International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Pangolin scale inspired laser surface textures embedded on nickel aluminium bronze: tribological and corrosion behaviour","authors":"Stephen Lobo,&nbsp;Bharatish A.,&nbsp;Srilatha Rao,&nbsp;Sivakumar Solaiachari,&nbsp;Mahendra Kumar S.","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00462-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00462-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bio-mimetic surface texturing has gained significant interest in aerospace and marine applications in recent years. This paper aims at investigating the effect of pangolin scale-inspired biomimetic laser surface texturing (LST) on the tribological properties and corrosion behaviour of nickel aluminium bronze (NAB) substrates. Friction and wear performance of laser surface textures on NAB with varying occupancy rate (15%, 20%, and 32%) and normal load (10, 20, 40 N) was ascertained under dry and lubricated conditions. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were adopted to measure corrosion resistance of textured samples in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. The results showed that 20% occupancy yielded the best overall results, increasing wear resistance under dry sliding by 64.7% and reducing the coefficient of friction in lubrication by up to 39.8%. Furthermore, corrosion protection was improved by increased passive film stability. These findings show that optimized biomimetic LST offers a sustainable means of prolonging the service life of NAB components in demanding environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00462-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical comparative analysis of microwave and conventionally annealed sol–gel derived metal oxide thin films","authors":"Munishamaiah Krishna","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00459-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00459-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of conventional furnace annealing and microwave annealing on sol–gel-derived TiO₂ and NiTiO₃ thin films was investigated through a statistically supported comparison. Thin films were prepared by spin coating and subsequently heat-treated using the two annealing methods under controlled conditions. Structural, morphological, optical, dielectric, and electrical properties were examined using XRD, SEM, AFM, UV–visible spectroscopy, C–V, and I–V measurements. Reproducibility of the results was assessed using statistical analysis based on mean and standard deviation, along with significance testing. Microwave annealing produced noticeable and statistically significant changes in crystallite size, optical band gap, and leakage current density when compared with conventional annealing. However, visible transmittance and dielectric permittivity showed only minor differences between the two methods. The results also revealed material-dependent behaviour, particularly in surface roughness and crystallite growth. Overall, the study shows that microwave annealing can achieve similar or improved film properties in a much shorter processing time, making it a practical alternative to conventional furnace annealing for sol–gel-derived metal oxide thin films.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00459-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-art in 3D printing of auxetic structures: recent progress and perspectives","authors":"Santosh S Bagewadi,&nbsp;Vinayak S Hiremath,&nbsp;Akash V Biradar,&nbsp;T Dhilipkumar","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00465-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00465-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Auxetic structures, which are identified by their negative Poisson’s ratio, have exceptional mechanical qualities, such as increased flexibility, impact resistance, and greater energy absorption. Because of these special qualities, they are ideal for a wide range of uses in biomedical engineering, smart materials, protective gear, and aircraft. A thorough categorization of auxetic structures, including re-entrant, chiral, and rotating unit designs, is presented in this paper along with an emphasis on their unique mechanical properties. Furthermore, the development of 3D printing has transformed the process of creating auxetic structures by providing exact control over structural performance, material composition, and shape. However, there are still issues with accurate computational modelling, large-scale production, and material optimization. To fully realize the promise of auxetic structures, future research should concentrate on incorporating multifunctional materials, enhancing prediction models, and investigating innovative applications. Auxetic structures are positioned to spur innovation in next-generation engineering solutions because of ongoing developments in material science and additive manufacturing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00465-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of nanostructured zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄)","authors":"Dhafer Wadee Alrekaby,&nbsp;Khaled Elleuch,&nbsp;Fadhil Kareem Farhan","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00452-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00452-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research delineates the hydrothermal synthesis and comprehensive characterization of nanostructured zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) and its subsequent incorporation as a filler into a Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) matrix to form nanocomposites. In order to create ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramics, the first step was to pick two precursor materials, silicon dioxide and zirconium oxychloride octahydrate, then to carry out hydrothermal synthesis of the precursors into ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramics. Following synthesis of the ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramics, morphological characterization with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramics were comprised of primary nanoparticles that had agglomerated into quasi-spherical structures and had also been linked together to form sintered sites. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated that the ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramics were comprised of the elements Zr, Si and O and how those three elements were distributed in the ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramics in a manner consistent with the formation of zirconium silicate, despite there being some differences from the ideal 1 to 1 to 4 ratio of Zr, Si, and O; therefore, additional studies were conducted to determine the mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA/ZrSiO₄ nanocomposites containing various amounts of ZrSiO₄ (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7 wt. % ZrSiO₄). For each of the PMMA/ZrSiO₄ nanocomposites, the data indicated that the density, as measured, increased with increasing ZrSiO₄; therefore, the hardness of the PMMA/ZrSiO₄ nanocomposites increased with increasing ZrSiO₄ content. Wear resistance for the PMMA/ZrSiO₄ nanocomposites was significantly improved over pure PMMA as was demonstrated by the generally lower tribological mass loss and wear rates. To further elucidate how the ZrSiO₄ nano-ceramic filler affected the PMMA matrix, the impact strength and thermal properties (thermal conductivity, effusivity, diffusivity and resistance) of the PMMA/ZrSiO₄ nanocomposites were also characterized. The results of the four analyses of the PMMA/ZrSiO₄ nanocomposites indicated tremendous potential for these nanocomposites for advanced engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00452-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148008642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological behaviour of hybrid-reinforced LM30 aluminium metal matrix composites","authors":"A. R. Suresh,&nbsp;P. Ravikumar,&nbsp;G. Rajeshkumar,&nbsp;K. Balaji,&nbsp;K. Madhan Muthu Ganesh,&nbsp;S. Saranya","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00457-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00457-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of wear-resistant materials is critical for researchers aiming to extend the life of sliding components employed in mechanical engineering fields by reducing friction-related energy losses. The motive of the study is to fabricate the hybrid composites of aluminium which include the reinforcements made of mullite (Mul), silicon carbide (SiC), and tungsten disulphide (WS₂) for different tribological purposes. The composites were made using stir casting mechanism by varying the compositions of reinforcements. The experimental study indicates that the composites containing 10% wt.% of Mul, 10 wt.% of SiC, and 3 wt.% of WS₂ exhibit optimum wear resistance. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis concluded a homogeneous distribution of the used compositions within the matrix material, stating a strong bond between the base metal and added reonforcements. The outcome of the study with the use of SiC, Mul, and WS₂ to develop an aluminium-based metal matrix composites has a good scope in the mechanical and automobile sectors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00457-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148173225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of thermal ageing on the mechanical and corrosion properties of a copper coated steel wire","authors":"Yong X. Gan,&nbsp;Kexin Deng,&nbsp;Mingheng Li,&nbsp;Dan Birnie","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00464-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00464-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, pure shear and seawater corrosion properties of a low carbon steel wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm and covered by a 0.3 µm thick pure copper protective layer were tested at room temperature of 20 °C first. Then, the changes in the mechanical and corrosion behavior upon thermal ageing at 600 °C and 900 °C for 2 h were investigated. Torsion tests were performed on the wire specimens to generate torque and angle of twist data and establish the shear stress–strain relations. The corrosion behavior of the steel wire with and without thermal aging was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance tests in seawater. It has been found that the thermal ageing at 600 °C resulted in 30% loss in the shear strength of the steel wire. The shear strength decreased by nearly 70% after thermal ageing 900 °C. The modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) of the steel wire after thermal aged at 600 °C or 900 °C was only about one-thirds of that of the specimen tested at the room temperature. The decrease in rigidity and shear strength is due to both oxidation of the protective copper coating and strong annealing effect of the steel wire. Thermal aging also changes the corrosion behavior of the steel wire in seawater significantly. The higher the thermal aging temperature, the greater the impedance, indicating that the oxidation of the copper coating at the high temperature produced a semiconducting cupric oxide layer. This surface oxide layer contributes to the capacitive behavior of the steel wire in seawater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00464-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creatinine detection in artificial urine using perylenediimide probe single split resonator device","authors":"Rashmi Gautam,&nbsp;Ankit Singh,&nbsp;Pramod Kumar,&nbsp;Rachana Kumar","doi":"10.1186/s40712-025-00401-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-025-00401-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quick, cost effective, sensitive, reusable biosensors are the requirement of current time to detect biomarkers at low levels for early diagnosis of diseases. Metamaterial biosensors have shown their potential for quantitative detection of biomolecules with minimal sample size and processing requirement. In the current work, single split resonator (SSR) biosensor is developed for the detection of creatinine biomarker in artificial urine (AU) using perylenediimide probe molecule. Creatinine is critical biomarker to be diagnosed both at high and low levels. The reported SSR device can detect creatinine in the range of 0.01–750 µM in artificial urine with limit of detection of 0.015 µM. The device shows high sensitivity and Figure-of-merit (FoM) of ~ 73 MHz/DCU and ~ 167 respectively using PDI as probe molecule in artificial urine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted for quantitative detection of creatinine in artificial urine using probe molecule using SSR device. The absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy studies have also been performed and compared for sensitivity. SSR based biosensor with high sensitivity and reusability for detection of low to high concentration of creatinine in artificial urine using PDI as probe molecule is demonstrated as potential point of use biomedical device.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-025-00401-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of coir-PET reinforced composite for environmentally friendly applications","authors":"Abu Mohammad Azmal Morshed,&nbsp;Rifat Jahan,&nbsp;Mohammad Nurul Alam","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00451-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00451-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Use of recycled polymer as raw materials for composite production can remarkably reduce the plastic waste from environment. It is crucial to produce s sustainable method for the production of useful goods from environmental wastes (plastics) with biofibers reinforced materials to alter the plastics into decomposable materials. The preparation of yellow Coir fiber-PET (polyethylene terephthalate) reinforced composite materials has been conducted by several studies; but, the determination of mechanical properties based on exact compositions has yet to be presented in the literature. This work aims to establish the best composition ratio for the preparation of Coir fiber-PET composites. In this study we have prepared Coir fiber-PET composites with different composition ratio of Coir fiber: PET%(w/w), of Sample-A (20% Coir : PET 80%), Sample-B (30% Coir : PET 70%), Sample-C (40% Coir : PET 60%), Sample-D (50% Coir : PET 50%), Sample-E (60% Coir : PET 40%), Sample-F (70% Coir : PET 30%) and Sample-G (80% Coir : PET 20%). Among Six distinct Coir fiber: PET composition ratio, Sample-C(40% Coir &amp; 60% PET) and Sample-D (50% Coir &amp; 50% PET) composites demonstrated the maximum mechanical properties as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, shear strength, and elongation of break. The reason of the diverse values of mechanical properties for different composition containing Coir fiber-PET composite has been discussed through the article. The study inveterate that the yellow coir fiber-PET composite owns greater mechanical properties at their composition ratio of 40% coir fiber : 60% PET, considered to be the best fit for useful applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00451-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148008712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imidazolium-based ionic liquids as supercapacitor electrolytes and the effect of copper (I) and (II) oxides nanoparticles along with MWCNT addition to electrode materials","authors":"Akram Hassanpouryouzband,&nbsp;Iraj Ahadzadeh,&nbsp;Fateme Jafari,&nbsp;Hemayat Shekaari","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00431-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00431-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work investigates the electrochemical performance of five imidazolium-based ionic liquids as electrolytes for supercapacitors across a wide temperature range and examines the effect of incorporating nanomaterials into the electrode matrix. Copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O) and copper(II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized via thermal pyrolysis and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Initially, supercapacitors with activated carbon electrodes were tested using 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([HMIM][Br]), 1-Butyl-3 Methylimidazolium Chloride ([BMIM][Cl]), 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Thiocyanate ([HMIM][SCN]), 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride ([HMIM][Cl]), and 1-Octyl-3 Methylimidazolium Chloride ([OMIM][Cl]) as electrolytes. Direct current (DC) methods were employed to determine equivalent series resistance, parallel resistance, capacitance, and potential window. The results revealed that increasing temperature generally enhanced specific capacitance while reducing both series and parallel resistance. Among the tested electrolytes, [OMIM][Cl] demonstrated the best performance, exhibiting the highest energy (22.91 W.h. kg⁻¹ at 0°C) and power density (64.02 kW. Kg⁻¹ at 75°C). In the second phase of the study, [OMIM][Cl] was selected as the electrolyte, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), CuO, and Cu₂O nanoparticles were incorporated into the electrode material. The CuO/MWCNT-based device exhibited the highest specific capacitance, lowest series resistance, and highest parallel resistance. Meanwhile, the supercapacitor with Cu₂O nanoparticles achieved the widest voltage range, resulting in the highest energy (32.00 W.h. kg⁻¹ at 28°C) and power (33.44 kW. Kg⁻¹ at 75°C) density among nanoparticle-containing supercapacitors. These findings demonstrate the synergistic potential of imidazolium-based ionic liquids and copper oxide nanomaterials in enhancing the energy storage capabilities of next-generation supercapacitors.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00431-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite element analysis of stress concentration and buckling behaviour in composite panels with cutouts","authors":"Karthik SB,&nbsp;Abhijith N,&nbsp; Abhinav,&nbsp;Santhosh N,&nbsp;Manjula K,&nbsp;Prem Chand R,&nbsp;Channa Keshava Naik N,&nbsp;Addisu Frinjo Emma,&nbsp;Mustafa M. Aljumaily,&nbsp;Mukhtar Hamid Abed","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00458-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00458-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a detailed finite element investigation of stress concentration and buckling behaviour in laminated composite panels with circular cut-outs reinforced using flange configurations. Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on single loading conditions or limited geometric variations, this work is the first to systematically evaluate the influence of varying flange heights (0 mm – 8 mm) under shear, compressive, and combined loading conditions. Composite panels made of T300/976 carbon fibre reinforced polymer with a 16-layer [± 45] s layup were analysed using MSC Patran/Nastran. The results demonstrate that flange reinforcement significantly improves structural performance. A maximum reduction of approximately 31% in stress concentration factor (SCF) was observed with the introduction of flange reinforcement, while the buckling load factor (BLF) increased from 1.23 in the unreinforced case to 1.37, approaching the performance of a solid panel. The study further identifies that a flange height of 6 mm provides the optimal balance between stress reduction, buckling resistance, and weight efficiency, as further increases yield only marginal benefits. Additionally, the results highlight that the effectiveness of reinforcement decreases with increasing cut-out diameter, although significant improvements in buckling stability are still achieved. Overall, the findings establish flange reinforcement as an efficient design strategy for enhancing the structural integrity of composite panels with cut-outs under realistic multi-load conditions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00458-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}