世界病毒学杂志(英文版)最新文献

{"title":"Cautious optimism in anticipation of hepatitis B curative therapies.","authors":"Alla Turshudzhyan,&nbsp;Micheal Tadros","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite relative effectiveness of current hepatitis B therapies, there is still no curative agents available. The new emerging approaches hold promise to achieve cure and loss of hepatitis B surface antigen. Studies or clinical trials investigating new therapies remain small and either focus on patients with low viral load and without hepatotoxic injury or patients with hepatitis D co-infection, which makes it challenging to assess their effectiveness and side effect profile in hepatitis B population.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 4","pages":"212-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/93/67/WJV-11-212.PMC9372785.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33484405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic effects on the distribution of healthcare services in India: A systematic review.","authors":"Nirav Nimavat,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehedi Hasan,&nbsp;Sundip Charmode,&nbsp;Gowthamm Mandala,&nbsp;Ghanshyam R Parmar,&nbsp;Ranvir Bhangu,&nbsp;Israr Khan,&nbsp;Shruti Singh,&nbsp;Amit Agrawal,&nbsp;Ashish Shah,&nbsp;Vishi Sachdeva","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought fundamental changes to our problems and priorities, especially those related to the healthcare sector. India was one of the countries severely affected by the harsh consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To understand the challenges faced by the healthcare system during a pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature search for this review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also used Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) to search and improve the results. We focused on the published scientific articles concerned with two major vital areas: (1) The Indian healthcare system; and (2) COVID-19 pandemic effects on the Indian healthcare system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Indian healthcare system was suffering even before the pandemic. The pandemic has further stretched the healthcare services in India. The main obstacle in the healthcare system was to combat the rising number of communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases. Besides the pandemic measures, there was a diversion of focus of the already established healthcare services away from the chronic conditions and vaccinations. The disruption of the vaccination services may have more severe short and long-term consequences than the pandemic's adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Severely restricted resources limited the interaction of the Indian healthcare system with the COVID-19 pandemic. Re-establishment of primary healthcare services, maternal and child health services, noncommunicable diseases programs, National Tuberculosis Elimination Program, <i>etc.</i> are important to prevent serious long-term consequences of this pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 4","pages":"186-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/31/d1/WJV-11-186.PMC9372784.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33484407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air leaks in COVID-19.","authors":"Deven Juneja,&nbsp;Sahil Kataria,&nbsp;Omender Singh","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to create havoc and may present with myriad complications involving many organ systems. However, the respiratory system bears the maximum brunt of the disease and continues to be most commonly affected. There is a high incidence of air leaks in patients with COVID-19, leading to acute worsening of clinical condition. The air leaks may develop independently of the severity of disease or positive pressure ventilation and even in the absence of any traditional risk factors like smoking and un-derlying lung disease. The exact pathophysiology of air leaks with COVID-19 remains unclear, but multiple factors may play a role in their development. A significant proportion of air leaks may be asymptomatic; hence, a high index of suspicion should be exercised for enabling early diagnosis to prevent further deterioration as it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. These air leaks may even develop weeks to months after the disease onset, leading to acute deterioration in the post-COVID period. Conservative management with close monitoring may suffice for many patients but most of the patients with pneumothorax may require intercostal drainage with only a few requiring surgical interventions for persistent air leaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 4","pages":"176-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/37/WJV-11-176.PMC9372787.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33484404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: Role of interleukin-6 and the inflammatory cascade.","authors":"Mohaddeseh Bahmani, Rojin Chegini, Elham Ghanbari, Elham Sheykhsaran, Parisa Shiri Aghbash, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo, Ehsan Moradian, Amir Masoud Kazemzadeh Houjaghan, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.113","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus that represents a serious threat to human lives has emerged. There is still no definite treatment for severe cases of the disease caused by this virus, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One of the most considered treatment strategies targets the exaggerated immune regulator, and interleukin (IL)-6 is a crucial pro-inflammatory mediator. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases show an elevated level of IL-6 related to disease severity. IL-6 activity can be inhibited by the following: IL-6 itself, IL-6 signaling pathways such as Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), gp130, IL-6R, and downstream activated ILs, such as IL-17 and IL-6 cytokine. Currently, according to these studies and their results, IL-6 blockade with anti-IL-6 or its receptor antibodies such as tocilizumab in COVID-19 is beneficial in severe cases and may reduce the mortality rate. JAK-STAT inhibitors block the cytokine storm by inhibiting several crucial pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6 and have shown various results in clinical trials. IL-6 induces IL-17 secretion, and IL-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes. Clinical trials of anti-IL-17 drugs are currently recruiting, and anti-gp130 antibody is preclinical. However, this agent has shown positive effects in inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials and could be tested for SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to review the role of IL-6 in the cytokine storm and studies regarding IL-6 and blockade of its inflammatory pathways in COVID-19 to determine if any of these agents are beneficial for COVID-19 patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"113-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9150027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47033592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational, psychosocial, and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic on medical students in the United States","authors":"Veronica Frank, Anjali Doshi, Natalie L Demirjian, Brandon K.K. Fields, Catherine Song, X. Lei, S. Reddy, B. Desai, Drayton C Harvey, S. Cen, A. Gholamrezanezhad","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.150","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered education, exams, and residency applications for United States medical students. AIM To determine the specific impact of the pandemic on US medical students and its correlation to their anxiety levels. METHODS An 81-question survey was distributed via email, Facebook and social media groups using REDCapTM. To investigate risk factors associated with elevated anxiety level, we dichotomized the 1-10 anxiety score into low (≤ 5) and high (≥ 6). This cut point represents the 25th percentile. There were 90 (29%) shown as low anxiety and 219 (71%) as high anxiety. For descriptive analyses, we used contingency tables by anxiety categories for categorical measurements with chi square test, or mean ± STD for continuous measurements followed by t-test or Wilcoxson rank sum test depending on data normality. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator was used to select important predictors for the final multivariate model. Hierarchical Poisson regression model was used to fit the final multivariate model by considering the nested data structure of students clustered within State. RESULTS 397 medical students from 29 states were analyzed. Approximately half of respondents reported feeling depressed since the pandemic onset. 62% of participants rated 7 or higher out of 10 when asked about anxiety levels. Stressors correlated with higher anxiety scores included “concern about being unable to complete exams or rotations if contracting COVID-19” (RR 1.34; 95%CI: 1.05-1.72, P = 0.02) and the use of mental health services such as a “psychiatrist” (RR 1.18; 95%CI: 1.01-1.3, P = 0.04). However, those students living in cities that limited restaurant operations to exclusively takeout or delivery as the only measure of implementing social distancing (RR 0.64; 95%CI: 0.49-0.82, P < 0.01) and those who selected “does not apply” for financial assistance available if needed (RR 0.83; 95%CI: 0.66-0.98, P = 0.03) were less likely to have a high anxiety. CONCLUSION COVID-19 significantly impacted medical students in numerous ways. Medical student education and clinical readiness were reduced, and anxiety levels increased. It is vital that medical students receive support as they become physicians. Further research should be conducted on training medical students in telemedicine to better prepare students in the future for pandemic planning and virtual healthcare.","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"150 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48982650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omicron variant and change of electrostatic interactions between receptor binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor","authors":"R. Mungmunpuntipantip, V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.144","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants are currently a new hazard. Since the first appearance of classical SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, pathogen genetic alterations have continued to occur, and some new hazardous forms have already emerged. The underlying pathophysiological process leading to clinical issue is molecular change caused by genetic mutation. AIM To determine the change in the interaction between receptor binding domain of omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). METHODS The researchers investigated how alterations in the binding area of the SARS receptor CoV2 interacted electrostatically with the ACE2 receptor. In this report, three important coronavirus disease 2019 variants, beta, delta, and omicron, were investigated. RESULTS According to this study, there was a change of electrostatic interactions between the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 with the ACE2 receptor due to each studied variant. The most change was detected in omicron variant followed by delta variant and beta variant. CONCLUSION Our results may support the clinical finding that the omicron variant is more transmissible than the wild type and other variants.","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"144 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46611830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on mental health and emotional well-being of older adults","authors":"L. Joseph","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.129","url":null,"abstract":"Older adults faced unique challenges in the pandemic due to their increased vulnerability to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its complications. Pandemic-related restrictions such as physical distancing, stay-at-home orders, lock-down, and mandatory face cover affected older adults in unique ways. Additionally, older adults experienced psychosocial concerns related to discrimination based on ageism and emotional distress from exposure to conflicting messages in the media. They experienced several forms of loss and associated grief and survivor guilt. Pandemic added to their loneliness and social isolation. Furthermore, older adults experienced the fear and anxiety related to COVID and the fear of contracting the disease and dying from it. Pandemic experience included events potential to generate the desire and capability for suicide. Several studies report varying symptoms such as loneliness, anxiety, and depression among older adults during the pandemic. However, during the initial months of the pandemic, there were reports on coping and resilience among this population. The impact of COVID-19 on older adults’ mental health may have long-term implications. This narrative review examines the impact of COVID-19 on older adults’ mental health and psychosocial wellbeing. Additionally, the review highlights various factors that affected their psychosocial wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"129 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46410940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): A concern with immune escape","authors":"A. Sanyaolu, A. Marinkovic, S. Prakash, N. Haider, Martina Williams, C. Okorie, O. Badaru, Stella Smith","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.137","url":null,"abstract":"Omicron, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant that is now spreading across the world, is the most altered version to emerge so far, with mutations comparable to changes reported in earlier variants of concern linked with increased transmissibility and partial resistance to vaccine-induced immunity. This article provides an overview of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron (B.1.1.529) by reviewing the literature from major scientific databases. Although clear immunological and clinical data are not yet available, we extrapolated from what is known about mutations present in the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and offer preliminary indications on transmissibility, severity, and immune escape through existing research and databases.","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"137 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42941700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial and fungal co-infection is a major barrier in COVID-19 patients: A specific management and therapeutic strategy is required","authors":"Tarun Sahu, H. Verma, L. Bhaskar","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i2.107","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial co-infections are another primary concern in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet it is an untouched area among researchers. Preliminary data and systematic reviews only show the type of pathogens responsible for that, but its pathophysiology is still unknown. Studies show that these microbial co-infections are hospital-acquired/nosocomial infections, and patients admitted to intensive care units with invasive mechanical ventilation are highly susceptible to it. Patients with COVID-19 had elevated inflammatory cytokines and a weakened cell-mediated immune response, with lower CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell counts, indicating vulnerability to various co-infections. Despite this, there are only a few studies that recommend the management of co-infections.","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"107 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44576146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of N-acetyl cysteine during COVID-19 epoch","authors":"Ajita Kapur, Munish Sharma, Geetanjali Sageena","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v11.i2.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i2.104","url":null,"abstract":"N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a promising drug for prophylaxis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Further studies with cautious approach are needed to establish the benefits and risks before considering NAC as an adjuvant treatment for COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"11 1","pages":"104 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43791777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}