世界病毒学杂志(英文版)最新文献

{"title":"Genomic and demographic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 infections within early Omicron cluster, Western Sri Lanka.","authors":"Nipuni Arachchige, Ramesha Dharmasiri, Achini Weerathunga, Shehan Senanayake, Nadeeka Janage, Rohitha Muthugala","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.106108","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.106108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The emergence of the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) raised global concerns with its highly transmissible nature.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the genomic, clinical, and demographic characteristics of Omicron infections within the early outbreak cluster in western part of Sri Lanka.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed sequence data from January 2022 to April 2022 to understand variant dynamics, clinical presentation, and demographic associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Whole-genome sequencing of 85 nasopharyngeal and throat swab samples collected in western part of Sri Lanka between January and April 2022 identified 70 (82.34%) of it as Omicron variants. BA.2 was the most prevalent sub-lineage (57%), followed by BA.1.1 (14.20%) and majority of them were from > 12 years old individuals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering into four distinct clades (21I, 21K, 21L, and 21M), suggesting potential differences in transmission chains or evolutionary pressures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found BA.2 to be the predominant Omicron sub-lineage in the western part of Sri Lanka during the first quarter of 2022, aligning with global trends. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse introductions and local transmission. Continued genomic surveillance and robust public health measures remain crucial for managing the evolving SARS-CoV-2 landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"106108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic efficacy of phages along with vancomycin for eradication of vancomycin-resistant <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilms.","authors":"Minakshi Sahu, Ranjeet Kumar Vishwakarma, Subhash Lal Karn, Gopal Nath","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.95826","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.95826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The upsurge of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge to public health, and the dry pipeline of new antibiotics has prompted the discovery of alternative treatment approaches. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (<i>E. faecalis</i>) isolates are often multidrug-resistant, posing challenges to antibiotic therapy. Bacteriophage therapy is being explored as an alternative method to treat the growing population of antibiotic-resistant infections. Nevertheless, many inherent limitations of phages diminish their therapeutic utility, notably the restricted host range and quick development of mutants. The specific types and quantities of bacteriophages and antibiotics may be crucial in generating the optimal phage-antibiotic synergy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To optimize the doses, order, and timing to optimize the synergy of phages and vancomycin on different bacteria states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A volume of 180 μL of <i>E. faecalis</i> bacteria in the logarithmic growth phase, with a concentration of approximately 1 × 10⁸ colony forming units (CFUs)/mL, was introduced onto a microtitre plate. Subsequently, 20 μL of phage suspension (1 × 10⁶ PFUs/mL), vancomycin (16 µg/mL), or a combination of both was introduced into the designated wells in the specified sequence and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. The number of live bacteria was counted at different time points using standardized CFU counting protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The biofilm model demonstrated that combining phages with vancomycin can eradicate the biofilm. Sequential therapy, involving phage application 8 hours before the antibiotic at a concentration of 10⁸ PFUs/mL, proved the most efficient in eliminating the biofilms and killing the planktonic form of <i>E. faecalis.</i></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of phage ɸEFP01 at a higher concentration with a subinhibitory concentration of vancomycin yields a synergistic antibacterial outcome on <i>E. faecalis</i> strain resistant to vancomycin.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"95826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in treatment of hepatitis delta virus infection: Update on novel investigational drugs.","authors":"Jiyoon Park, Amr Sayed, Syed Alishan Nasir, Joseph K Lim","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102673","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) represents a rare but important co-infection in approximately 5% of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to an increased risk for liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma relative to HBV monoinfected individuals. The current treatment of chronic HDV infection includes the off-label use of pegylated interferon (IFN), which is limited by poor safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Guidelines of the major international liver organizations such as the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, European Association for the Study of the Liver, and Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver provide recommendations for contemporary diagnosis and management of chronic HDV infection, including the incorporation of bulevirtide, a newly licensed antiviral agent in Europe. Significant unmet medical needs remain in the treatment of HDV, and recent advances in drug development offer hope for meaningful advances in drug therapy which may improve virologic response rates and clinical outcomes. This review summarizes trial design and available efficacy data from key phase 2 and 3 trials for investigational therapies including entry inhibitors (bulevirtide), prenylation inhibitors (lonafarnib), novel IFNs (peginterferon lambda), RNA interference molecules (JNJ-3989, elebsiran), monoclonal antibodies (tobevibart), and nucleic acid polymers (REP2139), and addresses future directions in HDV pharmacotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"102673"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro RNAs as a potential biomarker for predicting liver fibrosis severity in hepatitis C virus affected patients.","authors":"Navneet Kaur, Ravinder Garg, Chaitanya Tapasvi, Gitanjali Goyal","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.101976","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.101976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection process of progression encompasses multiple stages, commencing with inflammation and culminating in hepatocellular cancer. Numerous invasive and non-invasive procedures exist for diagnosing chronic HCV infection. Though beneficial, invasive procedures can cause morbidity and inadequate representation of the overall degree of fibrosis. Due to these reasons, non-invasive liver fibrosis biomarkers are becoming more prevalent to diagnose and track liver fibrosis without a liver biopsy. These biomarkers can detect liver fibrosis early, improving treatment and preventing cirrhosis and liver failure. Micro ribonucleic acid (MiRNA) dysregulation causes and worsens several diseases including liver disease. MiRNAs can facilitate the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and serve as a predictive tool to enhance patient care by minimizing invasive procedures and enabling more efficient and prompt therapy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the diagnostic effectiveness of several miRNAs (miRNA-122, miRNA-21, miRNA-199a, miRNA-155) in assessing the liver fibrosis severity in untreated HCV patients from the Indian Punjab population. We seek to identify the intricate diagnostic relationship of miRNAs with the extent of fibrosis among individuals with HCV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We considered 100 persons determined as HCV infected by a quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction examination. We employed statistical as well as probabilistic tools to ascertain the diagnostic validity of miRNAs for determining the liver fibrosis stages. We employed Bayesian Networks, to introduce a unique diagnostic paradigm for miRNAs that can be adopted as benchmark to evaluate the liver fibrosis severity in HCV cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that miRNAs (miR-122, miR-155 and miR-21) showed significant upregulation when compared with control and according to severity of fibrosis (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05). The area under the curve for miR-122, miR-155, miR-21 and miR-199a in HCV group in relation to Liver Stiffness Measurement was calculated as 0.889, 0.933, 0.912 and 0.035 respectively. MiR-199a was downregulated according to degree of fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Depending on the diagnostic accuracy, we have concluded that miR-122, miR-155 and miR-21 are reliable markers to detect fibrosis in Hepatitis C patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"101976"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained maternal human immunodeficiency virus viral load suppression and cascade of human immunodeficiency virus testing among exposed infants in Rwanda.","authors":"Hafidha Mhando Bakari, Jackson Sebeza, Haji Mbwana Ally, Hassan Fredrick Fussi, Habib Omari Ramadhani, Peter Memiah, Djemima Umutesi, Basile Ikuzo, Gallican Rwibasira","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.107322","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.107322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To prevent mother to child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sustained maternal viral load suppression (VLS) and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants (HEI) is critical.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks, and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between 2015 and 2022, VLS (< 200 copies/mL) was measured among pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) from 38-healthcare facilities. Viral loads (VL) were measured at 6-months, 12-months and 24-months, respectively. For maternal VL, the unit of analysis was visit-pair, and the pairs were created to define those with VL < 200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS, persistent viremia (VL ≥ 200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits), viral rebound (VL < 200 copies/mL at prior visit only) and newly suppressed (VL < 200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only). HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests. Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed. Infant HIV testing uptake at 6- weeks, 9-months and 18-months was 1145 (100.0%), 1089 (95.1%), 1006 (87.9%) respectively. Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI (87.3%) tested for HIV persistently. At 18-months, the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8 (0.7%). Of 1145 mothers, 1076 (94.0%) had ≥ 2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs (142-single; 934-double visit-pairs). The incidence rate of sustained VLS, persistent viremia, viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%, 1.3%, 3.6% and 4.0% respectively. Maternal disclosure of HIV status (aIRR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02-1.14) was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS. Having peer support (aIRR = 1.05 95%CI: 1.01-1.10) was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda. The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels. Targeted interventions, including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support, are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"107322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alpha to JN.1 variants: SARS-CoV-2 genomic analysis unfolding its various lineages/sublineages evolved in Chhattisgarh, India from 2020 to 2024.","authors":"Pushpendra Singh, Ruchi Khare, Kuldeep Sharma, Anudita Bhargava, Sanjay Singh Negi","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.100001","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.100001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The evolutionary mutational changes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since its emergence in Chhattisgarh, India in 2020 have warranted the need for the characterization of every lineage/sublineage that has evolved until February 2024.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To unravel the evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in Chhattisgarh from 2020 to February 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 635 coronavirus disease 2019 cases obtained between 2020 and February 2024 were investigated by whole genome sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Whole genome sequencing analysis identified the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 into seventeen lineages from 2020 to 2024. SARS-CoV-2 initially emerged in Chhattisgarh in its Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant in 2020. Thereafter, it continuously underwent periodical mutational changes in the spike gene to further differentiate into various lineages/sublineages, viz., Kappa, Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 in 2021; the Omicron lineage (BA.5, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, BQ.1, and XBB) in 2022; the new Omicron lineage (XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.9.1, and XBB.2.3) in 2023; and finally to JN.1 in January and February 2024. The predominant lineages over these 4 years were BA.1.1.7 (Alpha) in 2020, B.1.617.2 (Delta) in the period between 2021 and mid-2022, B.1.1.529 (Omicron) in late 2022 to 2023, and Omicron-JN.1 in early 2024. The presently circulating JN.1 lineage was observed harboring exclusive predominant mutations of E4554K, A570V, P621A, and P1143 L with 99% prevalence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SARS-CoV-2 from 2020 to 2024 has evolved into 17 lineages/sublineages in Chhattisgarh. The presently circulating JN.1 harbored 40 mutations, especially E554K, A570V, P621S, and P1143 L, capacitating the virus with features of host cell entry, stability, replication, rapid transmissibility, and crucial immune evasion. Therefore, earlier immunity from either vaccination or prior infection may not protect against the current lineage and increases the possibility of future outbreaks. Thus, the periodical genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for the genomic blueprint of the circulating virus, which may help in updating the vaccine strain and various basic research for developing appropriate therapeutics and diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"100001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic diarrhoea in a human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient: A case report.","authors":"Sheetal Panjaria, Prasan Kumar Panda","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.108412","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.108412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic diarrhoea in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presents a diagnostic challenge, often resulting from opportunistic infections (OIs), malignancies, or disease progression itself. We present a case of an advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient with chronic diarrhoea, significant weight loss, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-compliance, highlighting the diagnostic dilemma between HIV wasting syndrome, OIs, and malignancy.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>A 36-year-old female, diagnosed with HIV five years ago on family screening, presented with three months of profuse watery diarrhoea, associated with crampy abdominal pain and weight loss (14 kg, 30% in 3 months). She was non-compliant with ART. There was no history of recent travel, food contamination, or tuberculosis contact. Fever episodes were mild and transient. Physical examination revealed pallor and bilateral pedal oedema without lymphadenopathy or organomegaly. Genital examination was unremarkable. Routine investigations revealed severe anaemia and confirmed PLHIV status. CD4 count was < 36 cells/µL. Empirical treatment with nitazoxanide was initiated for possible cryptosporidiosis. After ruling out OIs, ART was restarted. With treatment, her diarrhoea resolved, and she tolerated oral intake. Nutritional support was provided, and she was discharged in stable condition with ART, prophylactic antibiotics, and follow-up instructions for further evaluation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In ART-noncompliant PLHIV with chronic diarrhoea, distinguishing between HIV wasting syndrome, OIs (<i>Cryptosporidium</i>, <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex, cytomegalovirus colitis) and malignancies (non-Hodgkin lymphoma and anal carcinoma) are critical. Gradual CD4 decline, systemic inflammation, and malnutrition favour progressive HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome rather than an acute OI or malignancy. Early recognition and management, including ART reinitiation and nutritional support, are crucial for prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"108412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome, dysbiosis and use of probiotics in various diseases.","authors":"Ece Tüsüz Önata, Öner Özdemir","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.99574","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.99574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The community of microorganisms that colonize certain areas of the human body is called microbiota. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses make up the microbiota. The sum of the genomes of these microorganisms and microorganisms refers to the microbiome. It has been shown that microbiota has important effects such as protecting the organ from pathogens, contributing to metabolic functions (such as vitamin synthesis, carbohydrate digestion) and providing immunoregulation. Dysbiosis refers to compositional and functional changes in the microbiota. At the beginning of the 21^st century, numerous studies have investigated the human microbiota and its imbalance in relation to various diseases and found that dysbiosis is associated with many diseases. The aim of this mini-review article is to provide brief information about dysbiosis and its care and to raise awareness.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"99574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marburg virus disease: Emerging threat, pathogenesis, and global public health strategies.","authors":"Praveen Kumar Uppala, Sita Kumari Karanam, Naga Vishnu Kandra, Sandhya Edhi","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.103576","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.103576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Marburg virus (MARV) is a dangerous infection that causes a deadly sickness known as MARV disease. This severe hemorrhagic fever is a major concern for people all over the world. Since the initial identification in 1967 during simultaneous outbreaks in Germany and Serbia, MARV has caused recurrent epidemics predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa with fatality rates ranging from 24% to 90% as a result of differences in virus strains, healthcare infrastructure, and the quality of patient treatment. Like Ebola virus, MARV causes a viral hemorrhagic fever identified in some of the same principles of clinical and epidemiological concern. However, MARV has unique biologic characteristics that require specialized research and response by public health and among researchers. Diagnosis relies on molecular tools such as real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, as well as clinical and epidemiological assessments. Despite advancements in understanding MARV biology, no vaccines or antiviral therapies have been approved, with treatment limited to supportive care. Experimental therapeutics, monoclonal antibodies, RNA-based drugs, and adenovirus-based vaccines, show promise but require further validation. Current efforts in outbreak containment include surveillance, rapid diagnostics, case isolation, and safe burial practices. However, gaps in understanding MARV pathogenesis, limited diagnostic tools, and the absence of regulatory-approved vaccines underscore the urgent need for global collaboration and investment in research. Bridging these gaps is critical to mitigating the public health impact of MARV, ensuring effective response strategies for future outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"103576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising incidence of acute hepatitis A among adults and clinical characteristics in a tertiary care center of Pakistan.","authors":"Yumna Shahid, Amna Subhan Butt, Iqra Jamali, Faisal Wasim Ismail","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i1.97482","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i1.97482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For decades, hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been a leading cause of acute hepatitis among children and was less prevalent among adults. However, recently a paradigm shift has been observed in the epidemiology of HAV, as evident by cases of acute hepatitis due to HAV among adults.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To estimate frequency of HAV in acute viral hepatitis and compare characteristics in HAV and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a trend analysis conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi (Sindh, Pakistan) from February 2024 to May 2024. Individuals aged 18 years and older diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis attributed to hepatotropic viruses in 2024 were reviewed. To compare the trend patients admitted with acute hepatitis during 2019-2023 were also reviewed. Data regarding clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded. The yearly trend of acute hepatitis due to HAV and HEV was analyzed, and comparative analysis was done between HAV and HEV cases among adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 396 patients were found to have acute hepatitis during our study duration. HAV was diagnosed in 234 patients (59%) while 157 patients (39.6%) were found to have acute HEV infection. Additionally, acute hepatitis B virus infection was identified in 3 patients (0.7%), whereas acute hepatitis C virus infection was found in 2 (0.5%) cases of acute hepatitis. Yearly trends showed increasing occurrence of HAV infection among adults over last 5 years. The patients with acute HAV were younger than patients with HEV (28 years ± 8 years <i>vs</i> 30 years ± 8 years; <i>P</i> < 0.01). Higher levels of total bilirubin were seen in HEV infection, while higher levels of alanine transaminase were seen in HAV infection. However, a higher proportion of acute liver failure (ALF), coagulopathy, and mortality were observed in HEV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An increase in acute hepatitis A cases among adults shows less severity than hepatitis E, highlighting the need for better sanitation, hygiene, and adult hepatitis A vaccination programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 1","pages":"97482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11612870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}