&nbsp;D L Gardner,&nbsp;D S Cunningham,&nbsp;J A McGeough","doi":"10.1159/000046500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proportions of medial and lateral knee joint menisci represented by radially orientated collagen (COL) were measured in 42 specimens from 24 hospital patients examined post-mortem. Images of the fibre bundles were obtained by the 488-nm laser confocal scanning of hydrated, fixed radial blocks taken from the anterior, middle and posterior regions of the menisci after staining with picro-Sirius red. Measurements of the percentage of each image occupied by fluorescent, doubly refractile COL were made by means of a Kontron IBAS image analyser, after interactive segmentation. In areas adjoining the outer, lateral parts of both the medial and lateral menisci, the proportion of all samples identified as radial COL was 7.56 +/- 0.28%. The corresponding figure for areas near the inner, medial edges of the menisci was 17.80 +/- 0.80%. However, no relationship was demonstrable between age and sex and meniscal radial fibre optical density, and there was no difference between the proportion of radial fibres in the anterior, middle or posterior regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 4","pages":"212-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20945317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of lectins and neoglycoconjugates in histology and pathology.","authors":"A Danguy,&nbsp;C Decaestecker,&nbsp;F Genten,&nbsp;I Salmon,&nbsp;R Kiss","doi":"10.1159/000046459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biological importance of oligosaccharide sequences in many different settings is undeniable. Glycan histochemistry has brought together the histological and biochemical approaches and provided insight into the mutual importance of both approaches. The aim of the authors is to take a look at a number of ways in which modern glycohistochemistry contributes to acquiring knowledge about the key role played by carbohydrates in the physiology of vertebrate tissues and human disease. The versatility of lectin and neoglycoconjugate histochemical procedures is emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"161 1-4","pages":"206-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20692630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The UV-responsive melanocyte system: a peripheral network for photoperiodic time measurements. a function of indoleamine expression.","authors":"B Iyengar","doi":"10.1159/000046495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Earlier studies indicate the involvement of indoleamines in the melanocyte photoresponse and cell cycle. In this study whole skin organ cultures were done to study the location of indoleamine expression during the photoresponse. Whole skin organ cultures from marginal zone vitiligo were incubated in MEM containing adriamycin and exposed to varying pulses of UV at 2 h of incubation. The G2 phase marginal melanocytes show increasing dendricity in response to increasing UV exposure at 3 h of incubation. On immunohistochemical staining for serotonin and melatonin, it is observed that both are positive in these melanocytes. The proportion of serotonin-positive melanocytes rises with increasing UV exposure while that of melatonin positivity rises with decreasing UV exposure, thus simulating the pineal response to light entrainment. This is due to photoinhibition of enzymes converting serotonin to melatonin. This study shows that the melanocytes in the skin can serve as the peripheral neural net for photoperiodic time measurements - the biological calendar.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 4","pages":"173-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20945312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}