A. T. Shahid, M. A. Hofmann, J. D. Silvestre, M. Garrido, J. R. Correia
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
The growing concern over climate change and sustainability is promoting the development of partially bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). However, being developed from renewable sources does not necessarily guarantee a better environmental profile for these materials, which justifies a detailed investigation of their environmental impacts. This paper presents a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of five recently developed bio-based UPR formulations comprising renewably sourced chemical compounds, namely fumaric acid, dimer fatty acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and isosorbide, as well as partially replacing styrene (50%) with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as reactive diluent, considering inventory data from literature and purpose-made processes. As a benchmark, a typical oil-based UPR composition was also considered. The bio-based UPRs show improved environmental performance in various categories (e.g., climate change total, ozone depletion), reducing environmental impacts up to 90%. On the other hand, worse environmental performance was found in acidification, eutrophication (freshwater, terrestrial), and renewable primary energy impact categories. The main contributors to the higher impacts of the bio-based UPRs were found to be 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Fumaric acid and 1,3-propanediol have significant contributions to CO2 sequestration. The single scores for the bio-based UPRs also show a reduction in impact ranging between 18 and 39% compared to the oil-based UPR.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Polymers and the Environment fills the need for an international forum in this diverse and rapidly expanding field. The journal serves a crucial role for the publication of information from a wide range of disciplines and is a central outlet for the publication of high-quality peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and short communications. The journal is intentionally interdisciplinary in regard to contributions and covers the following subjects - polymers, environmentally degradable polymers, and degradation pathways: biological, photochemical, oxidative and hydrolytic; new environmental materials: derived by chemical and biosynthetic routes; environmental blends and composites; developments in processing and reactive processing of environmental polymers; characterization of environmental materials: mechanical, physical, thermal, rheological, morphological, and others; recyclable polymers and plastics recycling environmental testing: in-laboratory simulations, outdoor exposures, and standardization of methodologies; environmental fate: end products and intermediates of biodegradation; microbiology and enzymology of polymer biodegradation; solid-waste management and public legislation specific to environmental polymers; and other related topics.
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