Journal of Polymers and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Reinforcement of Starch-Based Composite Properties via a Two-Step Blending Process with Citric Acid–Cured Epoxidized Soybean Oil Oligomer","authors":"Thanaboon Pansuwan,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ito,&nbsp;Ken Miyata","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03613-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03613-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to improve the dispersion of epoxy preoligomer (EPO) in a starch-based composite using a two-step blending process. EPO was prepared via the epoxy ring-opening reaction between epoxidized soybean oil and citric acid. Starch was plasticized in the first step to unfold its complex structure, followed by blending with EPO in the second step. The results showed that the two-step blending process improved tensile strength from 3.1 to 8.8 MPa and the elongation at break from 120.2 to 151.0% compared with the one-step blending mixing of starch and EPO. Fourier transform infrared microscopy confirmed the crosslinking reaction with well-dispersion of EPO in the composite matrix. Morphology analysis showed the compatibility between the starch and EPO phases was improved compared with the simultaneous blending process, which was also confirmed by analyzing the melting behavior through differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The EPO content affects the final properties of the starch composite. The moisture content and water uptake decreased upon the addition of EPO. The present strategy offers a novel and simple blending process for the preparation of starch–EPO composites with superior characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3733 - 3748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoplastic Vulcanizates of PBS- EVA and Cellulose Nanocrystal: a Comprehensive Experimental Study on the Mechanical, Rheological and Shape Memory Behavior","authors":"Mohammad Nourany,&nbsp;Reyhaneh Aminyan,&nbsp;Mahtab Fahimi,&nbsp;Farshad Kargaran,&nbsp;Sundus Mahdi Alghazali","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03625-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03625-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) is among the least studied biodegradable polyesters, where its high crystallinity and low extensibility had limited its wide- spread application for packaging. In this work, we designed a series of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and vulcanizates (TPVs) based on PBS and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with a focus on its modulus (<span>(:E)</span>) and elongation at break (<span>(:{epsilon:}_{b})</span>). The TPEs showed poor mechanical performance and using dicumyl peroxide (DCP), applied directly (D) and as a masterbatch with EVA (M), resulted in superior mechanical performance with the TPV based on the PBS: EVA composition of 90: 10-D showing the highest <span>(:{epsilon:}_{b})</span> of 637.6% compared to the <span>(:{epsilon:}_{b})</span> of 108.1% for PBS. The <span>(:E)</span> value of the TPV was 139.1 MPa compared to 353.2 MPa for PBS, which was due to the presence of EVA rubber. However, presence of 2% cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) increased <span>(:E)</span> to 225.9 MPa with the <span>(:{epsilon:}_{b})</span> of 463%. Both PBS and the optimal TPVs showed high shape fixity even at 25°C due to its high crystallinity, while the TPVs and especially, the TPV- CNC (2.0%) showed higher recovery ratios caused by formation of an elastic 3D network of both the cured EVA droplets and CNCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3699 - 3715"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly and Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver-Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Ultra-High Mechanical Properties","authors":"Sohrab Rahmani,&nbsp;Reza Karimi,&nbsp;Marjan Ghorbani","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03615-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03615-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Physically cross-linked hydrogels are typically prepared without the use of toxic chemicals. Owing to the reversible nature of their bonds, these hydrogels exhibit self-healing ability, fatigue resistance, and enhanced toughness, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications. However, their generally poor mechanical properties often limit their practical utility. To address these challenges, the fabrication of physically cross-linked hydrogels with superior mechanical performance through eco-friendly, facile, and cost-effective methods without employing any toxic chemicals is of considerable interest. In this study, fully physically cross-linked double-network hydrogels with ultra-high mechanical properties were successfully prepared using a simple and environmentally friendly approach. The hydrogels were based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), agar, and tannic acid (TA), without the use of any toxic reagents. Additionally, a silver nanocomposite hydrogel fabricated by immersing the prepared hydrogel in an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO₃). The optimized PVA/Agar/TA double-network hydrogel exhibited outstanding mechanical properties, including a high tensile strength of 9.66 MPa and a superior fracture toughness of 16.51 MJ/m³. These values further increased to 12 MPa and 19.5 MJ/m³, respectively, for the PVA/Agar/TA/Ag nanocomposite hydrogel. Moreover, due to the reversible multiple hydrogen bonds within the network structures, the hydrogels demonstrated excellent self-recovery behavior and remarkable anti-fatigue performance. The prepared hydrogels exhibited notable antioxidant activity and excellent biocompatibility. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag-nanoparticles) further enhanced their antibacterial properties. Moreover, the presence of Ag-nanoparticles imparted electrical conductivity to the corresponding hydrogel.Consequently, these multifunctional hydrogels are promising candidates for various biomedical applications. </p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3749 - 3771"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast Recycling of Polyurethane Foams Containing Bio-based Ester-Cleavable Segments","authors":"Olga Gotkiewicz,&nbsp;Mikelis Kirpluks,&nbsp;Olga Kočková,&nbsp;Jiří Hodan,&nbsp;Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska,&nbsp;Ugis Cabulis,&nbsp;Hynek Beneš","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03623-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03623-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyurethane (PUR) foams, the most widely produced thermosets globally, have become a major contributor to the issue of huge plastic waste overflow. Currently, most PUR waste is managed through conventional methods like landfilling and incineration. However, to adhere to a circular economy, it is crucial to consider a new strategy that begins with the design of PUR foams, ensuring they are easier to recycle. In order to reach this target, the bio-based succinic acid-polyol with cleavable ester linkages was incorporated into the structure of PUR foams. The fabricated semi-rigid PUR foams readily undergo glycolysis, yielding a recycled polyol suitable for the preparation of the bio-based rigid PUR foams. Up to 50 wt% of the virgin polyol can be replaced by its recycled alternative, producing stable foams with satisfactory mechanical properties, highly closed cellular structure and improved thermo-insulating properties. This study, therefore, marks a pivotal advancement in developing new PUR materials that adhere to circular economy principles, incorporate sustainable inputs, and facilitate easier recycling at the end of their lifecycle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3716 - 3732"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-025-03623-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Sustainable Polyethylene Formulations with Antioxidant Functionality Using Loquat Byproducts as Additives","authors":"Juan Ivorra-Martinez,&nbsp;Carlos Lazaro-Hdez.,&nbsp;Maria del Puig Vicente-Vinas,&nbsp;Mario Miranda-Pinzon,&nbsp;Miguel Aldas,&nbsp;David Garcia-Sanoguera","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03608-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03608-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, biopolyethylene-based formulations were developed using loquat byproducts. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) derived from renewable resources was employed. The formulations included various loquat byproducts, specifically skin, kernel, and a combination of both. An anhydride maleic copolymer was used as a coupling agent, while glycerol was introduced for the formation of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and, consequently, the development of LDPE/TPS formulations. Loquat exhibits antioxidant activity, a property that is effectively transferred to the manufactured formulations. The antioxidant performance of these materials was assessed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), demonstrating an increase in oxidation induction time (OIT) from 1.6 min of neat LDPE up to 31.1 min in the loquat formulations. Also, the onset oxidation temperature (OOT) was extended up 269.7 °C in contrast to 209.7 °C for neat LDPE. These results underscore the potential benefits of incorporating loquat byproducts as functional additives in sustainable polymer formulations. The compatibilization strategies applied enabled the optimization of the mechanical properties of the loquat-based formulations as observed in microscopy. Mechanical properties were enhanced with an elongation at break that reached values of up to 40.0% in the compatibilized systems. Tensile strength also improved, reaching up to 6.3 MPa in the loquat-containing formulations. Additionally, the water uptake capacity of the samples decreased as a result of the compatibilization process. Changes in the samples were assessed through thermomechanical analysis and color variation measurements, while chemical characterization confirmed the presence of structural modifications at the molecular level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3677 - 3698"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-025-03608-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Biodegradable Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Insights from XPS, DRIFT, and AFM Techniques","authors":"Olena Mozgova,&nbsp;Olga Chernyayeva,&nbsp;Anna Sroka-Bartnicka,&nbsp;Piotr Pieta,&nbsp;Robert Nowakowski,&nbsp;Izabela S.Pieta","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03578-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03578-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biodegradable polymers and their diverse applications, particularly in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields, have experienced significant advancements in recent decades. The importance of this research is underscored by the potential of biodegradable polymeric biomaterials to transform drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and a wide range of biomedical devices. This progress has been driven by the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions across various sectors, including biomedicine, nanotechnology, the food industry, solar cells, and waste management. Central to this development is understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of biodegradable polymers, particularly their surface and interfacial properties, which profoundly impact their behavior and functionality. This review provides an overview of the physicochemical methods employed to investigate polymer surfaces, highlighting their complex applications and their role in defining the potential uses of newly synthesized polymers. Techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are emphasized explicitly as essential tools for elucidating the intricate structure and properties of biodegradable polymers. A comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical structure, surface morphology, and composition of biodegradable polymers is crucial for designing materials with tailored properties and developing novel materials with specific, desired characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3477 - 3511"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-025-03578-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully Bio-Based Composites Based on PHA and Cellulose Filaments: Investigating the Impact of Fiber Modification on Composite Properties","authors":"Masoud Dadras Chomachayi,&nbsp;Pierre Blanchet,&nbsp;Simon Pepin","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03616-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03616-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fully bio-based vapor barrier membranes were developed for use in building envelopes. These membranes, positioned within interior walls, are designed to control moisture migration and prevent the accumulation of humidity that can compromise building materials. The membranes were fabricated from polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) incorporated with various concentrations (1–20 wt%) of cellulose filaments (CFs). To enhance compatibility with the PHA matrix, the CFs were modified using a commercial ester-based surfactant. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed improved chemical interactions between the modified CFs and the PHA matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the modified CFs acted as nucleation sites, introducing a new crystallization peak around 76–88 °C and shifting existing peaks to higher temperatures as CF content increased, indicating enhanced crystal nucleation and lamellar growth. Water vapor barrier transmission test demonstrated that PHA composites with modified CFs exhibited superior barrier properties compared to those with untreated CFs. For instance, composites containing 10 wt% modified CFs showed dramatically improved performance, with normalized water vapor transmission rate (N-WVTR) values reduced by 454% (method A) and 393% (method B) relative to composites with 10 wt% untreated CFs. Biodegradability testing with <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> confirmed the environmental compatibility of the composites, with mass losses up to 5% over the testing period. These results suggest that the developed PHA-based membranes offer a promising, sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-derived vapor barriers in building envelope applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3644 - 3662"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Active Calcium-based Heterogeneous Catalysts Prepared Together with Biomass and Biochar Modifiers for the Methanolysis of Poly(lactic Acid)","authors":"Sebastian Ponce,&nbsp;Alexis Debut,&nbsp;José R. Mora","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03619-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03619-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for sustainable solutions to plastic waste has intensified interest in efficient chemical recycling methods for biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). This study explores the catalytic depolymerization of polylactic acid (PLA) via methanolysis by using calcium-based catalysts prepared in the presence of different biomass and biochars modifiers, including rice husk (RH), cocoa pod husk (CPH), and palm kernel shell (PKS). Catalysts synthesized with CPH and PKS biochar (calcined for 14 h) exhibited remarkable catalytic performance, achieving up to 100% compared to the almost negligible conversion of the thermal reaction (T = 100 ^oC, time: 30 min, 0.5 Wt% of catalyst). CPH biochar was identified as the most effective surface modifier, likely due to its ability to promote phase changes from calcium carbonate to the more reactive calcium hydroxide phase, confirmed through FTIR and XRD analyses. The Ca-CPHB-14 catalyst demonstrated complete PLA conversion at 100 °C with 0.5 wt% catalyst, indicating a promising approach for chemical recycling. The reaction mechanism was analyzed, with findings suggesting that the enhanced performance is linked to specific phase transformations and surface hydroxyl groups on calcium hydroxide, facilitating base-catalyzed depolymerization. These findings demonstrate that incorporating biomass-derived additives during catalyst synthesis is an effective strategy to improve performance in polymer recycling. The work offers a promising, low-temperature route for PLA depolymerization and contributes to the development of sustainable, biomass-enhanced catalysts for plastic waste valorization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3633 - 3643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Optimization of FDM 3D Printing Parameters for PLA: PBAT–Hemp Composites Using Taguchi Design","authors":"Javid Sharifi,&nbsp;Dylan Jubinville,&nbsp;Tizazu H. Mekonnen,&nbsp;Haniyeh Ramona Fayazfar","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03601-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03601-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study investigates the effects of fused deposition modeling 3D printing process parameters on the mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid): poly(butylene adipate terephthalate)-based hemp composites, with the goal of enhancing material performance and supporting sustainable manufacturing. A highly filled hemp hurd biocomposite formulation was developed and optimized using Taguchi design of experiments, exploring the influence of eight key fused deposition modeling 3D printing parameters. The results reveal that print orientation and nozzle temperature significantly affect tensile strength and modulus, while flow rate and nozzle diameter have a dominant influence on elongation at break. The best-performing specimens achieved tensile strength and modulus values of 16.7 MPa and 1.6 GPa, respectively, while samples optimized for ductility exhibited elongation of up to 1.8%. Deviations between experimental and theoretical predictions, up to 9.1% for tensile strength and 1.7% for elongation, highlight the complexity of parameter interactions. SEM analysis confirmed improved interlayer adhesion in flat-on-bed printed samples, correlating with enhanced mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3663 - 3676"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Hydrophobic Nanosilica on Phase Diagram of Poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Blends","authors":"Parisa Soltanian,&nbsp;Reza Jahanmardi,&nbsp;Hossein Ali Khonakdar,&nbsp;Farkhondeh Hemmati,&nbsp;Meisam Shabanian","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03582-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03582-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanoparticles, in addition to reinforcing polymer blends, also strongly influence their phase behavior and their presence reduces molecular movements, phase separation kinetics and phase dissolution. In this research, the effect of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles on the phase behavior of polycaprolactone (PCL)/poly(styrene-<i>co</i>-acrylonitrile) (SAN) blends was investigated. Since the phase diagram in the molten state is usually obtained through temperature dynamic techniques, nanoparticles in the blends cause unrealistic phase separation temperatures. In this research, an attempt has been made to obtain the phase separation temperatures of PCL/SAN blends in the presence of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles under conditions close to thermodynamic equilibrium conditions using a rheological approach. The rheological phase transition temperature and the spinodal temperature of the lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) diagram, obtained through the temperature sweep tests, were transferred to higher temperatures by reducing the cooling rate of the test. Contrary to the initial expectation, in PCL/SAN blends with the addition of hydrophobic nanosilica, it was observed that these temperatures were transferred to higher temperatures in most concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"33 8","pages":"3621 - 3632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}