Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance最新文献

{"title":"Strain Rate-Dependent Damage Evolution in Annealed AA7075 Aluminum Alloy: Experiments and GISSMO Modeling for Dynamic Loading","authors":"Seyedsajad Jafari,&nbsp;Mohammad ali Kazemi,&nbsp;Mostafa Akbari","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14482-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14482-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the strain rate-dependent damage evolution of annealed AA7075 aluminum alloy under dynamic loading conditions. Tensile tests were conducted on smooth and notched specimens over a wide range of strain rates (10⁻⁵ to 5.3 × 10³ s⁻¹) using a universal testing machine and a Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar (SHTB). For unnotched specimens, the results reveal a pronounced strain rate sensitivity, where the ultimate tensile strength increases by approximately 19%. Conversely, for the sharpest notched specimens (<i>R</i> = 1 mm), the fracture strain undergoes a severe dynamic degradation of nearly 73%, demonstrating the critical coupling of stress triaxiality and loading velocity. A strain rate-dependent extension of the GISSMO damage model is proposed, incorporating these multi-axial mechanisms. The predictive capability of the developed model was independently validated against the experimental database, yielding a high coefficient of determination <i>R</i>² = 0.916. Furthermore, SEM fractography provides microstructural evidence of accelerated damage evolution via dynamic loading-induced large dimples (up to 10.7 μm). The proposed framework offers a practical and efficient tool for predicting damage evolution and fracture behavior of annealed AA7075 under dynamic tensile-dominated loading conditions, making it suitable for engineering applications such as impact and crash analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37722 - 37734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149097998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Optimization Achieving Strength–Ductility Synergy in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy via Multi-Pass Hot Rolling and Annealing","authors":"Fenrong Wei,&nbsp;Jingyi Wang,&nbsp;Qianglong Liang,&nbsp;Xiangdong Ding","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14470-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14470-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy were systematically investigated through multi-pass hot rolling followed by annealing at varied temperatures. Optical microscopy, EBSD, SEM, and XRD analyses revealed that increasing rolling deformation promotes microstructural homogenization and grain refinement, resulting in significantly enhanced yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. However, this strengthening effect is typically accompanied by a decline in ductility. Interestingly, post-deformation annealing at 750 °C facilitated dislocation recovery and partial recrystallization without causing excessive grain growth, thereby preserving strength while enhancing ductility. Local misorientation and kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis indicated reduced dislocation densities in annealed specimens, especially in highly deformed states. The specimens annealed at 750 °C demonstrated a noticeable mitigation of the classical strength–ductility trade-off with a yield strength of 1042 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1135 MPa, and an elongation of 16.2%, suggesting a synergistic enhancement governed by grain boundary evolution and dislocation dynamics. These findings provide insights into tailoring microstructures in <i>α</i> + <i>β</i> titanium alloys for optimized mechanical performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37283 - 37294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Wear Performance of Nitrided AISI-304 Steel by Plasma Post-oxidation at Various Conditions","authors":"M. Naeem,&nbsp;J. C. Díaz-Guillén,&nbsp;Iqra Arshad,&nbsp;Javed Iqbal,&nbsp;R. Muñoz-Arroyo,&nbsp;S. Mancillas-Salas,&nbsp;M. Álvarez-Vera,&nbsp;R. R. M. Sousa","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14495-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14495-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this study is to enhance the wear performance of nitrided austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 by plasma post-oxidation at various temperatures and times. The surface hardness of untreated steel (186 HV_0.01) is upgraded to 1200 HV_0.01 by plasma nitriding; this is reduced to 870-920 HV_0.01 by plasma post-oxidation treatment. On nitrided steel, an expanded austenite (nitrogen supersaturated) phase is obtained, while in the post-oxidized samples, the magnetite phase (Fe₃O₄) is attained without the appearance of a hematite phase (Fe₂O₃). The appearance of the magnetite phase is more beneficial in minimizing the friction coefficient and thus improving the sliding wear performance. Through plasma nitriding, a nitrided layer with a thickness of 4.7 μm is formed, while the thickness further increases to 6.9-12.7 μm by post-oxidation, and an oxidized layer with a maximum thickness of 1.12 μm is attained at 440 °C and 60 minutes. The wear volume dramatically decreases by 98% (0.21-0.003 mm³) when plasma nitriding and post-oxidation are combined, while the friction coefficient is reduced by 33% (untreated friction coefficient from 0.93 to 0.62 for the duplex-treated sample). The results reveal that the post-oxidation layer acts as a protective layer, enhancing wear resistance and decreasing the friction coefficient by forming the sole magnetite phase. This combination of treatments, i.e., plasma nitriding and post-oxidation, is applied in the same system (only gases are changed). Thus, no additional equipment is involved, except for a small increase in the amount of time for oxidation treatment. In addition, the plasma processing system is well-suited for industrial-scale applications, and thus, it can be applied to the large-scale processing of steel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37256 - 37268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Stacking Ensemble Learning Method for Nugget Zone Temperature Prediction in Friction Stir Welding","authors":"Yixian Zhu,&nbsp;Qingpo Xu,&nbsp;Shaofei Meng,&nbsp;Haitao Liu,&nbsp;Xianlei Shan","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14424-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14424-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Friction stir welding (FSW) has been widely applied in aerospace and transportation owing to its solid-state nature. However, accurate prediction of the nugget zone temperature in medium-to-thick gauge plates remains difficult due to steep thermal gradients and limited sensor access. This study proposes a hybrid approach integrating finite element simulation and machine learning. A three-dimensional transient thermal model was developed in Abaqus using a combined surface-volume heat source to generate temperature data, which were experimentally validated via thermocouples on 12-mm-thick AA 6061-T6 aluminum alloy plates, showing a maximum relative error below 6.37%. Using these data, a stacking ensemble model was constructed, incorporating Back Propagation Neural Network, Support Vector Regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Random Forest as base learners, with Light Gradient Boosting Machine as the meta-learner. Hyperparameters were optimized via grid search and fivefold cross-validation. Results demonstrate that the Stacking model outperforms all single models, achieving a mean absolute error of 4.0086 °C, mean squared error of 46.96, and determination (<i>R</i>²) of 0.9911. SHAP analysis indicates that rotational speed, welding speed, and surface temperature are the most critical features. The proposed method effectively integrates physical modeling with data-driven learning. Through this hybrid framework, precise nugget temperature prediction from surface data is achieved for the investigated 12-mm aluminum alloy. Consequently, it provides a technical basis for process monitoring within the defined parameter range.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 35","pages":"36757 - 36770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Data-Driven Techniques along with Surface Morphology Characterization during Die Sinking Electrical Discharge Machining of Inconel 718","authors":"Biswajyoti Das,&nbsp;Sanjib Kr Rajbongshi,&nbsp;Chandan Banikya,&nbsp;Anuj Singh,&nbsp;Splendid Narzary","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14439-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14439-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Because of its exceptional mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability, the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 is widely utilized in the aerospace, marine, and energy industries. However, attaining ideal surface integrity is difficult due to its poor machinability, which is brought on by low thermal conductivity, severe work hardening, and strong tool adhesion. In this work, data-driven methods are used to examine and forecast process outcomes during die-sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) of Inconel 718. The machining of Inconel 718 is performed to a depth of 0.5 mm using a copper tool electrode in submerged kerosene dielectric fluid. Material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (<i>R</i>_<i>a</i>) were taken into consideration as responses, while pulse-on time (<i>T</i>_on), pulse-off time (<i>T</i>_off), and peak current (<i>I</i>_p) were chosen as input factors. Predictive modelling was done using response surface methodology (RSM) with Minitab 17 and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) using MATLAB 2020b. From the Analysis of variance (ANOVA), <i>T</i>_on, <i>T</i>_off, and <i>I</i>_p are all observed as influential for MRR, TWR, and <i>R</i>_<i>a</i>. The values of the coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) for MRR, <i>R</i>_<i>a</i>, and TWR, respectively, predicted by the RSM technique are 0.93, 0.96, and 0.98. The same predicted by RBFNN is 0.94, 0.99, and 0.97. This indicates that the implication of data-driven techniques is better for predicting the non-linear behaviour of the die-sinking EDM machining. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) observation shows the formation of recast layer, micro-cracks, and micro-holes on the machining surfaces. The micro-hardness of the machined specimen increases by 200% more as compared to before machining. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis shows that the content of iron and chromium increases, which indicates a better hole strength after machining.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 35","pages":"36786 - 36809"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of SiC/MoS2 Hybrid Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication on the Cutting Performance of TiB2/WC/Graphene Self-Lubricating Ceramic Tools","authors":"Binhang Yu,&nbsp;Hui Chen,&nbsp;Xianglong Meng,&nbsp;Guangchun Xiao,&nbsp;Mingdong Yi,&nbsp;Zhaoqiang Chen,&nbsp;Jingjie Zhang,&nbsp;Dianyuan Pan,&nbsp;Chonghai Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14474-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14474-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL), a green lubrication technology, combined with self-lubricating ceramic tools, has demonstrated remarkable potential for improving lubrication performance. Recent research has focused on the blending ratio and nanoparticle concentration, whereas the influence of particle size has received considerably less attention. Furthermore, no systematic studies investigating the influences of the blending ratio, concentration, and particle size on the machining performance of self-lubricating ceramic tools have been conducted. The effects of the blending ratio, concentration, and particle size of SiC/MoS₂ hybrid nanofluids on the cutting performance of TiB₂/WC/Graphene self-lubricating ceramic tools during 30CrMnSiNi2A steel machining were investigated. The optimal parameters were a blending ratio of 1:1, a concentration of 1.5 wt.%, and particle sizes of 40 nm:80 nm. Compared with dry cutting, the optimized nanofluid reduced the friction coefficient, cutting temperature, flank wear, and workpiece surface roughness by 17.2, 53.3, 22.6, and 59.7%, respectively. Moreover, SiC/MoS₂ hybrid nanoparticles created a deposition region within the tool matrix, providing filling effects. Furthermore, lubrication mechanisms associated with different particle sizes were examined through combined thermal property analysis and machining tests. This research offers a viable solution and theoretical foundation for effectively increasing the self-lubricating ceramic tool machining efficiency under NMQL conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37269 - 37282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directional Deviations of PA11-FR Fabricated by PBF-LB/P Process under Constant Energy Density","authors":"Ibrahim Ulke,&nbsp;Mahmut Samil Kaya,&nbsp;Oguz Faik Seven,&nbsp;Remzi Ecmel Ece,&nbsp;Melike Geze,&nbsp;Omer Keles","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14517-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14517-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geometric complexity and process conditions strongly influence dimensional accuracy in laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P). In this study, the dimensional behavior of flame-retardant polyamide 11 (PA11-FR) fabricated by PBF-LB/P under constant energy-density conditions was systematically investigated. Standardized test artifacts, including linear features, resolution pins, holes, slots, ribs, and Z-axis structures, were manufactured and distributed across the build platform to evaluate geometric, directional, and spatial effects on dimensional deviation. Statistical analysis revealed that geometric feature size is the dominant factor affecting dimensional error (F = 69.38, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), exhibiting the largest partial contribution to dimensional variation (74.5%). In contrast, the build platform location showed no statistically significant influence. Directional analysis indicated a significant effect of build orientation (F = 5.28, <i>p</i> = 0.006), with the largest deviations observed along the build direction. Regression analysis further confirmed a statistically significant relationship between nominal feature size and absolute dimensional error (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), described by the model: Absolute Error (%) = 1.927 − 0.02574 × Nominal Feature Size. The results demonstrate that dimensional deviations increase substantially for small-scale geometries (&lt;10 mm), while features larger than approximately 20 mm exhibit stable dimensional behavior. These findings highlight the geometry-dependent dimensional accuracy of PA11-FR in the polymer PBF-LB/P and provide practical guidelines for designing dimensionally reliable additively manufactured polymer components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37433 - 37448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Quench-Polish-Quench and Ionitriding Process for 42CrMo4 Steel Gears","authors":"Yong Ma,&nbsp;Qingbi Zhao,&nbsp;Nan Zhang,&nbsp;Shengdun Zhao,&nbsp;Fan Li","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14492-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14492-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study compares the effects of two surface strengthening technologies (ionitriding and Quench-Polish-Quench, QPQ) on the properties of 42CrMo4 steel gears and identifies significant differences in the microstructures and properties of their modified layers. The ionitrided surface layer is dominated by <i>γ</i>-Fe₄N and <i>α</i>-Fe phases, with nitrogen atoms mostly in a solid solution state and no obvious bright white layers. The QPQ-treated 13.2 μm-thick composite layer is composed of Fe₃O₄ and <i>ζ</i>-Fe₂N phases and divided into a top nitride/carbide zone, a middle diffusion zone, and a bottom ferrite zone. In terms of performance, QPQ treatment is a superior technology. The wear rate (0.8 × 10⁻¹⁵ μm³/(N m)) of the QPQ treatment is only one-fifth that of ionitriding, with a lower friction coefficient (0.15–0.18) and a narrower wear scar width (127 μm). For corrosion resistance, the self-corrosion current density of the QPQ treatment (5.27 × 10⁻⁸ A/cm², with a passivation zone) is superior to that of ionitriding (3.54 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm², no passivation). Additionally, the impact absorption energy of the QPQ treatment (102 J) is greater than that of ionitriding (96 J), which can be attributed to the lower brittleness and residual compressive stress of the QPQ layer. However, ionitriding is advantageous in terms of flexibility for local nitriding and compatibility with special materials, including stainless steel. In conclusion, QPQ is suitable for harsh scenarios demanding high wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and impact toughness, whereas ionitriding is more appropriate for local strengthening needs. Future combinations of multiple technologies are expected to enhance the performance of 42CrMo4 steel gears under extreme working conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37735 - 37748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution Mechanism of Intermetallic Compounds and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Lap Welded Aluminum Alloy and Steel with Ni Interlayer","authors":"Feng Gao,&nbsp;Yuanyi Wang,&nbsp;Ke Qiao,&nbsp;Zhengyang Hao,&nbsp;Shanyong Chen,&nbsp;Ruizhao Xu,&nbsp;Jun Cai,&nbsp;Wen Wang,&nbsp;Kuaishe Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14493-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14493-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the friction stir lap welding (FSLW) of Al/steel, the joint is prone to forming brittle Al-Fe intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Introducing an interlayer can effectively regulate IMCs and strengthen the mechanical properties of the joint. In this work, 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and QP1180 steel were joined by FSLW with a Ni interlayer. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints without and with the Ni interlayer were characterized. The types and formation sequence of IMCs at the joint interface were investigated, and the evolution mechanism of IMCs was elucidated. The results indicate that the Ni interlayer directly inhibits Al-Fe reactions and promotes the formation of the Al-Ni reaction layer. Furthermore, theoretical calculations demonstrate that the preferential Al-Ni reaction suppresses the formation of brittle Al-Fe IMCs, which reduces interface stress concentration and enhances the shear properties of the joint. The shear strength increased to 8.22 ± 0.09 kN for the Al-Ni-Fe joint, an increase of approximately 9.2% compared to the Al-Fe joint.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37775 - 37787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence Mechanism of Palmitic Acid-Modified Fly Ash on the Water Absorption Characteristics of Aeolian Sand Mortar","authors":"Yugen Li,&nbsp;Zhao Yu,&nbsp;Hongyu Cheng,&nbsp;Rui Lu,&nbsp;Xiangzhen Meng,&nbsp;Hairen Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11665-026-14497-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11665-026-14497-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Efficiently utilizing high-volume solid waste is essential for producing hydrophobic mortar in sectors involving coal and water. This study developed hydrophobic aeolian sand mortar (ASM) using aeolian sand (AS) as the fine aggregate and modified fly ash (MF) with palmitic acid (PA) as an admixture, examining its water absorption characteristics. We elucidated PA’s modification mechanism on fly ash (FA) and the impact of MF replacement (MFR) on ASM’s water absorption through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and capillary water absorption theory. Results show that increasing PA dosages raises the water contact angles on MF and ASM surfaces. The MF becomes superhydrophobic, and ASM’s contact angle reaches 138.6° with PA dosage ≥ 5% after mixing for one hour. Higher MFR reduces ASM’s cumulative water absorption. Physically, PA creates a “shell-forming” effect on FA by long-chain hydrocarbons entangling and coating its surface, markedly increasing hydrophobicity. Chemically, PA’s carboxyl group (—COOH) reacts with active calcium in FA to form calcium palmitate, further enhancing hydrophobicity. The MFR’s influence on water absorption characteristics stems from improved contact interface structure, altered pore structure, reduced surface energy, and directional changes in capillary suction force.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","volume":"35 36","pages":"37544 - 37558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}