安全科学与韧性(英文)最新文献

{"title":"The role of emergency incident type in identifying first responders’ health exposure risks","authors":"Emily J. Haas ,&nbsp;Katherine N. Yoon ,&nbsp;Alexa Furek ,&nbsp;Megan Casey ,&nbsp;Susan M. Moore","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2023.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2023.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire-based emergency management service (EMS) personnel are dispatched to various incidents daily, many of which have unique occupational risks. To fully understand the variability of incident types and how to best prepare and respond, an exploration of the U.S. coding system of incident types is necessary. This study uses potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 as a case example to understand if and how coding categories for incident call types may be updated to improve data standardization and emergency response decision making. Researchers received emergency response incident data generated by three fire department computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems between March and September 2020. Each incident was labeled <em>EMS, Fire</em>, or <em>Other</em>. Of the 162,766 incidents, approximately 8.1% (<em>n</em> = 13,144) noted potential SARS-CoV-2 exposure within their narrative descriptions of which 86.3% were coded as <em>EMS</em>, 9.9% as <em>Fire</em>, and 3.9% as <em>Other</em>. To assess coding variability across incident types, researchers used the original 3-incident type variable and a new 5-incident type variable reassigned by researchers into <em>EMS, Fire, Other, Hazmat,</em> and <em>Motor Vehicle</em>. Logit regressions compared differences in potential exposure using the 3- and 5-incident type variables. When evaluating the 3-incident type variable, those responding to a <em>Fire</em> versus an <em>EMS</em> incident were 84% less likely to be associated with potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2. For the 5-incident type variable, those responding to <em>Fire</em> incidents were 77% less likely to be associated with a potential exposure than those responding to <em>EMS</em> incidents. Changes in potential exposure between the 3- and 5-incident type models show the need to understand how incident types are assigned. This demonstrates the need for data standardization to accurately categorize incident types to improve emergency preparedness and response. Results have implications for incident type coding at fire department municipality and national levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43611479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative scenario construction of typical disasters driven by ontology data","authors":"Jing Qian,&nbsp;Yi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study introduces a quantitative scenario-building method for analyzing emergency scenarios based on ontological methods and the EOC (element-object-consequence) model. The ontological structure of disasters concisely describes the knowledge, concepts, attributes, and relationships of the disaster scenario. It reduces the granularity of the data from the document to the data level. Disaster ontologies comprise a set of basic knowledge of a given domain, which is reusable, relatively fixed, and applicable in different areas at different periods. The EOC model is based on the ontology of a disaster and adopts a multiclass structure for the development of a complete process scenario and the adaptation of a disaster scenario by combining objects, elements, environments, and consequences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test the effectiveness of building safety guidance signs in a T-junction corridor based on eye movement data","authors":"Ning Ding ,&nbsp;Yaping Ma ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Fan ,&nbsp;Jiguang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evacuation signs are a key factor in the effectiveness of occupants’ urgent escape from buildings. Different sign features may have disparate impacts on individual and crowd behavior. This study aims to quantitatively investigate the effectiveness of building evacuation signs with different features during pedestrian evacuation using eye-tracking devices. Ten experiments were conducted in a building in T-junction scenarios, and four sets of features related to evacuation signs (color, position, graphics, and flashing) were considered. SMI BeGaze was used to analyze the eye movements of the occupants. The fixation duration of the evacuees and the ratio of signs detected and followed were quantitatively derived and compared for each experiment. The results show that it is easier for evacuees to detect signs at a low sightline, and signs posted at that level of sight can provide better guidance. When signs are posted high up, red signs are easier to detect than green signs. Most evacuees prefer to follow the evacuation signs once they detect them; however, there is no significant difference in the effect of what is posted on the evacuation signs, such as a running man or an arrow. Conversely, flashing of signs is highly helpful in influencing evacuees’ behavior, but flashing is not helpful in detecting signs. More importantly, red signs with a running man graphic located in a low position have the best guiding effects on evacuees. The fixation behaviors of evacuees vary according to sign features, particularly in regard to flashing and color. Evacuees stare longer at twinkling signs. Differences in the colors and positions of signs result in significantly different perceptual behaviors among evacuees. Our findings are useful for building designers and provide guidance for developing effective evacuation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43859018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to prevent and control community risks?Identifying community burglary risk hotspots based on time-space characteristics","authors":"Yi Liu,&nbsp;Zhelin Cheng,&nbsp;Xingchen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Community security and risk management is essential for urban governance. To identify community risks more accurately, the space-time characteristics of community burglary cases in a community located in C city are analyzed in this study based on data from 2018 to 2020 using the hot police theory. The results are as follows: (1) In terms of time, the occurrence of theft cases is closely related to seasonal changes and daily work and rest and is affected by social activities. (2) In terms of space, the type of community and surrounding environment affect the generation and distribution of household theft hotspots, while urban planning and reconstruction cause the dissipation and transfer of hotspots. Therefore, to prevent and control risk, infrastructure and urban environment renovation should be carried out, community governance efficiency should be improved, and police work mode should be transformed to avoid potential hotspots, except for targeted interventions on existing hotspots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42692844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience in action: The bottom up! architecture festival in Turin (Italy)","authors":"Cristina Coscia ,&nbsp;Angioletta Voghera","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes the practice of co-evolutionary and transformative resilience through a case study conducted in Turin (Italy). According to a broad definition, resilience includes performing actions of urban design and planning, innovating community-based project procedures, and creating positive financial outcomes that are assessable because of the monitoring process of short- and long-term outcomes and impacts. Through the Turin-based case of the Bottom Up! Architecture Festival, this article observes processes in which resilience is in action in metropolitan areas, feeding urban projects and practices of self-organization of the social and financial actors involved. By applying the definition of community projects, the festival manages to take territorial problems and crises (the pandemic, inequality, etc.) and view them as an opportunity to change the system, recommending integrated action on the natural, cultural, financial, and social capital, innovating practices and holding society and institutions more accountable. The transformation of spaces relies on collaborations between social and institutional actors, operating spatially concentrated transformations in the city of Turin, and using flexible governance tools based on co-planning and crowdfunding for project design and financing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44982919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection approach for unusable shared bikes enabled by reinforcement learning and PageRank algorithm","authors":"Yu Zhou ,&nbsp;Ran Zheng ,&nbsp;Gang Kou","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Existing research models can neither indicate the availability of shared bikes nor detect unusable ones owing to a lack of information on bike maintenance and failure. To improve awareness regarding the availability of shared bikes, we propose an innovative approach for detecting unusable shared bikes based on reinforcement learning and the PageRank algorithm. The proposed method identifies unusable shared bikes depending on the local travel data and provides a ranking of the shared bikes according to their availability levels. Given a sliding time window, the value function for the reinforcement learning model was determined by considering the cumulative number of unavailable shared bikes, the proportion of rental cancelations at the same stations, and the mean time between the cancelations. Reinforcement learning was then used to identify shared bikes with the worst availability. An availability ranking for the shared bikes below the reward threshold was performed using the PageRank algorithm. The proposed detection approach was applied to a trip dataset of a real-world bike-sharing system to illustrate the modeling process and its effectiveness. The detection results of unusable shared bikes in the absence of failure and feedback data can provide essential information to support the maintenance management decisions regarding shared bikes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45675545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency evacuation in a supermarket during a terrorist attack: towards a possible modelling of the influence of affordances on the evacuation behavior of agents in a complex virtual environment","authors":"Satya Lancel ,&nbsp;Vincent Chapurlat ,&nbsp;Gérard Dray ,&nbsp;Sophie Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During a terrorist attack on a supermarket, the use of emergency exits is essential for effective evacuation and saving lives. However, people tend to ignore emergency situations. This behavior can lengthen evacuation times, endanger individuals, and even prove fatal. In this context, we conducted a series of experiments to explore the links between cognition and the dynamics of human capabilities in a complex and changing environment. In a series of behavioral experiments and computer simulations, we found that active guidance by green flashing lights at emergency exits impacts the behavior of individuals in an emergency evacuation situation in a supermarket; this tested our hypothesis that changing the environment in turn changes the evacuation behavior of individuals. We also show that environmental modification can help in decision-making in an emergency situation. Furthermore, the results of computer simulations support a possible modeling of the influence of affordances on the evacuation behavior of agents in a complex virtual environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48027491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development in comprehensive CFD simulation of fire and explosion","authors":"Zhenghua Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, an outline of developments is presented in comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of fire and explosion with respect to safety science. Fires can be divided into two types: conventional and spontaneous. Conventional fires typically address unwanted combustion in air, whereas spontaneous ignition fires typically address unwanted combustion in porous media. Given that the porous media has a dominant effect on the flow, the behavior of a spontaneous ignition fire completely differs from that of a conventional fire. Although a fire mainly comprises a diffusion flame, where the fuel and oxidant are initially separated, and low-speed flow that can be considered incompressible, explosion usually occurs with premixed combustion, where the fuel and oxidant are initially well-mixed, and high-speed flow where the compressible effect must be included. Owing to the complexity of fires and explosions, a comprehensive CFD simulation should carefully consider turbulence, turbulent combustion, two-phase flow (for cases where liquid droplets and/or solid particles are involved), conjugate heat transfer between gas and solid (including thermal radiation, convective heat transfer, and heat conduction inside solids), and pyrolysis of combustible solids. These interactive processes are also discussed. Furthermore, some developments by the author are presented along with illustrative simulations performed using Simtec software <span>[1]</span>, which is used to implement the developments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46996085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical methods of national security supervision: Grain storage security as an example","authors":"Yudie Jianyao ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Liang Ge ,&nbsp;Jianguo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grain security guarantees national security. China has many widely distributed grain depots to supervise grain storage security. However, this has led to a lack of regulatory capacity and manpower. Amid the development of reserve-level information technology, big data supervision of grain storage security should be improved. This study proposes big data research architecture and an analysis model for grain storage security; as an example, it illustrates the supervision of the grain loss problem in storage security. The statistical analysis model and the prediction and clustering-based model for grain loss supervision were used to mine abnormal data. A combination of feature extraction and feature selection reduction methods were chosen for dimensionality. A comparative analysis showed that the nonlinear prediction model performed better on the grain loss data set, with <em>R</em>² of 87.21%, 87.83%, 91.97%, and 89.40% for Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR), Random Forest, Decision Tree, XGBoost regression on test sets, respectively. Nineteen abnormal data were filtered out by GBR combined with residuals as an example. The deep learning model had the best performance on the mean absolute error, with an <em>R</em>² of 85.14% on the test set and only one abnormal data identified. This is contrary to the original intention of finding as many anomalies as possible for supervisory purposes. Five classes were generated using principal component analysis dimensionality reduction combined with Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) clustering, with 11 anomalous data points screened by adding the amount of normalized grain loss. Based on the existing grain information system, this paper provides a supervision model for grain storage that can help mine abnormal data. Unlike the current post-event supervision model, this study proposes a pre-event supervision model. This study provides a framework of ideas for subsequent scholarly research; the addition of big data technology will help improve efficient supervisory capacity in the field of grain supervision.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46085649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Computational Combustion Research in China: A Brief Review","authors":"Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.09.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Computational combustion modeling was introduced in China in the early 1980s. Specifically, after the first computational fluid dynamics (CFD) lecture in China given by Brian Spalding, Professor of Heat Transfer and Head of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Unit at Imperial College, London, under the invitation from Professor Wei-Cheng Fan of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China, in 1984. This paper presents the development history of computational combustion research led by Fan in China. During the early stages of CFD development in the 1980s and 1990s, numerous innovative models, methods, and computational tools were proposed and developed by Fan's research group to advance computational combustion research in China. Throughout the evolution of computational combustion technologies, the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, founded and led by Fan, has played a leading role in the development and deployment of these technologies in China. Recent progress in low-pressure combustion and battery fire research and combustion modeling technologies are described.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47140694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}