世界病毒学杂志(英文版)最新文献

{"title":"Recent advances in avian influenza virus: Molecular pathogenesis, emerging strains, and next-generation therapeutics.","authors":"Basavraj S Nagoba, Shree V Dhotre, Mahesh N Sonar, Ajay M Gavkare, Sachin S Mumbre, Pradnya S Dhotre","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i3.109161","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i3.109161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) represent an ongoing threat to global health due to their capacity for genetic evolution, zoonotic transmission, and pandemic emergence. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AIV infection, including viral immune evasion strategies and host-virus interactions. It discusses recent outbreaks involving reassortant strains such as H5N1 and H9N2, and examines their public health consequences. Advancements in antiviral therapy, including resistance patterns, and the development of next-generation vaccines such as messenger RNA and universal influenza vaccines are reviewed. The integration of genomic surveillance, artificial intelligence-driven prediction, and One Health approaches is emphasized as essential for pandemic preparedness. This comprehensive overview aims to provide researchers and policymakers with actionable insights for controlling the evolving threat of avian influenza.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 3","pages":"109161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OraQuick hepatitis C virus self-test: A new frontier in hepatitis C screening.","authors":"Muneeb Saifullah, Mavra Khan, Muhammad Ashhad Usman, Qasim Mehmood, Abbas M Mehdi","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i3.109614","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i3.109614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 58 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), yet only about 20% have been formally diagnosed. Traditional laboratory-based antibody and RNA assays require infrastructure and trained personnel, limiting their uptake in resource-limited and hard-to-reach settings. The OraQuick HCV self-test (HCVST) is the first World Health Organization-prequalified HCVST, which delivers results in 20-40 min <i>via</i> an easy-to-use gum-swab format. Field evaluations report a sensitivity of about 97%-98% and a specificity of about 99%-100% that are comparable with those of blood-based lateral-flow assays (<i>e.g.</i>, Alere Truline, SD Bioline). Usability studies demonstrated an acceptability rate of over 90% and a correct self-test completion rate of over 85% in key populations. HCVST with the OraQuick HCVST kit provides a practical, evidence-based approach to closing diagnostic gaps, particularly among underserved or stigmatized populations. To maximize the public health impact, programs should integrate self-testing into national screening algorithms, ensure linkage to RNA confirmation and treatment, and consider economic and operational contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 3","pages":"109614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of research on spinal tuberculosis in last 5 years.","authors":"Monalisa Mohanty, Mantu Jain, Sujit Kumar Tripathy, Manisha Tripathy, Preetam Kumar Kar, Baijayantimala Mishra, Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102668","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102668","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Spinal tuberculosis (TB), also known as Pott's spine, remains a significant global health issue, particularly in regions with a high TB burden. The disease presents complex challenges in diagnosis, management, and treatment, prompting a growing interest in research over recent years. The advancements in imaging, diagnostics, and treatment strategies have driven an increased focus on publishing clinical outcomes, review articles, and case series related to spinal TB (STB).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim: &lt;/strong&gt;To perform a bibliometric analysis of STB research published over the last 5 years (2019-2023) to identify trends in publication volume, contributions by country, and the nature of the research being conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on research articles published between 2019 and 2023. Keywords such as \"spine tuberculosis,\" \"spinal TB,\" \"TB spine,\" and \"Pott's spine\" were utilized to capture relevant publications. Articles were analyzed based on the type of research (&lt;i&gt;e.g.&lt;/i&gt;, case reports, review articles, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials [RCTs]), number of citations, and country of origin based on the corresponding author's details. Further subgroup analysis was performed according to the TB burden in various countries to assess research trends in high-burden regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 528 articles met the inclusion criteria for this bibliometric analysis. The majority of articles were published between 2020 and 2023 (440/528; 83.3%), while the lowest number was published in 2019 (88/528; 16.7%). India led the global contributions with 25.8% of the total publications, followed by China (19.9%) and the United States (10.4%). Combined, African countries contributed 6.8% of the research on STB. Regarding the type of articles, case reports and case series dominated the literature (353/528; 66.9%), followed by review articles (120/528; 22.7%) and cohort studies (45/528; 8.5%). Only 1.9% (10/528) of the studies were RCTs. Countries such as the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan have pioneered the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnostic processes for STB, while India, China, South Africa, and other countries have been pivotal in conducting clinical trials and improving clinical management strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This bibliometric analysis revealed a significant increase in STB research over the last 5 years, with India and China being the leading contributors. However, most publications are case reports or case series, with a limited number of RCTs. The results highlighted the need for more high-quality research, especially in terms of RCTs and innovations in diagnostic technologies. Additionally, the application of AI to STB diagnostics shows promise in developed countries, while high-burden countries are focusing on clinical trials ","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"102668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of hyaluronic acid and type III procollagen peptide as predictors for treatment response to direct-acting antivirals.","authors":"Mohamed A Abdelrazek, Ahmed I Elghwab, Ashraf A Tabll, Elsherbiny H Elsayed, Mohammed El Behery","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.106479","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.106479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Treatment response to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is a challenging issue and the identification of non-responders patients is very important.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the relation between baseline serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) and type III procollagen N-peptide (PIIINP) with direct-acting antivirals treatment failure in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hepatitis C patients (responders and non-responders to sofosbuvir/daclatasvir) were tested for HA and PIIINP using sensitive chemiluminescent immunoassay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were distinctly higher PIIINP (<i>P</i> = 0.0003) and HA (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) levels in non-responders than responders patients with a good ability for distinguishing non-responders from patients with sustained virological response (area under the curve = 0.766 for HA and 0.684 for PIIINP). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the HA × PIIINP is the model with the highest predictive ability (area under the curve = 0.809). Diagnostic performances were superior to each marker alone with good sensitivity (74.7%), specificity (74%), positive predictive (68.3%), negative predictive values (79.6%) and accuracy (74.3%). The multiplication of HA × PIIINP is correlated significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) with elevated liver enzymes (<i>r</i> = 0.212), decreased albumin (<i>r</i> = -0.26), elevated aspartate aminotransferase-platelet ratio index (<i>r</i> = 0.223) and elevated fibrosis-4 score (<i>r</i> = 0.216) scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggested the remarkable role of fibrogensis markers HA and PIIINP in the prediction of hepatitis C virus DAAs treatment response. Multiplying HA with PIIINP values increase the sensitivity to detect treatment success and thus may aim to improve treatment duration and the disease control.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"106479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye on cytomegalovirus: Unveiling the ophthalmic impact of cytomegalovirus.","authors":"Mutali Musa, Gladness Aluyi-Osa, Ekele Chukwuyem, Babatunde Ismail Bale, Fabiana D'Esposito, Daniele Tognetto, Caterina Gagliano, Marco Zeppieri","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.101944","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.101944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that can cause significant ocular morbidity, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To summarize the current understanding of the ophthalmic impact of CMV, with a focus on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management, ocular symptoms of CMV floaters, blurred vision, and loss of peripheral vision, eventually progressing to retinal necrosis and detachment. CMV retinitis (CMVR) is a sight-threatening condition that can lead to retinal detachment, blindness, and even death.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We discuss the pathophysiology of CMVR, including the role of immune suppression and viral reactivation. We also examine the clinical features of CMVR, including its characteristic retinal lesions and associated ocular complications. Diagnostic approaches are reviewed, including polymerase chain reaction and fundus photography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We discuss treatment options, including antiviral medications, intravitreal injections, and surgical interventions. Finally, we highlight areas of ongoing research and future directions in managing CMV-related ocular disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CMV poses a significant threat to ocular health, particularly in immunocompromised populations such as those with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"101944"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising adult hepatitis A in Pakistan: Shifting trends and public health solutions.","authors":"Saad Ahmed, Abdulqadir J Nashwan","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102519","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This letter evaluates Shahid <i>et al</i>'s study in 2025 on the rising hepatitis A virus (HAV) among adults in Pakistan, highlighting a shift in the virus's epidemiology. Once primarily a childhood disease in low-income regions, HAV is now increasingly affecting adults, also seen globally due to improved sanitation. The study highlights public health challenges from adult HAV infections, which can lead to complications like coagulopathy and acute liver failure. It also has limitations, including being a single-center study and lacking seroprevalence and socioeconomic data, indicating the need for further research. This letter calls for urgent public health measures to extend adult vaccination programs and improve sanitation to address the increasing HAV infection in adult populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"102519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake of lumbar puncture and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease who screened for serum cryptococcal-antigen in Africa.","authors":"Haji Mbwana Ally, Hafidha Mhando Bakari, Jackline Vicent Mbishi, Zuhura Mbwana Ally, Mariam Salim Mbwana, Lynn Moshi, Rahma Musoke, Swalehe Mustafa Salim, Hassan Fredrick Fussi, Aboubakar Omar Mustafa, John Bartlet, Habib Omari Ramadhani","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.106973","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.106973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends lumbar puncture (LP) procedures to assess the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease (AHD) with positive serum cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) and do not have evidence of CM.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To estimate pooled prevalence of uptake of LP, CM and mortality among patients with AHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE were searched for articles published between January 2011 and December 2024. LP uptake was defined as percentage of people who underwent LP procedures among those with AHD (CD4 ≤ 200 cells/mm³ or WHO stage III/IV) and positive serum CrAg. Using random effects models, we computed the pooled estimate of LP uptake, CM and mortality and 95%CI. Stratified analyses were used to compare uptake of LP between studies that involved multiple <i>vs</i> single sites, and mortality analyses between patients with positive and negative serum CrAg were performed. Sensitivity analysis on LP uptake was done by excluding prospective cohort studies that reported 100% uptake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 32 studies with 46890 people with AHD screened for serum CrAg and 2730 (5.8%) had positive serum CrAg. Overall, pooled prevalence of LP uptake was 67.7% (95%CI: 54.0-81.5). The overall pooled prevalence of CM was 54.3% (95%CI: 39.7-69.0), and mortality was 6.2% (95% CI: 4.5-8.0). There is disparities in the pooled prevalence of LP uptake with studies involving multiple sites having lower prevalence compared to those that involved single sites (54.8% <i>vs</i> 84.7%, <i>P</i> = 0.004). By excluding prospective cohort studies that reported 100% uptake, the overall LP uptake was 54.5% (95%CI: 38.8-70.1). The pooled prevalence of CM was significantly lower among studies that involved multiple sites compared to those that involved single sites (6.8% <i>vs</i> 8.1%, <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001). Mortality was significantly twice as high among patients who had positive serum CrAg compared to those who had negative serum CrAg [risk ratio = 2.0 (95%CI: 1.6-2.5), <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nearly three to five in 10 people with AHD with positive serum CrAg did not have LP procedures done, indicating significant gaps in identifying patients with CM. Establishing a confirmed diagnosis of CM is critical to avoid exposing patients to subtherapeutic levels of antifungals preemptively. Capacity to perform LP and patient refusals are among the reasons for not performing the procedure. Capacity building in training health care providers to perform LP procedures and professional counselling to obtain patient consent are critical for appropriate treatment to reduce mortality associated with CM infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"106973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of substance use on rising hepatitis A hospitalizations in the United States: A decade-long comparative study.","authors":"Vinay Jahagirdar, Misha Gautam, Waqas Rasheed, Hanna Blaney, Hassam Ali, Hassan Ghoz","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.97421","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.97421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection remains the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. In the United States, recent outbreaks have been attributed primarily to person-to-person transmission, with vulnerable populations such as people who use illicit drugs, those experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men disproportionately affected.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the trends in HAV hospitalizations over the past decade and evaluate the impact of substance use on these hospitalizations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective study using the National Inpatient Sample database from 2011 to 2020. Adults (≥ 18 years) hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of HAV infection were included. We identified active substance use as a secondary diagnosis. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and propensity score matching to compare HAV hospitalizations with and without substance use. Outcomes included hospitalization trends, complications, length of stay (LOS), and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2011 to 2020, there were 56972 hospitalizations for HAV infections. Hospitalizations increased from 3917 in 2011 to 8290 in 2020, peaking at 9800 in 2018. Caucasian males (55%) were the most affected, with a mean age of 49 years. The prevalence of active substance use among HAV hospitalizations was 27%, with these patients being younger (mean age: 39 years) and predominantly male (63.1%). HAV hospitalizations associated with substance use increased significantly, rising from 235 cases in 2011 to 3200 in 2020 (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Compared to HAV hospitalizations without substance use, those with substance use had higher rates of co-infections (hepatitis C virus 45% <i>vs</i> 11%, hepatitis B virus 11% <i>vs</i> 6%) and complications, including sepsis (1.9% <i>vs</i> 1%) and infective endocarditis (1.4% <i>vs</i> 0.15%, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Hospitalizations with substance use also had longer LOS (4.34 days <i>vs</i> 3.97 days, <i>P</i> < 0.05), but mortality rates were comparable. Predictors of mortality in HAV-substance use hospitalizations included acute liver failure, sepsis, and acute respiratory failure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HAV hospitalizations in the United States have significantly increased over the past decade, with the rise driven by cases involving substance use. These patients face a higher burden of complications and healthcare utilization. Tailored public health strategies, including targeted vaccination and outreach programs for at-risk populations, are essential to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and economic burden associated with HAV.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"97421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New frontiers in sickle cell disease: The role of antiviral therapies and emerging drugs in managing viral infections.","authors":"Tarun Sahu, Arunita Tushar Jagzape, Meenakshi Sinha, Ramanjan Sinha, Henu Kumar Verma","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.101693","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.101693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that predisposes affected individuals to a range of complications, including an increased susceptibility to viral infections. These infections present significant clinical challenges due to the underlying immunocompromised state in SCD patients. This review examines the interaction between viral infections and SCD, highlighting the vulnerabilities and the impact of these infections on morbidity and mortality in this population. Advances in antiviral therapies have significantly improved outcomes, yet managing viral infections in SCD patients requires special consideration due to drug-to-drug interactions, altered pharmacokinetics, and the potential exacerbation of SCD-related complications. Additionally, vaccination strategies against viral infections and the emerging role of prophylactic antiviral treatments are discussed as critical components of infection prevention. By focusing on both established and novel antiviral treatments, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities in managing viral infections in patients with SCD.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"101693"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 management in patients with comorbid conditions.","authors":"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Chuku Okorie, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Vyshnavy Balendra, Amine Lehachi, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Nafees Haider, Amos Abioye, Verner N Orish, Afolabi Antonio, Olanrewaju Badaru, Rajashree Pandit, Ricardo Izurieta","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102674","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102674","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes serious respiratory illness and related disorders. Vulnerable populations, including those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and the elderly, face an increased risk of severe complications. As the pandemic evolves, various diagnostic techniques are available to detect severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), including clinical presentation, rapid antigen/antibody testing, molecular testing, supplemental laboratory analysis, and imaging. Based on peer-reviewed data, treatment options include convalescent plasma transfusion, corticosteroids, antivirals, and immunomodulatory medications. Convalescent plasma therapy, historically used in outbreaks like Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebola, and SARS, is suggested by the World Health Organization for critically ill COVID-19 patients when vaccines or antiviral drugs are unavailable. Neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma help control viral load and improve patient outcomes, especially when administered early, though effectiveness varies. The United States Food and Drug Administration has authorized its emergency use for severe COVID-19 cases, but potential risks such as transfusion reactions and transfusion-related acute lung injury require further investigation to establish definitive efficacy. Antiviral agents like Remdesivir, an adenosine nucleotide analog, inhibit viral RNA polymerase and have shown efficacy in reducing COVID-19 severity, leading to its emergency use authorization for hospitalized patients. Other antivirals like ritonavir, lopinavir, and umifenovir disrupt viral replication and entry, but their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 remains under investigation. Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, has been used in critically ill COVID-19 patients to reduce inflammation and prevent respiratory failure, as shown in the RECOVERY trial. Other immunosuppressants like ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and colchicine help modulate the immune response, reducing cytokine storms and inflammation-related complications. However, corticosteroids carry risks such as hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, and delayed viral clearance, requiring careful administration. Systematic reviews of clinical studies revealed that hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin did not decrease viral load nor reduce the severity of symptoms, but increased mortality among acutely hospitalized patients. There was no improvement in patients' clinical conditions after 15 days compared to standard treatment. The United States Food and Drug Administration has revoked the authorization for the use of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients due to the null benefit-risk balance. Monoclonal antibodies like itolizumab, gimsilumab, sarilumab, and tocilizumab are being studied for their ability to reduce the severe inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients, particularly cytokine release syndr","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"14 2","pages":"102674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}