Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design最新文献

{"title":"Prospects for the structure‒function evolution of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors","authors":"Anatoliy A. Bulygin,&nbsp;Nikita A. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00654-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00654-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become the third case of widespread coronavirus infection. Together with the other two viruses, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is highly pathogenic, and some strains have a mortality rate of more than 1%. Moreover, it has become clear that coronaviruses mutate quite often, which reduces the effectiveness of available vaccines and forces the regular creation of new ones. The main viral protease M^pro is a suitable target for direct-acting drugs. Currently, there is only one recommended anticoronavirus drug, nirmatrelvir, which, however, does not have all the properties necessary for widespread and effective use. Thus, the development of a highly selective and effective protease inhibitor that can be taken orally still remains relevant. In this work, we performed an in-depth literature review of M^pro inhibitor studies and conducted extensive molecular dynamics simulations of M^pro-inhibitor complexes with computational prediction of binding ability and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) properties of new compounds. On the basis of the literature review we composed a set of criteria that a potent inhibitor must meet. Then we created a set of possible inhibitors and their parts, which presumably allows all the necessary properties, namely, high affinity for the viral enzyme, selectivity, bioavailability and solubility, to be achieved. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic investigation of Cotula cinerea essential oil against diabetes: hypoglycemic activity, enzymatic inhibition, GC-MS characterization, ADMET forecasting, MD simulations, and DFT insights","authors":"Ouafa Boudebia,&nbsp;Mohammed Larbi Benamor,&nbsp;Lotfi Bourougaa,&nbsp;Yahia Bekkar,&nbsp;Elhafnaoui Lanez,&nbsp;Aicha Adaika,&nbsp;Rania Bouraoui,&nbsp;Kaouther Nesba,&nbsp;Housseyn Chaoua,&nbsp;Salah Eddine Hachani,&nbsp;Lazhar Bechki,&nbsp;Touhami Lanez","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00664-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00664-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. This study investigates the anti-diabetic potential of <i>Cotula cinerea</i> essential oil (EO) through in vivo, in vitro, and computational methodologies. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated that <i>C. cinerea</i> EO effectively inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase, indicating its potential role in glucose regulation. In vivo studies further confirmed its hypoglycemic effects. GC–MS analysis identified 31 bioactive compounds within the EO. Molecular docking studies revealed that six of these compounds exhibited strong binding affinities to α-amylase and α-glucosidase, comparable to those of the standard drug acarbose (ARE). Among them, cis-verbenyl acetate (CVA) and β-terpineol (βTP) showed the highest docking scores against both enzymes. ADMET analysis confirmed their favorable pharmacokinetic properties, drug-likeness, and low toxicity risks. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the stable binding of CVA and βTP with both enzymes, exhibiting lower RMSD and RMSF values compared to ARE, along with favorable Rg and SASA parameters. MM-PBSA calculations further validated their strong binding affinities. Density Functional Theory calculations provided deeper insights into the electronic characteristics of CVA and βTP, revealing their frontier molecular orbitals distributions and energy gap (∆E) values. The molecular electrostatic potential analysis identified key electron-rich and electron-deficient regions, suggesting potential interaction sites with the target enzymes. The observed reduction in ∆E values under aqueous conditions indicated increased molecular stability and reactivity within physiological environments, further supporting their role in enzyme inhibition. Overall, this study highlights <i>C. cinerea</i> EO as a promising natural source for diabetes management. The integration of in vivo, in vitro, and computational approaches offers compelling evidence for its therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, further experimental validation is necessary to assess its clinical applicability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing molecular representation via fusion of multimodal transformers with integrated periodic local and global features","authors":"Jia Ao,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Huang,&nbsp;Wei Dai,&nbsp;Cancan Ji","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00658-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00658-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the complexity of molecules, molecular learning requires a large amount of molecular data. However, labeled data is typically limited, making self-supervised pretraining methods essential. Despite this, current pretraining methods often fail to sufficiently focus on both local and global molecular information. In this study, we propose a multi-modality self-supervised learning framework that simultaneously captures local and global information. Specifically, we encode SMILES sequences and molecular graphs separately and use a unified fusion approach to strengthen the interaction between the two modalities. Moreover, in the molecular graph encoding, we independently capture global and local information, and enhance the attention to bond features through information fusion. Additionally, we introduce the FA-FFN module to aggregate periodic features of the molecule. Experimental results show that MoleTGL exhibits superior performance compared to existing methods on seven classification tasks and six regression tasks related to molecular property prediction, and ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of local and global feature fusion and the superiority of the methods for acquiring local and global information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10822-025-00658-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein A-like peptide generation based on generalized diffusion model","authors":"Tianqian Zhou,&nbsp;Shibo Zhang,&nbsp;Huijia Song,&nbsp;Qiang He,&nbsp;Chun Fang,&nbsp;Xiaozhu Lin","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00653-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00653-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the rapid advancement of biotechnology, protein generation and design based on generative models have demonstrated extensive applications in drug development, vaccine research, and biocatalysis. This research proposes a protein generation method based on the generalized diffusion model, which breaks through the traditional diffusion model’s reliance on Gaussian noise, enables more flexible protein sequence generation, and preliminarily verifies its advantages. Specifically, protein sequences were first encoded using one-hot encoding and input into the diffusion model to generate novel sequences. Subsequently, the tertiary structures of the generated proteins were predicted using AlphaFold, followed by structural alignment and backbone distance calculation via PyMOL to select the optimal sequences. The predicted derivative protein sequence A_005 was screened from the generated sequences and subjected to an affinity assay with Protein A parental. Experimental results revealed that A_005 exhibited remarkably high affinity, as well as a satisfactory dissociation rate and association rate. The findings demonstrate that the protein generation method based on the generalized diffusion model can effectively design protein sequences with high structural and functional similarity to target sequences. While prior studies have shown that both DDPM and generalized diffusion models achieve high generation quality, the generalized diffusion model outperforms in terms of task adaptability. Our research not only opens new technological pathways for protein design but also lays a solid foundation for future applications in biomedicine, providing significant theoretical and experimental evidence for subsequent drug development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-based design of alicyclic fused pyrazole derivatives for targeting TGF-β receptor I kinase: molecular docking and dynamics insights","authors":"Natarajan Saravanakumar,&nbsp;Arunagiri Sivanesan Aruna Poorani,&nbsp;Ganesapandian Latha,&nbsp;Anantha Krishnan Dhanabalan,&nbsp;Srimari Srikanth,&nbsp;Venkatasubramanian Ulaganathan,&nbsp;Palaniswamy Suresh","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00647-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00647-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>TGF-β receptor I kinase plays a significant role in cancer biology and is a well-established target for cancer drug development, as evidenced by active molecules like Galunisertib (LY2157229). Computational studies were conducted to analyse the catalytic site of TGF-β receptor I kinase, identifying key amino acid residues essential for binding. Based on these findings, Alicyclic fused pyrazole derivatives were designed. The target molecules were synthesized through a multi-step process, with an important intermediate obtained via Suzuki coupling, followed by various ligand and catalyst optimizations. A total of thirteen molecules were synthesized by optimizing temperature, solvent, and base. After characterization, the synthesized, Alicyclic fused pyrazole derivatives were screened for TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibition and in vitro cytotoxic activity. To further elucidate their binding mechanism, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed. The most active compound <b>16c</b>, was subjected to in silico ADME screening, which revealed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Molecular Dynamics simulation study indicated that specific aminoacid residue interaction with TGF-β receptor I kinase. Additionally, DFT calculations were conducted on the active molecules to gain deeper insights into their electronic properties, supporting their potential as effective anticancer agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional in silico evaluation of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals: integrating pharmacokinetics, ADMET, and clustering for diagnostic stratification","authors":"Valeriya Trusova,&nbsp;Uliana Malovytsia,&nbsp;Pylyp Kuznietsov,&nbsp;Ivan Yakymenko,&nbsp;Galyna Gorbenko","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00655-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00655-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fluorine-18-labeled radiopharmaceuticals are central to PET-based oncology imaging, yet comparative evaluations of their mechanistic behavior and diagnostic potential remain fragmented. In this study, we present a multidimensional in silico framework integrating pharmacokinetic modeling, structural ADMET prediction, and unsupervised clustering to systematically evaluate five widely used ¹⁸F-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals: [¹⁸F]FDG, [¹⁸F]FET, [¹⁸F]DOPA, [¹⁸F]FMISO, and [¹⁸F]FLT. Each radiopharmaceutical was simulated using a harmonized three-compartment model in COPASI to capture uptake dynamics under both normal and pathological conditions. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, including area under the curve, tumor-to-normal tissue ratios, and early-phase uptake slope, were computed and subjected to local sensitivity analysis to assess model robustness. In parallel, in silico ADMET descriptors were extracted via ADMETlab 3.0, providing quantitative insight into lipophilicity, permeability, distribution volume, and metabolic clearance. All features were normalized and integrated into a joint dataset for principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. The resulting stratification revealed two distinct mechanistic clusters: [¹⁸F]FDG and [¹⁸F]FLT were characterized by irreversible trapping and high intracellular retention, whereas [¹⁸F]FET, [¹⁸F]DOPA, and [¹⁸F]FMISO exhibited transporter-mediated uptake with greater sensitivity to permeability and efflux parameters. Diagnostic strengths varied by context, with [¹⁸F]FET optimal for early-phase imaging and [¹⁸F]FMISO demonstrating superior tumor selectivity at later timepoints. ADMET features reinforced kinetic signatures, supporting the structure–function rationale underlying radiopharmaceutical performance. This multidimensional in silico evaluation establishes a mechanistically interpretable platform for PET radiopharmaceutical profiling and stratification, advancing preclinical radiopharmaceutical selection and informing precision multiradiopharmaceutical imaging protocols in oncology. However, while our computational approach offers a mechanism-driven platform for radiopharmaceutical stratification, future validation against experimental PET imaging data in both healthy individuals and patients with relevant pathologies is essential to confirm its predictive value and clinical applicability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of beta-lactamase genes in clinical strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular characterization, and in Silico predictions","authors":"C. K. V. Ramesan,&nbsp;Gangaraj Karyath Palliyath,&nbsp;M. V. Sneha,&nbsp;K. Sreejith","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00656-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00656-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The emergence of beta-lactamase producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria presents a significant challenge to effective treatment of infections. This study focuses on the isolation, amplification, and molecular characterization of β-lactamase genes from clinical strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>. Seven new partial gene sequences, including novel variants of <i>blaOXA</i> and <i>blaNDM</i>, were identified after screening 108 clinical samples and submitted to NCBI GenBank. In silico analysis revealed considerable diversity and distribution of these resistance genes among different strains of bacteria. Gene structure predictions using GENSCAN showed that <i>blaOXA</i> genes typically contain single exons with moderate GC content, whereas <i>blaNDM</i> genes feature longer exons with higher GC content. Multiple sequence alignment showed that NDM and OXA β-lactamases were highly similar, with only slight differences in a few amino acids. The study also analyzed the physico-chemical properties, functional domains, and phosphorylation patterns of the β-lactamase proteins. Secondary structure prediction indicated a dominance of beta sheets, contributing to protein stability, while tertiary modeling provided insights into their 3D structure. Overall, these findings provide critical insights into the genetic diversity and potential mechanisms of β-lactamase-mediated resistance, offering valuable information for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and surveillance programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deploying the drug repurposing approach for the identification of selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors against neurological disabilities: an in Silico and in vitro approach","authors":"Mohamed Mohany,&nbsp;Salim S. Al-Rejaie,&nbsp;M. Arockia Babu,&nbsp;Thakur Gurjeet Singh,&nbsp;Prawez Alam,&nbsp;Mohammad Fareed,&nbsp;Nisha Bansal","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00652-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00652-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) plays a regulatory role in controlling the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine. Its overexpression leads to a decreased concentration of dopamine in the brain, converts MPTP to MPP + (a potential toxin for dopaminergic neurons), and increases hydrogen peroxide and ROS levels in gliosis, leading to neurodegeneration. Thus, MAO-B becomes a key target enzyme for neurological disabilities such as PD and AD. In this study, we used drug repurposing to explore the pool of USFDA-approved and Pharmacopeial drugs (3619 drugs) and performed HTVS (high-throughput virtual screening) using both ADME parameters with emphasis on their ability to cross the BBB and considering the prerequisites of a generated pharmacophore model for MAO-B. The fetched 656 ligands were subjected to SP and XP dockings, MMGBSA, and dynamics analysis to identify the top 10 leads with maximum plausibility to interact with MAO-B. The analysis presented Bazedoxifene and Epicatechin as lead compounds with a higher affinity towards MAO-B than MAO-A. The in-silico work was further validated using in vitro biological analysis that includes MAO inhibitory activity, reversibility studies, and intracellular ROS inhibition studies. Epicatechin and bazedoxifene displayed moderate MAO-B inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values of 11.14 ± 0.53 µM and 13.11 ± 0.21 µM, with more than sixfold and fourfold selectivity over MAO-A, respectively. Thus, this study can open the avenue to the development of Bazedoxifene and Epicatechin as potential pharmacophores for the design and development of selective and reversible MAO-B inhibitors with higher efficacy for the management of neurological disabilities.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the structural and electronic properties of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) as nanocarrier for drug delivery applications: DFT approach","authors":"J. Sneha,&nbsp;V. Abinaya,&nbsp;R. Akash,&nbsp;R. M. Hariharan,&nbsp;K. Janani Sivasankar,&nbsp;D. John Thiruvadigal","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00641-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00641-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional mechanical strength, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, their limited solubility in aqueous environments poses a major challenge for biomedical applications. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the impact of hydroxyl (–OH) and amine (–NH₂) functionalization on the structural, electronic, and solubility characteristics of BNNTs. The pristine (5,5) BNNT exhibits a bandgap of 4.46 eV, which decreases upon functionalization, indicating enhanced electronic tunability. Structural modifications, including bond length elongation and charge redistribution, further influence the nanotube’s chemical reactivity and interaction with surrounding molecules. A crucial aspect of this work is the investigation of carrier solubility, which reveals a strong correlation between hydration and system stability. The Gibbs free energy of solvation becomes increasingly negative, from − 602.02 kJ/mol for BNNT4Am to − 720.18 kJ/mol for BNNT4Am-6W, suggesting enhanced solubility in aqueous environments. Stronger interactions between the functionalized BNNTs and water molecules suggest them as promising candidates for drug delivery applications. Additionally, drug interaction studies were carried out between BNNT4Am and Indole-3-Carbinol, which reflects weak electrostatic interactions and polarization effects contributing to the favorable energetics and stability of nanobiohybrid complex formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-based drug design of small molecule AKT1 inhibitors to treat glioma","authors":"Xiuzhi Jia,&nbsp;Qinglian Han,&nbsp;Xiaoqun Ma,&nbsp;Zhongwen Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10822-025-00650-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10822-025-00650-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The highly aggressive primary brain tumor, glioma, presents significant therapeutic challenges, particularly in its diffuse form, which remains resistant to curative treatment even after surgical intervention. Conventional approaches such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often fail to achieve satisfactory outcomes, underscoring the urgent need for more effective targeted therapies. In this study, we have developed novel AKT inhibitors—compounds 3260-0411, V012-5231, and V016-4965. These compounds demonstrate a substantial reduction in both AKT protein and mRNA levels in U251 and T98G glioma cells. Furthermore, our in vitro experiments reveal that these inhibitors effectively suppress AKT1 enzyme activity and induce apoptosis in glioma cells. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that all three compounds exhibit excellent dynamic stability when bound to AKT; notably V016-4965 demonstrates the highest binding stability among them. Collectively, our findings suggest that compounds 3260-0411, V012-5231, and V016-4965 hold great promise as targeted therapies against AKT for treating glioma—a challenging malignancy with limited management options.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}