Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance最新文献

{"title":"On the Suitability of Liquid Silicon Rubber with Sn-based Catalyst for the Fabrication of a Passive Sensor by Direct Ink Writing for the Preservation of Heritage Clothing","authors":"Minhaz Husain,&nbsp;Gurwinder Singh,&nbsp;Rupinder Singh,&nbsp;Md Akil,&nbsp;Suman Pattnaik","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14533-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14533-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the past decade, the 3D printing of functional prototypes by direct ink writing (DIW) using room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) liquid silicon rubber (LSR) has been widely reported. However, little has been reported on the suitability of RTV-LSR with an Sn-based catalyst for the fabrication of passive sensors using DIW to preserve heritage clothing (HC). This study outlines the selection of a suitable mixing ratio for the RTV-LSR-Sn-based catalyst (225 grade) for the fabrication of tensile coupons (per ASTM D 638, Type V) printed on cotton–lyra (80-20) clothing using the DIW (for possible use in the preservation of HC). The result of this study suggested that the DIW samples printed on cotton–lyra (80-20) clothing have the better tensile properties (peak stress 6.616 MPa, peak load 88.862 N, stiffness 6.796 N/mm) compared to sample printed without clothing (peak stress 0.414 MPa, peak load 4.853 N, stiffness 0.14 N/mm), while printing with nozzle tip size (TS) of 18 gauge (per American wire gauge (AWG) ≈ 1.024 mm), printing speed (PS) of 6 mm/s, infill gap (IG) of 1 mm, layer thickness (LT) of 0.8 mm, printing pressure (PP) of 20 psi (0.137895 MPa), using a zigzag infill pattern. Furthermore, the dielectric constant (<i>ε</i>_<i>r</i>) for DIW samples printed on cotton–lyra (80-20) clothing base and without clothing base was 48.92 and 40.92, respectively, which supports the miniaturization of a microstrip-based patch antenna (MPA) sensor for health monitoring of HC. The results are supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which demonstrate the optimal performance of the sensor in preserving the HC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37458 - 37470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring the Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Property of Al-Ni-Fe Alloys via Mn and Cr Alloying and Squeeze Casting","authors":"Tianhang Xu,&nbsp;Changfeng Wang,&nbsp;Minqiang Gao,&nbsp;Renguo Guan","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14460-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14460-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, Mn and Cr were introduced into as-cast Al-Ni-Fe alloys to tailor the microstructure and decrease thermal conductivity and enhance strength. Secondary phase transformation caused by alloying was analyzed. To further improve the comprehensive performance of the Al-Ni-Fe-Mn-Cr alloy, squeeze casting was employed. The results revealed that the addition of Mn and Cr refined the eutectic structure and promoted the formation of multicomponent intermetallic compounds. After squeeze casting, a low thermal conductivity of 89 W/(m K) and good mechanical properties with a yield strength of 125 MPa, a tensile strength of 227 MPa, and an elongation of 8.1% for the alloy were obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37323 - 37331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrophoretic Deposition of Cu-Doped SiO2/Chitosan Composite Coatings on AISI 316L Stainless Steel: Correlation Between Adhesion, Microstructure, and In Vitro Bioactivity","authors":"Pedram Abdollahi,&nbsp;Seyed Mahdi Rafiaei,&nbsp;Abbas Bahrami","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14511-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14511-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, SiO₂ particles were deposited on AISI 316L stainless steel by electrophoretic deposition using chitosan as a matrix. Different SiO₂:Cu-to-chitosan compositions were investigated to determine the coating formulation providing the most favorable combination of adhesion, microstructural characteristics, and biological performance. Electrophoretic deposition was carried out at an applied voltage of 15 V and a current of 60 mA, respectively. The results of the ASTM D3359 adhesion test showed that the coating adhesion grade of the selected sample was 3B. In the XRD pattern, a broad peak in the range of 22-25° was attributed to the amorphous phase of SiO₂. Two distinct peaks were observed at approximately 36° and 39°, indicating the presence of copper oxide phases. The FE-SEM images showed that the average particle size was approximately 1.4 μm for the samples containing different amounts of silica. The coating thickness ranged from 11.5 to 12.5 μm for the samples possessing <i>R</i> = 2/3 and from 19 to 20 μm for the samples with <i>R</i> = 1. In vitro biological evaluation, including MTT cytocompatibility assessment and simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion testing, demonstrated favorable cellular viability and bioactive behavior of the coatings. Based on the experimental results, the coating with <i>R</i> = 3/3 exhibited the most balanced combination of coating thickness, biological response, and adhesion performance and was therefore identified as the optimal composition among the investigated formulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37866 - 37877"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of 20CrMoH Steel","authors":"Shuai Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Hou,&nbsp;Penghan Yu,&nbsp;Yinghua Wei,&nbsp;Yong Su,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Xingfu Yu","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14487-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14487-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By means of microstructure observation and mechanical property tests, the effect of austenitizing temperature on the microstructure, hardness, and friction and wear properties of 20CrMoH steel after the cementation was studied. Results show that the number of carbides in the microstructure of the carburized layer of the steel decreased with the increase of austenitizing temperature, which was related to the carbon solubility and atomic diffusion rate of the matrix in the carburized layer of the sample at different austenitizing temperatures. When the austenitizing temperatures were 800, 820, 840, and 860 °C, the surface hardness decreased from 696.6 to 693.7 HV, 685.6  HV, and 667.3 HV, respectively, and the hardness gradient from the surface to the core was formed, which was related to the dispersion strengthening of carbides in the carburized layer of the sample and the gradient of carbon concentration from the surface to the inside. When the austenitizing temperature increased from 800 to 820 ℃, 840 ℃, and 860 ℃, the friction coefficient and wear loss of the samples firstly decreased and then increased, the wear loss was 15.5, 7.1, 4.5, and 6.6 mg, respectively. Thereinto, when the austenitizing temperature was 840 ℃, the peeling pits on the abrasion surface were the smallest, the abrasion depth was 54 μm, and the surface showed a higher abrasion resistance, which was related to the combined effect of the surface hardness and the strength of the core.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37493 - 37502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Near-α Titanium Alloy During Hot Forging inα + β Phase Region","authors":"Tao Sun,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Jiang,&nbsp;Haihao Teng,&nbsp;Hao Deng,&nbsp;Wenhao Liu,&nbsp;Xuanjie Zhao,&nbsp;Jie Zhou,&nbsp;Congbo Li","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14484-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14484-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of the Ti65 alloy with lamellar microstructure, a near-<i>α</i> high-temperature titanium alloy, were systematically investigated during hot forging in the <i>α</i> + <i>β</i> phase region. Isothermal compression experiments were conducted under different deformation parameters. The evolution of the microstructure and texture during thermomechanical processing was thoroughly characterized by SEM and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). In addition, the differences in mechanical properties between the initial lamellar structure and dynamically spheroidized microstructures were examined at both room and high temperatures. It was observed that dynamic spheroidization of lamellar <i>α</i> was promoted, and lamellae were progressively transformed into globular <i>α</i> with fine interlamellar <i>β</i> phase under appropriate thermomechanical conditions. The volume fraction of spheroidized microstructure was found to be dependent on both strain rate and temperature, with lower strain rates and higher temperatures facilitating greater spheroidization. After significant dynamic spheroidization of the lamellar structure, the maximum intensities of the texture were also markedly reduced. Mechanical testing revealed that significant improvements in tensile properties were achieved after hot forging, with both strength and ductility being enhanced. After a 70% deformation amount, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) at room temperature was increased from 1012 to 1129 MPa, and a notable increase in high-temperature elongation was demonstrated. These performance enhancements were attributed to the refined microstructure and spheroidized <i>α</i> morphologies. The results indicate that controlled thermomechanical processing can be used to optimize strength–ductility balance in high-temperature titanium alloys developed for aerospace applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37402 - 37419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of FDM-Fabricated PLA Components through Process Parameter Optimization","authors":"Ibraheem Al-Tarawneh,&nbsp;Vipulsinh Rajput,&nbsp;Priyanka Kumari,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar,&nbsp;Vivek John,&nbsp;Jeewan Singh,&nbsp;Harvinder Singh,&nbsp;Purnendu Shekar Pandey,&nbsp;Nand Gopal","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14513-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14513-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer widely employed in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing due to its sustainability and ease of processing from renewable resources. Despite its advantages, PLA exhibits inherent brittleness and anisotropic mechanical behavior, limiting its use in load-bearing applications. This study aims to address how the key 3D printing parameters—layer height, infill density, infill pattern, and raster orientation—can be optimized to enhance the mechanical performance of FDM-printed PLA components. Using the robust Taguchi design of experiments methodology, PLA specimens were systematically fabricated varying these parameters across multiple levels. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness, were quantitatively assessed using standardized testing protocols complemented by microstructural analysis. Results demonstrate that a combination of a 0.1 mm layer height, 100% infill density, line infill pattern, and 0° raster orientation yields superior mechanical properties, achieving tensile strength of 52.7 MPa, compressive strength of 61.38 MPa, and hardness of 82.17 D. Statistical analysis revealed infill density as the dominant factor influencing strength, while raster orientation showed limited direct effect. Microstructural investigations supported these findings by showing enhanced interlayer adhesion and reduced porosity under optimized conditions. This work contributes a comprehensive parameter optimization framework for sustainable, high-performance 3D-printed PLA components, advancing the reliability of additive manufacturing processes for engineering applications. The study lays a foundation for future research targeting real-time adaptive printing strategies and composite material integration.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37594 - 37613"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Surface Quality of TiO2/Ag Reinforced Magnesium Composites Using RSM-based Desirability–Function Analysis Fabricated by FSP Process","authors":"Ram Niwas,&nbsp;Vikas Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14494-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14494-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Magnesium alloys are utilized in the aerospace, marine, and medical industries because of their low density and favourable mechanical properties. However, their hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure results in poor wear resistance and formability, which limits their large-scale applications. Enhancing the surface quality is an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has emerged as a promising technique for microstructural refinement and surface modification. In this study, a novel hybrid surface composite of AZ91D reinforced with TiO₂ and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was fabricated using FSP. The experimental design was carried out using a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Multi-objective optimization was performed using desirability function analysis (DFA) to achieve enhanced surface characteristics. The optimal process parameters were identified as a tool rotation speed (TRS) of 900 rpm, tool traverse speed (TTS) of 70 mm/min, number of passes (NoP) of 4, and reinforcement fraction (Rf) of 2 wt.%. Under these conditions, the microhardness of the composite increased by ~ 200% (from 60 to 70 Hv for the base material to 141.41 Hv).also wear rate was decreased by ~ 42% (from 5.6 × 10⁻³ to 3.26 × 10⁻³ mg/m). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the worn surfaces was conducted to investigate the prevailing wear mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37390 - 37401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Two-Pass Differential Speed Rolling and Annealing on Microstructure and Properties of 5083Al/AZ31BMg/5083Al Composite Sheets","authors":"Guoqing Zhang,&nbsp;Liping Bian,&nbsp;Hongwei Ping,&nbsp;Yao Zhao,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Liuwei Zheng,&nbsp;Wei Liang,&nbsp;Qingxue Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14472-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14472-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study successfully fabricated 5083Al/AZ31BMg/5083Al trilayer composite plates with superior interfacial bonding strength and tensile properties using a two-pass differential speed rolling (DSR) process, outperforming conventional constant speed rolling (CSR). The DSR was conducted with speed ratios of 5:4 and 4:5, achieving a total reduction of 65.9% (55 + 22%), followed by annealing at 200°C for 1 h. The rolled composite plates before and after annealing were characterized in terms of tensile properties, interface bonding strength, interface structure, and the microstructure evolution of the Mg matrix near the interface. DSR introduces intense shear strains, which activate the prismatic slip and shear bands in the Mg matrix, and fragment the interfacial metallic compounds (IMCs), aligning them at a specific angle to the interface. The developed shear bands caused poor tensile properties in the DSR state. While the warped and discrete IMCs, together with the increased number of new Mg/Al bonding interfaces, significantly enhanced the interfacial bonding strength of the composite sheet. Post-annealing made the DSR processed sample recrystallized within shear bands, forming a bimodal grain structure that enhanced ductility while preserving strength. In contrast, the CSR process generates crossing shear bands that promote recrystallization for good tensile strength; however, it produces coarse, continuous IMC plates parallel to the interface that lower the bonding strength. These findings offer valuable insights into the industrial application of Al/Mg/Al composite sheets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37309 - 37322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Development, Mechanical Properties, and Durability of Nano-SiO2-Basalt Fiber-CaCl2 Recycled Concrete","authors":"Qianyu Chen,&nbsp;Huaguo Gao,&nbsp;Xinxin Shi,&nbsp;Kuo Dong,&nbsp;Zhida Zhang,&nbsp;Jingke Qian","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14422-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14422-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental pollution caused by construction waste has become increasingly severe. To effectively mitigate the environmental pressure exerted by construction waste, the preparation of recycled concrete has garnered widespread attention. However, recycled concrete exhibits low compressive strength and poor durability. Therefore, the incorporation of Nano-SiO₂, basalt fibers, and CaCl₂ was employed to improve the performance of recycled concrete. A systematic orthogonal experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined dosages of these four materials on the mechanical and durability properties of recycled concrete. The order of influence effects on compressive strength is:CaCl₂ &gt; coarse recycled aggregate &gt; basalt fibers &gt; Nano-SiO₂. The order of influence effects on flexural strength is: coarse recycled aggregate &gt; basalt fibers &gt; CaCl₂ &gt; Nano-SiO₂. The optimal factor level combination, determined via comprehensive balanced optimization, was A₂B₂C₂D₁, corresponding to Nano-SiO₂ at 1.8%, CaCl₂ at 1.2%, basalt fiber volume content at 0.3%, and recycled aggregate at 20%. SEM analysis was performed to assess the compactness and elucidate the modification mechanism. Results indicated that, with the optimal additive proportions, the compressive strength of recycled concrete increased by 45%, and the flexural strength improved by 21.96%. After 300 freeze-thaw cycles, the mass loss rate was 3.02%; the chloride ion migration coefficient was 1.83 × 10⁻¹² m²/s, the carbonation depth at 28 days was 7.26 mm. The appropriate addition of Nano-SiO₂ triggered a pozzolanic effect, consuming part of the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and forming C-S-H gel. The incorporation of CaCl₂ facilitated the formation of a “bridging” structure, accelerating cement hydration and promoting more complete C-S-H growth. The addition of basalt fibers hindered crack propagation and reduced internal porosity within the specimens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 35","pages":"36478 - 36499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Influence of Quenching Cooling Medium and Tempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of DIN X20Cr13 Steel","authors":"J. L. X. Bahia,&nbsp;E. C. S. Corrêa,&nbsp;W. Lopes","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14550-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14550-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>DIN X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel tubes are widely used in oil and gas services because they combine mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and microstructural stability. This study examines the effects of quenching media (still air and forced air, considering air and not merely a simple cooling medium) and tempering temperatures (600, 650, and 700 °C) on the mechanical behavior of this material. Tensile, impact, and Rockwell C hardness tests were carried out. Furthermore, the microstructures were characterized by x‑ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental data were analyzed using a full factorial design. The results indicated that forced‑air quenching favored the formation of a higher martensite fraction, which increased strength and produced a finer, more uniform structure. Tempering at 600 °C led to partial martensite breakdown and progressive carbide precipitation, causing hardness loss but improving toughness. Under the examined conditions, forced‑air quenching followed by tempering at 600 °C exhibited the highest yield strength of about 770-1020 MPa but the lowest impact toughness (≈ 7-20 J). In contrast, tempering at 650 °C provided the best strength–toughness balance for DIN X20Cr13 tubes in oil and gas service, achieving 734-835 MPa in yield strength and approximately 15-20 J in impact energy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37520 - 37533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11665-026-14550-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}