International Journal of Biometeorology最新文献

{"title":"Limitations of employing a unified physiological equivalent temperature scale for assessing thermal comfort in Taiwan’s Cwa urban climate","authors":"Kang-Ting Tsai,&nbsp;Ning-Shiang Chen,&nbsp;Jia-Yu Jhang","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03294-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03294-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Taiwan’s national reference for outdoor thermal comfort assessment originates from a single non-urban site in a Cfa zone, whereas the country’s most heat-vulnerable metropolitan areas lie in the Cwa zone. Conventional thermal comfort evaluations rely on single standardized scales, which may not fully reflect variation across different climates and outdoor contexts. This study employed the modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) thermal index as a thermal comfort indicator and established a regionally adaptive and mPET-based thermal perception scale suitable for Taiwan’s Cwa climate. Field studies were conducted in two representative Cwa sites—Zhongxing New Village and the Central Taiwan Science Park—and encompassed seven outdoor spaces with distinct spatial functions and microclimatic characteristics. Microclimatic measurements, questionnaire surveys, and user count observations were considered to examine the relationships among thermal conditions, thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and spatial behavior. The results indicate that a neutral temperature for these sites is 23.3 °C mPET and that a 90% acceptable thermal comfort range is between 21.4 and 25.8 °C mPET. Behavioral thermal adaptation, including shade-seeking and time-shifting behaviors, was also observed in this study. In addition, contextual comparison with PET thresholds reported for other climate zones indicated the regional specificity of the neutral temperatures and physiologically equivalent temperature classifications derived for Taiwan’s Cwa climate, suggesting that a single physiologically equivalent temperature scale may be insufficient for nationwide evaluations. The study findings highlight a need for climate-sensitive and behaviorally informed thermal comfort assessments. The results offer initial empirical support to aid with climate adaptation strategies and outdoor space planning in humid subtropical urban environments, with further validation across additional Cwa sites warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03294-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization study of compact kitchens based on coordinated ventilation strategy","authors":"Zhihang Shen,&nbsp;Shunyu Zhang,&nbsp;Lihui Zhu,&nbsp;Xiangrui Zhao,&nbsp;Zhenlei Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03263-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03263-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To enhance thermal comfort in compact kitchens of multi-family residential units, This article proves that simple mechanical ventilation has limited effectiveness and proposes an optimization strategy that integrates mechanical air supply and natural ventilation. First, a high-accuracy (&gt; 88%) kitchen simulation model is established by fitting the kitchen temperature variation function and eliminating non-essential factors, providing a reliable theoretical foundation for ventilation optimization. Based on this model, the range hood structure is further optimized to improve pollutant capture performance. The results indicate that when the smoke baffle angle is adjusted to 178°, the CO₂ concentration in the kitchen, except for the cooking area, remains below 1000 ppm, effectively improving air quality and reducing pollutant accumulation risk. However, under purely natural ventilation conditions, thermal comfort for cooking personnel remains suboptimal. To address this, an orthogonal experimental method is employed to investigate ventilation performance under different collaborative air supply conditions. Additionally, statistical methods are introduced to assign weights to key indicators, including CO₂ capture efficiency, weighted PMV(Predicted Mean Vote), air age, and ADPI(Air Distribution Performance Index), thereby constructing a comprehensive evaluation index S for quantifying kitchen thermal comfort. Under the final optimized collaborative air supply condition, the weighted PMV value for human thermal sensitivity is reduced by 92.23%, CO₂ capture efficiency is increased by 35.07%, ADPI is improved by 15%, and air age is optimized by 18.41%. Furthermore, compared to the high airflow ventilation scheme, the optimized scheme reduces annual energy consumption by 1.08 kWh under the assumption of 1-h daily operation. Experimentally validated, this study offers practical guidance for designing range hood baffles and energy-efficient ventilation in compact kitchens, and provides a useful index for evaluating indoor health and thermal comfort.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather data sources influence predictive performance of disease forecasting models","authors":"Theophilus Abonyi Mensah,&nbsp;Neil White,&nbsp;Vivian Rincón-Flórez,&nbsp;Olufemi A. Akinsanmi","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03285-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03285-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Weather data from fine- and coarse-scale sources are increasingly used in disease forecasting models to support management decisions, yet comparisons between fine- and coarse-scale sources remain limited, largely due to the difficulty of acquiring fine-scale datasets across locations and seasons. Differences among weather sources can influence model outputs, resulting in variation in predictive performance and the timing of management decisions. This study evaluated four weather data sources, grouped as fine-scale (in-canopy and on-farm stations) and coarse-scale (regional gridded and point-based data from SILO, and Bureau of Meteorology, BOM, stations), across two production regions in Australia. Macadamia orchards were used as a case study to assess spatial variability in 10 weather variables associated with fungal infection over three seasons (2022–2024). Heterogeneous trends and associations were identified among the weather sources, primarily driven by differences in minimum temperature and minimum relative humidity. On-farm and SILO data showed high spatial variability, whereas in-canopy and BOM data were comparatively stable. Predictive performance of disease models based on each weather source was evaluated using airborne conidia dynamics for the fungal pathogens <i>Botrytis</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i> and <i>Neopestalotiopsis</i>/<i>Pestalotiopsis</i>, which cause flower blight in macadamia. In-canopy sources produced significantly lower predictive performance (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) than BOM sources, while on-farm, SILO and BOM sources showed comparable performance (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) across all pathogens. These findings indicate that the choice of weather data source, rather than spatial scale alone, is critical for reliable disease forecasting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03285-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simulation-based assessment of future heatwave impacts on building energy demand and outdoor thermal comfort in hot-humid cities","authors":"Jiahao Yang,&nbsp;Yini Fan,&nbsp;Jialiang Guo,&nbsp;Xiang Zhang,&nbsp;Zhuotong Wu,&nbsp;Weien Xie,&nbsp;Tongye Guo,&nbsp;Zhaosong Fang,&nbsp;Jun Lu","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03296-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03296-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasing frequency of extreme heatwave events driven by climate change, urban residential areas in hot-humid regions are facing severe thermal environmental and energy challenges. To comprehensively assess heat risks and building performance under future extreme heatwave scenarios, this study developed localized future extreme heatwave conditions for the Guangzhou region using downscaled climate data from four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. By integrating field measurements, ENVI-met and Energyplus simulations, the study systematically analyzed the outdoor thermal environments and building performance across five typologically diverse residential areas (LCZ 1–3). The results indicate that: (1) Future extreme heatwaves will drastically elevate outdoor heat stress, with the most severe scenario (SSP5-8.5) increasing the peak Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) by over 11 °C and expanding the spatial extent of strong heat stress areas to cover over 95% of sites with low green cover; (2) Indoor thermal environments will deteriorate significantly, with peak indoor temperatures exceeding 36.7 °C and early morning temperatures already above 32 °C, indicating insufficient nighttime cooling and heightened heat health risks; (3) Building cooling energy demand is projected to surge, with daily total consumption increasing by 6.1–8.5% (SSP1-2.6), 26.0–26.8% (SSP2-4.5), and 10.9–14.7% (SSP3-7.0) by the end of the century. The findings reveal the distinct thermal vulnerability of different urban forms and underscore the urgent need for differentiated, context-specific heat mitigation strategies to enhance urban resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the climate change impacts on Ohrid’s tourism","authors":"İlknur Zeydan,&nbsp;Özgür Zeydan","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03302-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03302-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The climatic conditions and thermal comfort are crucial for the development, marketing, and sustainability of tourism activities in a destination. Ohrid, North Macedonia, has become a popular destination in recent years. This study aims to determine the destination’s suitability for tourism and the impacts of climate change. The Holiday Climate Index (HCI: Urban and HCI: Beach) and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) were employed. The HCI has three components: thermal, aesthetic, and physical. The UTCI is composed of four primary meteorological variables and two human/non-meteorological factors. The monthly average index scores were calculated, and the most suitable months for tourism in Ohrid and the impacts of climate change on tourism were determined. Correlations between the thermal comfort indices and the tourism indicators (foreign tourist arrivals and nightly stays) were examined. All three indices showed significant relationships with the tourism indicators on a yearly basis, with UTCI showing the strongest associations. Additionally, the non-parametric Freidman test was used to determine whether there were differences between the thermal comfort indices calculated for 10-year periods. No monotonic trend was found in the HCI: Urban or HCI: Beach scores. UTCI exhibited a significant positive trend of approximately 0.05 °C/year. Ohrid appears to remain climatically suitable for tourism according to HCI, despite a gradual increase in physiological thermal stress indicated by UTCI. The results are expected to support tourism planners, destination managers, and visitors. At the same time, it is believed that they will serve as a guide for tourism marketing and tourism development on behalf of Ohrid tourism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-sensitive exposures and cancer outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Alireza Negahi,&nbsp;Amirhosein Naseri,&nbsp;Hossein Najdsepas,&nbsp;Hossein Negahban,&nbsp;Mehdi Khosravi-Mashizi,&nbsp;Abolhasan Alijanpour,&nbsp;Nima Narimani,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehdi Atarod,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Antikchi,&nbsp;Amirhossein Rahmani,&nbsp;Hossein Neamatzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03293-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03293-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is intensifying environmental exposures — wildfire smoke, ambient air pollution, extreme heat, and weather-driven disasters — with plausible but incompletely quantified consequences for cancer, and no prior synthesis has jointly examined them across cancer incidence, mortality, survival, and recurrence. We systematically searched five databases for observational studies up to May 2026 of wildfire, ambient temperature, hurricane or multi-hazard disaster, precipitation anomaly, or ambient PM₂.₅ exposure and cancer outcomes, and pooled 25 effect estimates from 14 studies within ten exposure–outcome groups using random-effects models, with robust variance estimation (RVE) as the primary approach for groups containing dependent estimates from shared cohorts, alongside prespecified subgroup, meta-regression, sensitivity, and GRADE analyses. After accounting for within-cohort dependence the overall association was null (RVE 1.02 (0.93–1.11)); the uncorrected estimate (1.07 (1.02–1.12)) was inflated by correlated effects and extreme heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 97%). Group-specific signals diverged: wildfire exposure showed a non-significant elevation in cancer mortality (RVE 1.11 (0.89–1.38)) and a borderline association with incidence from a single national cohort, ambient PM₂.₅ was associated with poorer survival, and higher temperature appeared protective for survival under the conventional model but not under RVE, most consistent with residual confounding. Certainty was Low for two groups and Very low for the remaining eight. This directionally concerning but statistically fragile, low-certainty evidence does not support a single overall effect; wildfire and ambient-PM₂.₅ carcinogenicity and disaster-related disruption of cancer care are the priorities for adequately powered, dependence-aware research within a planetary-health framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of machine learning strategies for short-term dengue forecasting in Brazilian capital municipalities","authors":"Darllan Collins da Cunha e Silva,&nbsp;Liliane Moreira Nery,&nbsp;Nícholas de Paula Nicomedes,&nbsp;Pedro Cesar Madureira de Godoy Camargo,&nbsp;Leopoldo André Dutra Lusquino Filho,&nbsp;Raphael de Vicq Ferreira da Costa,&nbsp; Teresa Maria Fernandes Valente","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03300-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03300-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dengue is an arboviral disease of high public health relevance, characterized by pronounced temporal variability, nonlinearity, and recurrent outbreaks, which pose challenges to epidemiological surveillance and decision-making. This study evaluated the performance of machine learning methods for short-term forecasting of the weekly dengue morbidity rate in the 27 Brazilian capital cities, comprising the 26 state capitals and Brasília, Federal District, with horizons up to 4 weeks. Epidemiological, climatic, and socioeconomic data were compiled for these capital cities and used to compare a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network, formulated as a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) model, and a Gradient Boosting model (CatBoost), implemented using a Direct forecasting strategy with horizon-specific models. Validation was conducted using a walk-forward approach, with evaluation based on absolute error metrics and the coefficient of determination. The results indicated that the GRU architecture presented recurring limitations, including underfitting, temporal lag, and low capacity to anticipate epidemic peaks. In contrast, the CatBoost model demonstrated greater robustness and better adaptation to the variability of epidemiological time series, showing superior performance in most of the analyzed capitals. The findings reinforce that greater architectural complexity does not necessarily imply better operational performance and highlight the potential of ensemble-based methods for short-term epidemiological surveillance applications. These findings contribute to dengue forecasting by showing that, under a common validation framework, ensemble-based strategies may provide greater operational robustness than recurrent MIMO architectures for short-term prediction in heterogeneous epidemiological settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03300-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioclimatic conditions on the Labrador Peninsula coast in 1884–1889, with a comparison to 1991–2020 at Nain station","authors":"Konrad Chmist,&nbsp;Andrzej Araźny,&nbsp;Rajmund Przybylak,&nbsp;Garima Singh,&nbsp;Przemysław Wyszyński","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03299-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03299-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents the bioclimatic conditions prevailing in the north-eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula during 1884–89, determined based on meteorological data from six measurement stations: Rama, Hebron, Okak, Nain, Zoar and Hopedale. Weather observations were made by the Moravian Brethren in consultation with the German Maritime Observatory (Ger. <i>Deutsche Seewarte</i>), which provided them with reliable meteorological instruments and instructions for conducting the observations. Measurements of air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and wind direction and strength were taken three times daily at 08:00, 14:00 and 20:00 LT. These data have been digitized and made available by the German Meteorological Service (<i>Deutscher Wetterdienst</i> [DWD]). Based on available meteorological data, bioclimatic analyses were performed using two indices: Wind Chill Temperature (WCT) and Insulation Predicted (Iclp). The annual courses of average 14:00 LT values of air temperature, wind speed, WCT and Iclp were examined. The annual courses of bioclimatic indices parameters were determined, as were the frequency of individual frostbite risk categories and of predicted clothing thermal insulation. The results from stations in the historical period were compared against each other and, for the Nain station, historical period results were compared against contemporary results (years 1991–2020). The analyses show that, the average air temperature and wind speed in the years 1884–89 were, respectively, 2.5 °C and 0.6 ms^˗1 lower than in 1991–2020. The WCT and Iclp bioclimatic indices, were prevailingly less favourable in the historical period than in the comparative period by 1.9 °C and 0.1 clo, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03299-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature–mortality associations and attributable burden in Vojvodina, Serbia, 2000–2020","authors":"Ivan Marinković","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03295-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03295-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambient temperature is a well-established determinant of mortality, yet evidence from temperate continental regions of Central and Southeastern Europe remains limited. Public health attention has largely concentrated on extreme temperature events, notwithstanding growing evidence that non-extreme temperatures may account for a substantial share of temperature-related deaths. We examined the association between daily mean temperature and all-cause mortality in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia, over 2000–2020. Distributed lag non-linear models were used to capture non-linear and delayed temperature effects over a lag period of up to 21 days. Attributable mortality was estimated using a counterfactual framework applied across the full temperature distribution. The temperature–mortality relationship was strongly non-linear and asymmetric. Cold-related effects substantially exceeded those of heat, yielding a temperature-attributable fraction of 9.8% of all deaths. The burden was concentrated at moderately cold temperatures, particularly between 0 and 10 °C, whereas extreme cold and heat each contributed relatively small proportions. Lag–response patterns showed short-lived heat effects compatible with mortality displacement, contrasting with delayed and sustained cold effects persisting over several weeks. In this temperate continental setting, moderate cold is the primary contributor to temperature-related mortality. Public health strategies focused narrowly on rare temperature extremes are unlikely to capture most of this burden. Sustained wintertime risk management and improvements in housing and heating resilience should therefore be central to climate adaptation policy in comparable regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to PM2.5 and the impact of COVID-19 in China and the G20: 1990–2023","authors":"Bin Feng,&nbsp;Ling Chao","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03283-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03283-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study used Global Burden of Disease 2023 data to quantify deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from LRIs attributable to ambient and household PM_2.5 in China and the G20. Joinpoint regression was applied to assess annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) in age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR), with subgroup analyses by sex. Forest plots visualized AAPC, and loess smoothing was used to examine the association between the Social Development Index (SDI) and LRI burden. From 1990 to 2023, ASDR of LRIs attributable to ambient PM_2.5 generally declined in China and the G20, but reversed upward during 2021–2023 (APC: China 12.76–14.23%; G20 14.94–16.04%). Household PM_2.5-related ASDR continued to decline in China but increased in the G20 since 2021 (APC 8.49–11.20%). In 2023, the LRI burden attributable to ambient and household PM_2.5 was concentrated among children under 5 and older adults (≥ 70 years). During COVID-19, PM_2.5-attributable LRIs affected China’s elderly and children under 5 in the G20. Notably, the mortality rate among Chinese children under 5 was very low. Higher SDI was associated with lower LRI burdens from both ambient and household PM_2.5 across the G20. LRIs attributable to ambient and household PM_2.5 have generally declined, but recent increases highlight emerging risks, with children under 5 and the elderly remaining most vulnerable. Higher SDI is associated with lower burdens, emphasizing the need for targeted PM_2.5 mitigation, particularly for high-risk populations and low-SDI regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}