Fabrication of Advanced Films Composed of Carrageenan, Sodium Alginate, and Bacterial Nanocellulose Enriched with D. Viscosa Extract and Empagliflozin Drug for Diabetic Wound Healing; an in-vitro and in-vivo Analysis
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Abstract
As diabetes mellitus can impede wound healing, in this study, nano-biocompatible films were fabricated via solution-casting to heal diabetic wounds using bacterial nanocellulose, sodium alginate, and carrageenan. To control diabetes, the antidiabetic EMP and hydroalcoholic extract of Dodonaea viscosa were added to the films. Besides the mechanical properties of films such as swelling, moisture content, moisture uptake, gel content, and tensile stress, biological characteristics including hematopoietic coagulation, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects were also evaluated and FTIR-ATR and SEM were applied to analyze the chemical composition and morphology of them. Diabetic rat models evaluated the films’ wound-healing potential. Results indicated adding plant extract to EMP-containing films enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, improved water absorption, and controlled drug release within 24 h. The film with 1.5% extract showed 82.38 ± 1.19% denaturation. Blood glucose levels in diabetic rats treated for 14 days with the extract or extract plus EMP were 93 ± 2.91 g/dl and 82.30 ± 3.86, respectively, significantly lower than the diabetic control (361 ± 3.21). The films with extract and EMP promoted faster wound healing in diabetic rats. This study presents a composite film with D. viscosa extract that lowers blood glucose and enhances wound healing in rat models while reducing inflammation and showing antibacterial properties.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Polymers and the Environment fills the need for an international forum in this diverse and rapidly expanding field. The journal serves a crucial role for the publication of information from a wide range of disciplines and is a central outlet for the publication of high-quality peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and short communications. The journal is intentionally interdisciplinary in regard to contributions and covers the following subjects - polymers, environmentally degradable polymers, and degradation pathways: biological, photochemical, oxidative and hydrolytic; new environmental materials: derived by chemical and biosynthetic routes; environmental blends and composites; developments in processing and reactive processing of environmental polymers; characterization of environmental materials: mechanical, physical, thermal, rheological, morphological, and others; recyclable polymers and plastics recycling environmental testing: in-laboratory simulations, outdoor exposures, and standardization of methodologies; environmental fate: end products and intermediates of biodegradation; microbiology and enzymology of polymer biodegradation; solid-waste management and public legislation specific to environmental polymers; and other related topics.
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