Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Three Viral Nucleic Acid\u0000 Preamplification Pipelines for Sewage Viral Metagenomics","authors":"Xavier Fernandez-Cassi,&nbsp;Tamar Kohn","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral metagenomics is a useful tool for detecting multiple human viruses in\u0000 urban sewage. However, more refined protocols are required for its effective use in\u0000 disease surveillance. In this study, we investigated the performance of three different\u0000 preamplification pipelines (specific to RNA viruses, DNA viruses or both) for viral\u0000 genome sequencing using spiked-in Phosphate Buffered Saline and sewage samples\u0000 containing known concentrations of viruses. We found that compared to the pipeline\u0000 targeting all genome types, the RNA pipeline performed better in detecting RNA viruses\u0000 in both spiked and unspiked sewage samples, allowing the detection of various mammalian\u0000 viruses including members from the <i>Reoviridae</i>,\u0000 <i>Picornaviridae</i>, <i>Astroviridae</i> and <i>Caliciviridae</i>.\u0000 However, the DNA-specific pipeline did not improve the detection of mammalian DNA\u0000 viruses. We also measured viral recovery by quantitative reverse transcription\u0000 polymerase chain reaction and assessed the impact of genetic background (non-viral\u0000 genetic material) on viral coverage. Our results indicate that viral recoveries were\u0000 generally lower in sewage (average of 11.0%) and higher in Phosphate Buffered Saline\u0000 (average of 23.4%) for most viruses. Additionally, spiked-in viruses showed lower genome\u0000 coverage in sewage, demonstrating the negative effect of genetic background on\u0000 sequencing. Finally, correlation analysis revealed a relationship between virus\u0000 concentration and genome normalized reads per million, indicating that viral metagenomic\u0000 sequencing can be semiquantitative.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140636722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit and Oyster Heat Shock Protein 70","authors":"Jingwen Li,&nbsp;Chenang Lyu,&nbsp;Ran An,&nbsp;Dapeng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is growing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminates the marine environment and is bioaccumulated in filter-feeding shellfish. Previous study shows the Pacific oyster tissues can bioaccumulate the SARS-CoV-2, and the oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP70) may play as the primary attachment receptor to bind SARS-CoV-2’s recombinant spike protein S1 subunit (rS1). However, detailed information about the interaction between rS1 and oHSP70 is still unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the affinity of recombinant oHSP70 (roHSP70) for rS1 (K_D = 20.4 nM) is comparable to the receptor-binding affinity of rACE2 for rS1 (K_D = 16.7 nM) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based Biacore and further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three truncated proteins (roHSP70-N/C/M) and five mutated proteins (p.I229del, p.D457del, p.V491_K495del, p.K556I, and p.ΣroHSP70) were constructed according to the molecular docking results. All three truncated proteins have significantly lower affinity for rS1 than the full-length roHSP70, indicating that all three segments of roHSP70 are involved in binding to rS1. Further, the results of SPR and ELISA showed that all five mutant proteins had significantly lower affinity for rS1 than roHSP70, suggesting that amino acids at these sites are involved in binding to rS1. This study provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the bioaccumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in oyster tissues or using roHSP70 as the capture unit to selectively enrich virus particles for detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"380 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-Based Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in South Africa","authors":"Karabo Salemane,&nbsp;Leanne Z. Coetzee,&nbsp;Gina Pocock,&nbsp;Bettina Genthe,&nbsp;Maureen B. Taylor,&nbsp;Janet Mans","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09596-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09596-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that exhibits great host diversity. The primary means of transmission of the virus in low- and middle-income countries is contaminated water, often due to a lack of access to proper sanitation, which leads to faecal contamination of water sources. Environmental surveillance is an important tool that can be used to monitor virus circulation and as an early warning system for outbreaks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in wastewater, surface water (rivers and standpipe/ablution water), and effluent from a piggery in South Africa. A total of 536 water samples were screened for HEV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 21.8% (117/536) of the wastewater, river, and ablution water samples tested positive for HEV, whereas 74.4% (29/39) of the samples from the piggery tested positive. Genotyping revealed sequences belonging to HEV genotypes 3 (98%, 53/54) and 4 (2%, 1/54), with subtypes 3c, 3f, and 4b being identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"338 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09596-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Rescue of Goose Astrovirus Genome via Red/ET Assembly","authors":"Daqing Cui,&nbsp;Shujun Li,&nbsp;Boxuan Yin,&nbsp;Changyan Li,&nbsp;Lilin Zhang,&nbsp;Zexing Li,&nbsp;Jinhai Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The host-specific infection of Avian Astrovirus (AAstVs) has posed significant challenges to the poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, few reports exist on the functional consequences of genome diversity, cross-species infectivity and mechanisms governing virus replication of AAstVs, making it difficult to develop measures to control astrovirus transmission. Reverse genetics technique can be used to study the function of viruses at the molecular level, as well as investigating pathogenic mechanisms and guide vaccine development and disease treatment. Herein, the reverse genetics technique of goose astrovirus GAstV/JS2019 strain was developed based on use of a reconstructed vector including CMV promotor, hammerhead ribozyme (HamRz), hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (HdvRz), and SV40 tail, then the cloned viral genome fragments were connected using Red/ET recombineering. The recombinant rGAstV-JS2019 was readily rescued by transfected the infectious clone plasmid into LMH cells. Importantly, the rescued rGAstV/JS2019 exhibited similar growth kinetics comparable to those of the parental GAstV/JS2019 isolate in cultured cells. Our research results provide an alternative and more effective reverse genetic tool for a detailed understanding of viral replication, pathogenic mechanisms, and molecular mechanisms of evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"297 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol from Reynoutria japonica on MNV-1, a Human Norovirus Surrogate","authors":"Fangyuan Lu,&nbsp;Jianfeng Wang,&nbsp;Meie Song,&nbsp;Xianjun Dai","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09592-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09592-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a natural nonflavonoid polyphenol compound, resveratrol is the main functional component of <i>Reynoutria japonica</i> and has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and other physiological activities. In this study, the effect of resveratrol on the viability of RAW264.7 cells was examined, and murine norovirus (MNV-1) was used as a surrogate for human norovirus to evaluate the inhibitory effect of resveratrol. The concentrations of resveratrol resulting in 50% cytotoxicity (CC₅₀) for RAW264.7 cells were 21.32 and 24.97 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively, and resveratrol at a concentration lower than the half-effective inhibitory concentration (EC₅₀) could not damage cell DNA. The EC₅₀ of resveratrol on MNV-1 in infected RAW264.7 cells was determined to equal 5.496 μg/mL. After RAW264.7 cells, virus, and a fresh mixture of virus and RAW264.7 cells were treated with resveratrol solution for 1 h (denoted cell pre-treatment, virus pre-treatment, and mixture coprocessing), the RAW264.7 cells obtained after cell pre-treatment exhibited lower virus infection, and MNV-1 obtained after virus pre-treatment and mixture coprocessing showed a decreased infectious capacity. The inhibition ratio of resveratrol on MNV-1 did not significantly differ between the treatments at 4 and 25 °C or among the various pH values except for the lower acidic condition (pH 2). TEM revealed significant changes in the morphology of MNV-1 after treatment with resveratrol, and molecular docking indicated that resveratrol strongly binds to the viral capsid protein of MNV-1. In addition, resveratrol regulated the expression of cytokine that protects against MNV-1 infection. Therefore, at a lower concentration, resveratrol, a natural component from <i>Reynoutria japonica</i>, exerts an inhibitory effect on MNV-1 growth and could be used as a safe additive in food products to improve the nutritional status and control norovirus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"241 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification and Potential Viability of Human Noroviruses in Final Effluent from Wastewater Treatment Works in Pretoria, South Africa","authors":"V. V. Mabasa,&nbsp;W. B. van Zyl,&nbsp;M. B. Taylor,&nbsp;J. Mans","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09589-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09589-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growing global concerns over water scarcity, worsened by climate change, drive wastewater reclamation efforts. Inadequately treated wastewater presents significant public health risks. Previous studies in South Africa (SA) have reported high norovirus levels in final effluent and sewage-polluted surface water, indicating pathogen removal inefficiency. However, the viability of these virions was not explored. This study assessed human norovirus viability in final effluent from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) in Pretoria, SA. Between June 2018 and August 2020, 200 samples were collected from two WWTWs, including raw sewage and final effluent. Norovirus concentrations were determined using in-house RNA standards. Viability of noroviruses in final effluent was assessed using viability RT-qPCR (vPCR) with PMAxx™-Triton X-100. There was no significant difference in GI concentrations between raw sewage (<i>p</i> = 0.5663) and final effluent (<i>p</i> = 0.4035) samples at WWTW1 and WWTW2. WWTW1 had significantly higher GII concentrations in raw sewage (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) compared to WWTW2. No clear seasonal pattern was observed in norovirus concentrations. At WWTW1, 50% (7/14) of GI- and 64.9% (24/37) of GII-positive final effluent samples had no quantifiable RNA after vPCR. At WWTW2, the majority (92.6%, 25/27) of GII-positive final effluent samples showed a 100% RNA reduction post vPCR. PMAxx™-Triton X-100 vPCR provides a more accurate reflection of discharge of potentially viable noroviruses in the environment than standard RT-qPCR. Despite significant reductions in potentially viable noroviruses after wastewater treatment, the levels of potentially viable viruses in final effluent are still of concern due to the high initial load and low infectious dose of noroviruses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"200 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11390798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140329462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Mastadenovirus and Rotavirus Presence in Phyllostomid, Vespertilionid, and Molossid Bats Captured in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil","authors":"Alexandre Sita,&nbsp;Gabriela Espíndola Birlem,&nbsp;Deivid de Souza da Silva,&nbsp;Gabriela Mattos Possamai,&nbsp;Karla Petry,&nbsp;Paula Rodrigues de Almeida,&nbsp;Larissa Mallmann,&nbsp;Janaína Franciele Stein,&nbsp;Meriane Demoliner,&nbsp;Juliana Schons Gularte,&nbsp;Alana Witt Hansen,&nbsp;André Alberto Witt,&nbsp;Caroline Rigotto,&nbsp;Juliane Deise Fleck,&nbsp;Fernando Rosado Spilki,&nbsp;Daniela Tonini da Rocha,&nbsp;Matheus Nunes Weber","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09575-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09575-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bat-borne viruses may affect public health and the global economy. These mammals have a wide geographical distribution and unique biological, physiological, and immunogenic characteristics, allowing the dissemination of many known and unknown viruses. Enteric viruses, such as adeno (AdV) and rotaviruses, are recognized as the main causative agents of disease and outbreaks. In the present study, the presence of viruses from <i>Adenoviridae</i> and <i>Reoviridae</i> families was evaluated in molossid, phyllostomid, and vespertilionid bats captured in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, between September 2021 and July 2022. Sixty bat rectal swabs were analyzed by PCR. Eight (13.3%) samples were positive for adenovirus and classified as human mastadenovirus C (HAdV-C) (three samples) and HAdV-E (five samples) by sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. All samples were negative in rotavirus specific RT-PCR. This is the first study to describe the presence of HAdV in samples of <i>Glossophaga soricina</i>, <i>Eptesicus brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Histiotus velatus</i>. Furthermore, the presence of HAdV-E in bats was reported, which is unusual and may suggest that other HAdV genotypes, in addition to HAdV-C, may also be harbored by wild animals. The data generated in the present study reinforces the importance of eco-surveillance of viral agents related to diseases in humans and wild animals. In addition, it is essential to identify possible new hosts or reservoirs that increase the risk of spillover and dissemination of infectious pathogens, helping to prevent and control zoonotic diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"136 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140292409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery and Quantification of Norovirus in Air Samples from Experimentally Produced Aerosols","authors":"Kitwadee Rupprom,&nbsp;Yuwanda Thongpanich,&nbsp;Woravat Sukkham,&nbsp;Fuangfa Utrarachkij,&nbsp;Leera Kittigul","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09590-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09590-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans across all age groups worldwide. Norovirus-infected patients can produce aerosolized droplets which play a role in gastroenteritis transmission. The study aimed to assess bioaerosol sampling in combination with a virus concentrating procedure to facilitate molecular detection of norovirus genogroup (G) II from experimentally contaminated aerosols. Using a nebulizer within an experimental chamber, aerosols of norovirus GII were generated at known concentrations. Air samples were then collected in both 5 mL and 20 mL water using the SKC BioSampler at a flow rate of 12.5 L/min, 15 min. Subsequently, the virus in collected water was concentrated using speedVac centrifugation and quantified by RT-qPCR. The optimal distances between the nebulizer and the SKC BioSampler yielded high recoveries of the virus for both 5 and 20 mL collections. Following nebulization, norovirus GII RNA was detectable up to 120 min in 5 mL and up to 240 min in 20 mL collection. The concentrations of norovirus GII RNA recovered from air samples in the aerosol chamber ranged from 10² to 10⁵ genome copies/mL, with average recoveries of 25 ± 12% for 5 mL and 22 ± 19% for 20 mL collections. These findings provide quantitative data on norovirus GII in aerosols and introduce a novel virus concentrating method for aerosol collection in water, thus enhancing surveillance of this virus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"216 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11186938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140183428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Food Homogenates on Cell Survival In Vitro","authors":"Dima Semaan,&nbsp;Liam O’Connor,&nbsp;Linda Scobie","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09586-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09586-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in food recommended that a cell culture-based method should be developed. Due to the observations that viral loads in food may be low, it is important to maximise the potential for detection of HEV in a food source in order to fully assess infectivity. To do so, would require minimal processing of any target material. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method that is simple, robust and reproducible, there are a number of points to address; one being to assess if food homogenates are cytotoxic to HEV susceptible target cells. Food matrices previously shown to have detectable HEV nucleic acid were selected for analysis and assessed for their effect on the percentage survival of three cell lines commonly used for infectivity assays. Target cells used were A549, PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 cells. The results showed that, as expected, various food homogenates have differing effects on cells in vitro. In this study, the most robust cell line over a time period was the A549 cell line in comparison to HepG2, with PLC/PRF/5 cells being the most sensitive. Overall, this data would suggest that FH can be left in contact with A549 cells for a period of up to 72 h to maximise the potential for testing infection. Using food homogenates directly would negate any concerns over losing virus as a result of any additional processing steps.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"253 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11186945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140157354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Norovirus GII.17 Caused Five Outbreaks Linked to Frozen Domestic Bilberries in Finland, 2019","authors":"Maija Summa,&nbsp;Enni Tuutti,&nbsp;Haider Al-Hello,&nbsp;Liisa-Maija Huttunen,&nbsp;Ruska Rimhanen-Finne","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09587-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09587-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In March 2019, the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and Finnish Food Authority started an outbreak investigation after a notification of food business operators’ recall of frozen bilberries due to a norovirus finding. A retrospective search was conducted in the food and waterborne outbreak notification system to identify the notifications linked to norovirus and consumption of bilberries in January–March 2019. Five outbreaks were found in which norovirus GII or GII.17 had been detected in patient samples. A pooled retrospective cohort study was performed for those four in which a questionnaire study had been done. A case was defined as a person with diarrhoea or vomiting within 2 days after consuming a meal studied at one of the outbreak locations. Of 79 participants, 45 (57%) cases were identified. Persons that had consumed foods containing unheated bilberries were three times more likely to get ill than those who had not consumed them (RR 3.1, CI 95% 1.2–8.1, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Norovirus GII.17 was found in 16/17 patient samples sent for further typing. Identical norovirus GII.17 was detected in frozen Finnish bilberries and patient samples. At the berry packaging premises, signs of norovirus GII contamination were found in packaging lines. A new procedure for extracting viral nucleic acid from food and environmental samples was used during the outbreak investigation. Consumption of industrially packed frozen berries as heated would be one of the means to prevent norovirus infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"180 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}