Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Prediction models for groundwater quality parameters using a multiple linear regression (MLR): a case study of Kermanshah, Iran","authors":"Parisa Dargahi,&nbsp;Simin Nasseri,&nbsp;Mahdi Hadi,&nbsp;Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi,&nbsp;Amir Hossein Mahvi","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00836-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00836-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater is one of the major sources of exploitation in arid and semiarid regions. Spatial and temporal quality distribution is an important factor in groundwater management. Thus for protecting groundwater quality, data production on spatial and temporal distribution is essential. The present study has applied multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques to predict the fitness of groundwater quality in Kermanshah province, west of Iran. The parameters examined were Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness (TH), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). the quality variables were modelled by MLR. Finally, the performance of the models was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R²). The relationship between parameters by MLR showed that TDS and water quality parameters in semi-deep wells and aquifers had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.94, r = 0.98) and there was a strong positive significant correlation between SAR and water quality parameters in deep wells and aquifers (r = 0.98, r = 0.99). Also, TH and water quality parameters in all water sources had a strong positive correlation (r = 1). The MLR model could serve as an alternative and cost-effective tool for groundwater quality prediction where there is limitation in laboratory facilities, trained expertise or time. Consequently, the usefulness of these linear regression equations in predicting the groundwater quality is an approach, which can be applied in any other locations.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"63 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00836-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4885955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment the impact of different fuels used in cement industry on pollutant emissions and ambient air quality: a case study in Egypt","authors":"Tarek Sayad,&nbsp;Fawzia Ibrahim Moursy,&nbsp;Attia M. El-Tantawi,&nbsp;Mohamed Saad,&nbsp;Mostafa Morsy","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00844-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00844-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to assess the impact of using different fuels in Egyptian Titan Alexandria Portland Cement Company on emissions and concentrations of pollutants (Total suspended particles (TSP), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂‎), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂)) and their influence on ambient air quality during the period 2014–2020 using AERMOD dispersion model. The results showed that changing the fuel from natural gas in 2014 to coal mixed with alternative fuels (Tire-Derived Fuel (TDF), Dried Sewage Sludge (DSS), and Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)) in 2015–2020 caused fluctuating variations in pollutant emissions and concentrations. The highest and lowest maximum concentrations of TSP occurred in 2017 and 2014 respectively, where the TSP is positively correlated with coal, RDF, and DSS and negatively correlated with natural gas, diesel, and TDF. Also, the lowest and highest maximum NO₂ concentrations were detected in 2020 and 2016 followed by 2017 respectively, where NO₂ is positively correlated with DSS and negatively correlated with TDF and varies with diesel, coal, and RDF. Moreover, the maximum concentrations of SO₂ were the lowest in 2018 and highest in 2016 followed by 2017 because of its considerable positive correlation with natural gas and DSS and negative correlation with RDF, TDF, and coal. Generally, it was found that increasing the percentage of TDF and RDF with decreasing the percentage of DSS, diesel, and coal will reduce pollutant emissions and concentrations and enhance ambient air quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"107 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00844-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5161575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and preparation of amino-functionalized core-shell magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic application and investigation of cytotoxicity effects","authors":"Zahra Sabouri,&nbsp;Mohammad Sabouri,&nbsp;Samaneh Sadat Tabrizi Hafez Moghaddas,&nbsp;Majid Darroudi","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00842-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00842-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The goal of the current paper was a synthesis of Amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core-shell magnetic nanoparticles as a unique efficient photocatalyst for removing organic dyes from aqueous environments. The magnetic Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core-shell was produced by a silica source to avoid aggregation by the co-precipitation method. Next, functionalized by using 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) via a post-synthesis link. The chemical structure, magnetic properties, and shape of the manufactured photocatalyst (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH₂) were described by XRD, VSM, FT-IR, FESEM, EDAX, and DLS/Zeta potential analyses. The XRD findings approved the successful synthesis of nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH₂ nanoparticles was examined for MB degradation and the degradation performance was about 90% in the optimum conditions. Also, the cytotoxicity of Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core-shell, and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH₂ nanoparticles was examined on CT-26 cells using an MTT assay, the finding has shown that nanoparticles can be used for inhibiting cancer cells.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"93 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00842-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5160646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of organophosphorus malathion pesticide from aqueous solutions using nano-polypropylene-titanium dioxide composite: Equilibrium, kinetics and Optimization studies","authors":"Mehrnoosh Gholami,&nbsp;Zohre Mosakhani,&nbsp;Asma Barazandeh,&nbsp;Hamid Karyab","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00826-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00826-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of the adsorption process of a persistent organophosphorus pesticide (malathion) from aqueous solutions by using titanium dioxide- polypropylene nanocomposite (Nano-PP/TiO₂).</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The structure of Nano-PP/TiO₂ was specified by field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), brunauer-emmett-teller (BET), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) technologies. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the adsorption of malathion onto Nano-PP/TiO₂ and investigates the effects of various experimental parameters including contact time (5-60 min), adsorbent dose (0.5-4 g/l) and initial malathion concentration (5-20000 mg/l). Extraction and analysis of malathion were performed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with a gas chromatography, coupled with flame ionization detector (GC/FID).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The isotherms obtained for Nano-PP/TiO₂ revealed that it was a mesoporous material with a total pore volume of 2.06 cm³/g, average pore diameters of 2.48 nm and a surface area of 51.52 m²/g. The obtained results showed that the Langmuir type 2 was the best-fitted model for delegating the equilibrium data of isotherm studies with adsorption capacity of 7.43 mg/g, and pseudo-second-order type 1 for kinetic model. The optimized conditions to achieve the maximum removal (96%) were at a malathion concentration of 7.13 mg/L, contact time of 52 min and adsorbent dose of 0.5 g/L.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Due to its efficient and appropriate function in adsorbing malathion from aqueous solutions, it was revealed that Nano-PP/TiO₂ can be used as an effective adsorbent as well as in further studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"35 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00826-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4948169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial indicators in municipal solid waste compost and their fate after land application of compost","authors":"Sepideh Sadeghi,&nbsp;Amir Hossein Nafez,&nbsp;Mahnaz Nikaeen,&nbsp;Farzaneh Mohammadi,&nbsp;Davood Jafary Tady,&nbsp;Maryam Hatamzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00841-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00841-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>\u0000Abstract\u0000</h2><div><p>Despite the extensive agricultural use of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, there is little information about microbial characteristics of the MSW compost and fate of microorganisms following land application. This study was designed to determine the microbial quality and germination index (GI) of the MSW compost as well as fate of indicator microorganisms after application of MSW compost. The results showed a high fraction of samples are immature (GI &lt; 80). In 27% and 16% of samples fecal coliforms and <i>Salmonella</i> were detected in a range exceeding the recommended value for unrestricted application of compost, respectively. HAdV was also detected in 62% of samples. Fecal enterococci were detected with relatively high concentrations in all samples and showed higher survival rate than other indicators in land-applied MSW compost. The results showed that climate condition significantly contributed to the decline of indicator bacteria in land-applied compost. The results highlight the need for further quality monitoring of compost to ensure that its application does not lead to environmental or human health problems. Furthermore, because of the high concentrations and high survival rate of enterococci in compost samples, they can be specifically proposed as an indicator microorganism for MSW compost quality monitoring.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"85 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00841-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4511245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of biological activities of nanoparticles containing silver and copper in water disinfection with/without ultrasound technique","authors":"Mustafa Fayadoglu,&nbsp;Elif Fayadoglu,&nbsp;Sevda Er,&nbsp;A Tansu Koparal,&nbsp;A Savas Koparal","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00839-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00839-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The final and most crucial step in obtaining clean water is disinfection. More innovative methods of water disinfection have recently been sought. Water disinfection is a promising application for nanoparticles as disinfectants. As a contribution to the literature, biofilm and metal-containing nanoparticles as antiadhesion inhibitors were used in conjunction with ultrasound in this study. The microbroth dilution test was used to reveal the microbiological antibacterial activities of different concentrations of AgNO3 and CuCl2 containing nanoparticles against the Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922 strain, which is an indicator bacterium in water systems. Antibiofilm activities were then investigated using biofilm attachment and biofilm inhibition tests. The inhibitory effect of nanoparticle ultrasonic waves on biofilm contamination was determined using a novel approach. Human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cell line) were used in cell culture studies after water disinfection, and their cytotoxic effects were demonstrated using the MTT assay. The findings suggest that the nanoparticles utilized might be a viable choice for water disinfection applications. Furthermore, employing ultrasound at low doses with nanoparticles resulted in greater results. One feasible option is to employ nanoparticles to cleanse water without producing cytotoxicity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"73 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00839-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4402865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in atmospheric dust samples of Sistan: sources and distribution","authors":"Mehdi Shahraki,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Rezaei Kahkha,&nbsp;Jamshid Piri,&nbsp;Abbas Sharafi,&nbsp;Massoud Kaykhaii","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00833-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00833-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the amount and physical and chemical characteristics of airborne microplastics (MPs) pollution in dust samples in Sistan, located in the eastern part of Iran, is reported. Sampling stations were selected according to the wind direction and population density. MPs were collected by a static dust sampler and analyzed by optical microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. Results showed that the distribution frequency of MPs in residential and non-residential areas was 6 to 11 pieces per 100 g (pcs/100 g) with an average abundance of 9.8 pcs/100 g. Fragmented MPs were approximately consisted 64% of total MPs and their sizes were in the range of 0.9–3.8 mm. Polyethylene (49%), polystyrene (21%) and polyester (18%) were the main MPs presented in the dust samples. It was observed that population density and wind direction were the most important parameters affecting MPs pollution in dust.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"20 2","pages":"931 - 936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00833-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5185605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of asbestos concentration in ambient and lavage fluids of patients referred for bronchoscopy, Ahvaz","authors":"Negar SabzeAli,&nbsp;Nematollah Jaafarzadeh,&nbsp;Maryam Haddadzadeh Shoushtari,&nbsp;Monireh Khadem,&nbsp;Seyed Hamid Borsi,&nbsp;Amir Zahedi,&nbsp;Hanieh Raji","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00797-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00797-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The amount of fibers in the lungs is considered to reflect the cumulative intensity of past asbestos exposure, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has been proposed to be a good indicator of the presence and quantity of asbestos particles in the lungs. This study evaluated the asbestos concentration in BAL fluids of asbestos-exposed and unexposed pulmonary patients and the environment of Ahvaz city.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This prospective study was conducted on 80 patients underwent diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2019. Patients with Lung diseases were divided into three groups based on CT scan results: normal (n = 32), lung cancer (n = 40) and Interstitial lung disease (n = 8). The analysis of asbestos fiber concentration in BAL fluid was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The positive asbestos test was detected in 69% of all subjects, including 64% of whom had asbestos-related jobs and 74.5% of those with non-related jobs (p = 0.240). The concentrations of asbestos fiber in the BAL in normal patients, lung cancer and interstitial fibrosis (ILD) were 8.13 ± 5.38, 9.66 ± 7.30 and 6.31 ± 1.98 f/ml, respectively (P = 0.492). There was no significant difference between the asbestos levels and exposure history (P = 0.877). The mean concentration of asbestos in the ambient air during the current year was 2.69 ± 0.57 f/ml (2.26–3.70), and the correlation between asbestos levels in BAL and the air was not significant (r = 0.147; P = 0.243).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The exposure of different occupational and non-occupational groups to this carcinogenic substance indicates the need for environmental and individual control measures to reduce and prevent asbestos exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"20 2","pages":"641 - 646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00797-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4070524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of BiOI@NH2-MIL125(Ti)/Zeolite as a novel MOF and advanced hybrid oxidation process application in benzene removal from polluted air stream","authors":"Jamal Mehralipour,&nbsp;Ahmad Jonidi Jafari,&nbsp;Mitra Gholami,&nbsp;Ali Esrafili,&nbsp;Majid Kermani","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00837-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00837-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Abstract\u0000</h2><div><p>One of the popular process in volatile organic compounds removal in gas phase is advanced oxidation process. We in this research, synthesized BiOI@NH₂-MIL125(Ti)/Zeolite nanocomposite as a novel nanocomposite to degradation of benzene in hybrid advanced oxidation process. The nanocomposite synthesized via solvothermal method. The effect of airflow, ozone gas concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, relative humidity and initial benzene concentration are the main parameters in the UV/O₃/H₂O₂/ nanocomposite hybrid process that were studied. The characterization by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDS element mapping, TEM, BET, and UV–vis spectra indicated that nanocomposite were well synthesized. Optimal operating conditions of the process were determined at air flow of 0.1 l/min, ozone concentration of 0.3 mg/min, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 150 ppm, relative humidity of 45 ± 3% and benzene concentration of 50 ppmv. Under these conditions, more than 99% of benzene was degraded. The synergistic effect coefficient of the mechanisms is 1.53. The nanocomposite had good stability in the hybrid process and remained above 99% efficiency up to 5 times. The ozone concentration residual the system was reported to be negligible (0.013 mg/min). The CO and CO₂ emissions in the hybrid process was higher than other processes, which indicates better mineralization in the hybrid process. Formaldehyde, octane, noonan, phenol, decanoic acid were reported as the main by-products. The results indicated that UV/O₃/H₂O₂/ nanocomposite hybrid process has fantastic efficiency in the degradation of benzene as one of the indicators of VOCs.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"20 2","pages":"937 - 952"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00837-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5132656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter concentrations and characterization in urban subway system-case study Tehran, Iran","authors":"Mahya Parchami,&nbsp;Majid Shafiepour Motlagh,&nbsp;Alireza Pardakhti","doi":"10.1007/s40201-022-00838-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40201-022-00838-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Abstract\u0000</h2><div><p>The present work aims to evaluate the indoor and outdoor air quality in the stations of the Tehran subway system. In this study, the particulate sampling of the four Tehran subway stations was conducted in March-July 2018 during different seasons to determine indoor and outdoor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations and elemental composition. The samples were analyzed to determine 11 elements such as Pb(Lead), Cd(Cadmium), Ni(Nickel), Co(Cobalt), Mn(Manganese), Zn(Zink), Fe(Iron), Cu(Copper), As(Arsenic), Al(Aluminum) and Cr(Chromium) qualitatively. The experimental results indicated that the average concentrations of both PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in indoor stations (platforms) were approximately 2–5 times higher than those in the outdoors (ambient air). In addition, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded the daily-standard values (US-EPA; PM₁₀ = 50 µg.m^-3, PM_2.5 = 25 µg.m^-3) in 100% indoor measurements and 84% outdoor measurements. Moreover, the average indoor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations in weekday values were 1.4 and 1.5 times higher than those measured on weekends, which may be related to the lower frequency of trains. Further, indoor and outdoor correlation of PM₁₀ concentrations (Pearson r = 0.6) was more than that of PM_2.5 concentrations (Pearson r = 0.2), indicating the additional sources for PM_2.5 in indoor stations. Additionally, the average PM_2.5 / PM₁₀ ratio was 0.52 for indoor measurements and 0.34 for outdoors, indicating that PM₁₀ particles were the dominant particle type in both sampling areas and passengers in indoor stations exposed to higher PM_2.5 concentrations than those in outdoor stations. Finally, based on elemental analysis, Fe was the most enriched element in indoor and outdoor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples. The concentration of Fe ranged from 16 to 81 µg.m^-3in indoor stations and 0.6 to 2.5 µg.m^-3 in outdoors. Other enriched elements were Al, Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering","volume":"20 2","pages":"953 - 962"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40201-022-00838-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5060009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}