Journal of Polymers and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline in Wastewater with Bio-based Matrix Magnetic Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst: Performance and Mechanism Study","authors":"Maliheh Pourshaban-Mazandarani, Alireza Nasiri","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03340-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03340-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tetracycline (TC), a widely used antibiotic, can easily enter aquatic ecosystems through soil erosion, livestock manures, and wastewater discharge, causes environmental and ecological health effects. AgCuFe₂O₄@Methylcellulose (MC)/Activated Carbon (AC) magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized accompanied by microwave-assisted co-precipitation procedure under green circumstances with high efficiency and subsequently utilized as a new heterogeneous magnetic nano-photocatalyst in the TC photodegradation from aqueous solutions. The structural characterization of AgCuFe₂O₄@MC/AC was performed by various analytical techniques. Afterwards, the key parameters of the photocatalytic TC degradation process, such as catalyst dose, TC concentration, pH, and process time, were investigated and optimized the results showed that the catalyst was synthesized on a nanometer scale (25 nm) with a quasi-spherical structure, with a high specific surface area, high magnetic strength (Ms = 19.27 emu g⁻¹), and the preservation of the crystal structure. The removal efficiency of TC under optimal conditions including pH 7, initial TC concentration of 5 mg L⁻¹, nano-photocatalyst dose of 0.5 g L⁻¹, 90 min of irradiation time was reported to be 90.91% for synthetic sample and 87.17% for real wastewater sample. The removal effectiveness of total organic carbon was 85.2% under optimal conditions. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of TC followed <i>pseudo</i>-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic models, with values of <i>K</i>_<i>L–H</i> = 0.633 L mg⁻¹ and <i>K</i>_<i>c</i> = 0.126 mg L⁻¹ min⁻¹. After four cycles of recovery and regeneration, the synthesized catalyst demonstrated high chemical stability and was able to remove 62% of the pollutant. Finally, this study provides a viable approach for removing antibiotics using an AgCuFe₂O₄@MC/AC-based heterogeneous nanostructured photocatalyst.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141530128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encapsulation of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria with Gum Arabic Hydrogels: A Potential System for Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"Michele Karoline Lima-Tenório, Laís Priscila Karas, Fernanda Furmam-Cherobim, Eduarda Guerlinguer, Adley Forti Rubira, Maria Berenice Reynaud Steffens, Carolina Weigert Galvão, Ernandes Taveira Tenório-Neto, Rafael Mazer Etto","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03339-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03339-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the significant challenges of the twenty-first century will be feeding the growing world population while reducing the environmental impact and costs of agricultural production. In the case of extensive cropping, using mineral fertilizers or agrochemicals can contaminate the environment, decreasing the rivers and soil health and contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases. In this scenario, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) or inoculants have emerged as an alternative for overcoming the need for agrochemicals. The PGPB has gained wide prominence as an alternative to enable more sustainable, low-cost, and high-yield agriculture. It can promote plant growth by producing ammonia, from atmospheric nitrogen, and phytohormones through symbiotic relationships. However, the inoculant industries face many challenges related to the biotic and abiotic stress in soil, which decreases the bacteria’s survival, and its efficiency after inoculation. To enhance the effectiveness of microbial inoculants herein, we describe the encapsulation of <i>A. brasilense</i> FP2 (wild-type) into gum Arabic-based hydrogels (HG). A high population of encapsulated <i>A. brasilense</i> (10⁷ CFU/g of dry hydrogel) could survive in the polymeric matrix for seven months. The effect on plant growth-promoting was evaluated on maize (<i>Zea mays</i>), which was the plant model. Compared with inoculation via furrow, the encapsulated PGPB enhanced root diameter and volume above 20%. In addition, it resulted in increments above 60% for root and shoot fresh weight compared to the uninoculated HG. Our results indicated that the gum Arabic hydrogels protect <i>A. brasilense</i> and are suitable for biofertilizer formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly(butylene Succinate-co-butylene Brassylate) Derived from Brassylic Acid: Structures and Properties","authors":"Guoqiang Wang, Yunfeng Hui, Deyu Wei, Yueying Wang, Yiheng Yu, Longqing Shi, Mengke Zhang, Jing Hu","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03330-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03330-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), a biodegradable material, has excellent mechanical properties and processing properties. Brassylic acid (BA) is a kind of diacid with long chains derived from biomass. In this study, poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene brassylate) is synthesized to investigate the effects of BA on the structure and properties of PBS. The relationship between the melting temperature of copolyesters and the content of butylene brassylate units is V-shaped, which is typical of isodimorphic random copolyesters. Due to the introduction of BA, the density of unstable ester bonds in copolyesters gradually decreases and the initial thermal decomposition temperature of copolyesters gradually increases with the increase of BA. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of PBS was reduced by the introduction of BA. When the BA content is 25%, the copolyesters and PBS have the same crystal structure. When the BA content is 50–100%, the copolyesters and poly(butylene brassylate) have the same crystal structure, which indicates that the butylene brassylate units are easier to crystallize than the butylene succinate units. The ductility of copolyesters increases with the addition of BA. When the BA content is 50%, the elongation at break reaches the maximum (&gt; 2000%). The copolyesters are suited for films due to high elongation at break.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, Evaluation and Field Application of Thermally Induced Crosslinked Polymer Gel Leakage Plugging Agent","authors":"Jindong Chen, Hengbin Qiu, Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep, Junxian Lv, Binqiang Xie","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03334-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03334-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Addressing the complex issue of lost circulation in drilling operations is crucial as it increases nonproductive time and costs. Conventional gel plugging materials often exhibit low temperature resistance, poor pumpability, and low pressure-bearing capacity. To overcome the limitations, a self-made polymer (HSA) was initially synthesized and mixed with two crosslinker agents (MBA/PEI) at room temperature to induce a new type of high-temperature-resistant and pressure-resistant polymer gel agent (HSA-G). Investigating the gel strength and plugging capacity, the vertical inverted tube observation, 71-type high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) instruments, and high-pressure filter with varying fracture cracks (3–5 mm) were employed. HSA-G demonstrated excellent gelation strength for 4–5 h at 140 °C, while retaining more than 57% of its gel strength after aging at 140 °C for 144 h, which is 3 times higher than the commercially available hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM + PEI). The excellent performance was attributed to the synergy between PEI-MBA, which induces tight-crosslinked interconnected structure within HSA-G, mitigating fluid losses to only 72 mL compared to 194 mL for HPAM-G, under 8.5 MPa in the HTHP sand bed at 140 °C. In the fracture leakage simulations using a 5 mm crack performed at 6 MPa at room temperature, the filtration loss of HSA-G is 300 mL, almost half that of HPAM-G, showcasing its superior plugging and high-pressure bearing performance. In conclusion, HSA-G has not only demonstrated operational effectiveness in reducing downtime costs and fluid losses but can also temporally replace cement plugging to prevent reservoir contamination in alignment with environmentally friendly practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-Biofilm and in Vitro Wound Healing Activity of Bacterial Cellulose Loaded with Nanoparticles and Borax","authors":"Nur Bozbeyoglu Kart, Mine Sulak, Doğukan Mutlu, Volkan Kuzucu, Sevki Arslan, Nazime Mercan Dogan","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03308-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03308-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biofilms are a severe problem for public health because of the contributing recurrence of infections. Therefore, combating biofilms is a critical issue. In our study, we loaded zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc oxide borax (ZnOBorax), zinc copper oxide (ZnCuO₂) nanoparticles and borax into bacterial cellulose (BC) to impart anti-biofilm and wound healing activity. The prepared BC loaded with nanoparticles (BC–NPs) was analysed via scanning electron microscopy. The nanoparticles’ geometric structure and placement in BC fibres were observed. We evaluated the biofilm inhibition and biofilm degradation activities of the BC–NPs against some pathogens via a crystal violet (CV) assay and XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2 H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay. The effects of BC–NPs on cell proliferation and wound-healing ability were analysed in L929 cell line. BC–NPs exhibited better biofilm degradation activity than biofilm inhibition activity. According to the results of the CV assay, BC–ZnONPs, BC–Borax and BC–ZnOBoraxNPs inhibited 65.53%, 71.74% and 66.60% of biofilm formation of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, respectively. BC–ZnCuO₂NPs showed the most degradation activity on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Listeria innocua</i> biofilms. The XTT reduction assay results indicated a considerable reduction in the metabolic activity of the biofilms. Moreover, compared to the control group, BC loaded with borax and ZnO nanoparticle promoted cell migration without cytotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toughened Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blends Fabricated by Dynamic Vulcanization and Interfacial Compatibilization","authors":"Napat Tomano, Tim A. Osswald, Pranut Potiyaraj, Orathai Boondamnoen, Chuanchom Aumnate","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03283-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03283-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biodegradable polymers, particularly Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and their derivatives, have garnered increasing attention across diverse industries owing to their distinct advantages such as bio-based sourcing, biocompatibility, and impressive biodegradability performance. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is one of the most attractive members of PHAs with a great potential to replace conventional non-biodegradable polymers. However, one critical drawback restricting PHBV usage is its thermal instability, which could bring about a narrow processing window, especially for conventional melt processing methods such as injection molding. Moreover, the high crystallinity and slow nucleation rate make PHBV brittle, leading to poor mechanical performance. This study incorporated epoxidized natural rubbers (ENR-25 and ENR-50) into PHBV through a melt blending process to enhance PHBV toughness and flexibility. Incorporation of 5wt% polybutadiene grafted maleic anhydride (PB-g-MA) as a compatibilizer notably enhances mechanical properties. Furthermore, the study introduces the concept of thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) through melt blending using dynamic vulcanization (DV) to enhance mechanical properties, particularly the toughness of the 70/30 PHBV/ENR blends, identified as the optimal blending ratio based on prior research. The resulting blend vulcanizate (PHBV/ENRv) exhibits toughness values of 63.0 ± 14.8 J m^− 1 and 24.4 ± 2.8 J m^− 1 for blends with ENRv-25 and ENRv-50, respectively. These findings hold promise for advancing the design and development of biodegradable polymer blend systems, with a focus on enhancing processability and mechanical performance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress in Development of Functionalized Lignin Towards Sustainable Applications","authors":"Mohamad Nurul Azman Mohammad Taib, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman, Jost Ruwoldt, I. Wayan Arnata, Dewi Sartika, Tawfik A. Salleh, M. Hazwan Hussin","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03338-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03338-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lignin is classified as the second most abundantly available biopolymer after cellulose and as a main aromatic resource material. Lignin structure differs based on sources of origin and species of biomass with around 15–40% of lignin content based on dry weight. It is extracted from various types of lignocellulosic biomass through different pulping extraction methods. After extraction, lignin can be further functionalized through different chemical reactions to meet the requirements and specifications before being used in end products. Therefore, in this review paper, the details on extraction and the type of lignin, as well as chemical functionalization, are discussed. The chemical functionalization can be used to modify the lignin such through phenolic depolymerization or by other aromatic compounds, creating novel chemical active sites to impact a reactivity of lignin and through functionalization of hydroxyl functional group for enhancing its reactivity. Furthermore, the recent sustainable application of lignin was discussed in different fields such as nanocomposite, flame retardant, antioxidant, cosmetic, natural binder and emulsifier. This review hence provides a summary of the current stateoftheart in lignin technology and future outlook of potential application areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocrosslinkable Antibacterial Bioadhesives Derived from Soybean Oil-Based Hydroxyurethane Methacrylates","authors":"Tina Rabiee, Hamid Yeganeh, Saied Nouri Khorasani, Iraj Mohammadpoor-Baltork","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03333-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03333-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Compared to traditional invasive techniques for wound closure, photocrosslinkable surgical adhesives with antibacterial properties offer significant advantages. These include ease of application, a controllable and efficient curing reaction, reduced risk of pain and infection, and effective leakage prevention. This study introduces a novel soybean oil-based nonisocyanate polyurethane prepolymer for use in such adhesives. The prepolymer, a hydroxyurethane functionalized with methacrylate and quaternary ammonium groups (QAs), was characterized through spectroscopic methods. The resulting UV-curable bioadhesives, synthesized via thiol-ene-methacrylate click-photopolymerization, incorporated limonene as a reactive diluent, a tetra-functional thiol crosslinker, and a photoinitiator. Elemental analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of QAs and sulfur atoms, indicating a homogeneous network structure, corroborated by high gel content values in both organic (84–92%) and aqueous media (91–99%), and a consistent tan δ peak as per DMTA. The optimized adhesives exhibited strong adhesion (up to 377 kPa) to gelatin sheets—a tissue-analogous substrate—and displayed suitable surface free energy (45–52 mN/m) as determined by contact angle measurements, suggesting favorable thermodynamic adhesion to skin. Additionally, the adhesives showed satisfactory cytocompatibility with L-929 fibroblast cells and antimicrobial efficacy against two gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, indicating promising biological activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Indole-Based Porous Magnetic Composite via Cation-π Interaction-Driven and Induced Strategy and its Efficient Adsorption of TNT","authors":"Yangqing Mao, Haoran Zhu, Boyuan Zhang, Ziqi Wu, Bing Zhao, Rui Yuan, Mingru Zhou, Min Zheng, Guanjun Chang, Yewei Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03332-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03332-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A strategy driven and induced by cation-π interaction was employed to obtain a magnetic porous composite material (Fe₃O₄/PIN) with a uniform dispersion of ferroferric oxide (Fe₃O₄). Utilizing ferric chloride as the catalyst, indole-based porous polymer (PIN) was successfully synthesized through the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. Concurrently with the preparation of the PIN, the cation-π interaction played a pivotal role, not only driving but also inducing the effective dispersion of iron ions from the catalyst around the indole groups. Subsequently, the introduction of ferrous sulfate into the reaction mixture triggered an in-situ reaction, resulting in the uniform distribution of Fe₃O₄ around the indole groups within the PIN. At a temperature of 298 K, Fe₃O₄/PIN demonstrated remarkable adsorption efficiency for TNT, boasting a maximum adsorption capacity of 290.697 mg/g, with the ability to achieve 74% of this capacity within one hour. Moreover, Fe₃O₄/PIN also exhibited a commendable adsorption efficiency for TNT in real water samples. In addition, Fe₃O₄/PIN could be recovered rapidly due to its excellent magnetic properties. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of Fe₃O₄/PIN for TNT remained at 90% of its maximum capacity. Hence, Fe₃O₄/PIN was anticipated to serve as an effective adsorbent for TNT. The uniform distribution of Fe₃O₄ in porous materials through the driving and inducing effects of cation-π is an unprecedented innovation, offering a new perspective and approach to the synthesis and utilization of similar composite materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Erosion Equations for Degradation Analysis of Several Common Three-Dimensional Shapes of Plastic Materials","authors":"Kirk W. Dotson, Kyle Pisano, D. A. Renegar","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03291-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03291-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}