Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Study of Shellfish Growing Area During Normal Harvesting Periods and Following Wastewater Overflows in an Urban Estuary With Complex Hydrography","authors":"Carlos J. A. Campos,&nbsp;Pradip Gyawali,&nbsp;Joanne Hewitt","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09579-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09579-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral testing combined with hydrographic studies is considered standard good practice in determining microbiological impacts on shellfish growing areas following wastewater overflows. In this study, norovirus genogroup I and II, indicators of viral contamination (F-RNA bacteriophage genogroup II (F-RNA GII), crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> were monitored during periods of normal harvesting and following overflows in two commercial shellfish growing areas in Otago Harbour (Aotearoa New Zealand). Dye tracing, drogue tracking and analysis of particle tracking modelling were also undertaken to assess the dispersion, dilution and time of travel of wastewater discharged from a pump station discharge that impacts the growing areas. Norovirus was not detected in any of the 218 shellfish samples tested. PMMoV and crAssphage were more prevalent than F-RNA GII as determined by RT-qPCR. The dye study indicated long residence time of the waters (≥5 days) in the embayment impacted by the discharge. No relationships were found between the concentrations of viral indicators or <i>E. coli</i> and wastewater dilution, distance between the discharge and the growing areas or time since the last overflow. For the three spills studied (≤327 m³), there was little evidence of microbiological impact on the growing areas. This was likely associated with a deep shipping channel that enhances water flushing in the harbour and reduces contaminant transport to the growing areas. We recommend flexibility in the approach for closure/reopening growing areas impacted by spills, particularly for small duration/volume spills and when norovirus is not present in the community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"79 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139701513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Human Adenovirus Type 35 Concentration on Its Inactivation and Sorption on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles","authors":"Vasiliki I. Syngouna,&nbsp;Maria P. Georgopoulou,&nbsp;Maria I. Bellou,&nbsp;Apostolos Vantarakis","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09582-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09582-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Removal of pathogenic viruses from water resources is critically important for sanitation and public health. Nanotechnology is a promising technology for virus inactivation. In this paper, the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) anatase nanoparticles (NPs) on human adenovirus type 35 (HAdV-35) removal under static and dynamic (with agitation) batch conditions were comprehensively studied. Batch experiments were performed at room temperature (25 °C) with and without ambient light using three different initial virus concentrations. The virus inactivation experimental data were satisfactorily fitted with a pseudo-first-order expression with a time-dependent rate coefficient. The experimental results demonstrated that HAdV-35 sorption onto TiO₂ NPs was favored with agitation under both ambient light and dark conditions<b>.</b> However, no distinct relationships between virus initial concentration and removal efficiency could be established from the experimental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"143 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139662515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening Commercial Tea for Rapid Inactivation of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva","authors":"Julianna N. Morris,&nbsp;Malak A. Esseili","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09581-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09581-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>SARS-CoV-2 infects the oral mucosa and is shed in salivary fluids. Traditionally, tea has been used by various cultures to treat respiratory ailments. The objective of this study was to identify commercially available teas that can rapidly inactivate infectious SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Initially, tea (<i>n</i> = 24) was prepared as 40 mg/mL infusions and incubated with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in water, for 5 min at 37 °C. Then, five teas that showed &gt;3 log reduction in virus infectivity were further investigated at 40 and 10 mg/mL infusions for 60 and 10 s contact time with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in saliva. Tea polyphenols were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified on Vero-E6 cell line using TCID50 assay. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction (3 log, i.e., 99.9%) of infectious SARS-CoV-2 within 10 s. Green, mint medley, eucalyptus-mint, and raspberry zinger teas showed similar inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 (1.5–2 log, i.e., 96–99% reduction). At 40 mg/mL infusions, all five teas showed &gt;3 log reduction in virus infectivity within 10 s. Tea polyphenol but not pH was significantly correlated to virus reduction. Time-of-addition assay revealed that the five teas displayed preventive effects (0.5–1 log, i.e., 68–90% reduction) against SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero-E6 cells as well as during post-virus infection (1.2–1.9 log, i.e., 94–98%). However, the highest inhibitory effect was observed when the teas were added at the time of virus infection (2–3 log, i.e., 99–99.9%). Our results provide insights into a rapid at-home intervention (tea drinking or gargling) to reduce infectious SARS-CoV-2 load in the oral cavity which might also mitigate infection of the oral mucosa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"159 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139641350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Surveillance of Human Astroviruses in Jinan City of China, 2020–2021","authors":"Xiaojuan Lin,&nbsp;Mingyi Xu,&nbsp;Yun Zhao,&nbsp;Feng Ji,&nbsp;Yao Liu,&nbsp;Suting Wang,&nbsp;Meng Chen,&nbsp;Wenqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Zexin Tao,&nbsp;Aiqiang Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a significant etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in children. In order to investigate the circulation of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2-year environmental surveillance was conducted in Jinan between 2020 and 2021. A total of 24 sewage samples were collected and concentrated. Real-time PCR indicated a positive rate of 83.3%, 79.2% (19/24), and 62.5% for classic, MLB, and VA types of HAstV in sewage samples, respectively, with genomic copies ranging from 6.4 × 10³ to 3.7 × 10⁷, 3.2 × 10⁴ to 2.2 × 10⁶, and 1.2 × 10⁴ to 1.6 × 10⁷ l⁻¹. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis on complete ORF2 amplicons from each sewage concentrate revealed the presence of 11 HAstV types, including HAstV-1, -2, -4, -5, MLB1, and VA1 to VA6, as well as non-human animal astroviruses. The most abundant HAstV types were HAstV-1, -4, and -5, which accounted for 70.3%, 12.6%, and 9.1% of total HAstV reads, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences obtained in this study were segregated into multiple transmission lineages, yet exhibited less genetic divergence among themselves than with foreign strains. These findings provide insight into the genotype diversity and genetic characterization of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight the effectiveness of utilizing NGS approaches to investigate sewage HAstVs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"50 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139428718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne Viruses and Somatic Coliphages Occurrence in Fresh Produce at Retail from Northern Mexico","authors":"Axel Ossio,&nbsp;Fernanda Flores-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Norma Heredia,&nbsp;Santos García,&nbsp;Jose Angel Merino-Mascorro","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foodborne disease outbreaks linked to consumption of vegetables have been often attributed to human enteric viruses, such as Norovirus (NoV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RoV). Information about the occurrence of these viruses is scarce in many fresh-producing countries<b>.</b> Viral contamination detection of indicators, such as somatic coliphages, could indirectly reflect the presence of viral pathogens, being a valuable tool for better viral risk assessment in food industry. This study aimed to establish the occurrence and correlation of foodborne viruses and somatic coliphages in leafy greens in northern Mexico. A total of 320 vegetable samples were collected, resulting in 80 composite rinses, 40 of lettuce and 40 of parsley. Somatic coliphages were determined using the EPA 1602 method, while foodborne viruses (HAV, RoV, NoV GI, and GII) were determined by qPCR. The occurrence of RoV was 22.5% (9/40, mean 2.11 log gc/g) in lettuce and 20% (8/40, mean 1.91 log gc/g) in parsley. NoV and HAV were not detected in any samples. Somatic coliphages were present in all lettuce and parsley samples, with mean levels of 1.85 log PFU/100 ml and 2.28 log PFU/100 ml, respectively. Spearman analysis established the correlation of somatic coliphages and genomic copies of RoV, resulting in an <i>r</i>^<i>2</i> value of − 0.026 in lettuce and 0.349 in parsley. Although NoV or HAV were undetected in the samples, the presence of RoV is a matter of concern as leafy greens are usually eaten raw, which poses a potential risk of infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention of Virus Versus Surrogate, by Ultrafiltration in Seawater: Case Study of Norovirus Versus Tulane","authors":"M. Monnot,&nbsp;J. Ollivier,&nbsp;H. Taligrot,&nbsp;P. Garry,&nbsp;C. Cordier,&nbsp;C. Stravakakis,&nbsp;F. S. Le Guyader,&nbsp;P. Moulin","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09574-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09574-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the field of chemical engineering and water treatment, the study of viruses, included surrogates, is well documented. Often, surrogates are used to study viruses and their behavior because they can be produced in larger quantities in safer conditions and are easier to handle. In fact, surrogates allow studying microorganisms which are non-infectious to humans but share some properties similar to pathogenic viruses: structure, composition, morphology, and size. Human noroviruses, recognized as the leading cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis across all age groups, may be mimicked by the Tulane virus. The objectives of this work were to study (i) the ultrafiltration of Tulane virus and norovirus to validate that Tulane virus can be used as a surrogate for norovirus in water treatment process and (ii) the retention of norovirus and the surrogate as a function of water quality to better understand the use of the latter pathogenic viruses. Ultrafiltration tests showed significant logarithmic reduction values (LRV) in viral RNA: around 2.5 for global LRV (i.e., based on the initial and permeate average concentrations) and between 2 and 6 for average LRV (i.e., retention rate considering the increase of viral concentration in the retentate), both for norovirus and the surrogate Tulane virus. Higher reduction rates (from 2 to 6 log genome copies) are obtained for higher initial concentrations (from 10¹ to 10⁷ genome copies per mL) due to virus aggregation in membrane lumen. Tulane virus appears to be a good surrogate for norovirus retention by membrane processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"14 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence of Infectious Human Norovirus in Estuarine Water","authors":"Daniel Rexin,&nbsp;Andri T. Rachmadi,&nbsp;Joanne Hewitt","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09577-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09577-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Norovirus is the predominant cause of viral acute gastroenteritis globally. While person-to-person is the most reported transmission route, norovirus is also associated with waterborne and foodborne illness, including from the consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish. The main cause of shellfish contamination is via the bioaccumulation of norovirus from growing waters impacted by human wastewater. However, data on the persistence of infectious norovirus in the environment are limited due to a lack of a human norovirus culture method in the past. In this study, we applied the recently established method of norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids to determine the persistence of norovirus in artificial estuarine water at 25 ppt for up to 21 days at 4 °C and 16 °C in the dark. Infectious norovirus was detected for up to 21 days. The relative infectivity declined from 100 to 3% at day 21, with decay rate constants of 0.07 day⁻¹ at 4 °C and 0.17 day⁻¹ at 16 °C. There was no decrease in norovirus titres as measured by reverse transcription-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR), confirming the lack of the relationship between norovirus infectivity and direct detection by PCR. The results confirm that norovirus can remain infectious for at least 3 weeks in an estuarine water environment, presenting associated health risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"58 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139080435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Needs for Integrated Surveillance: Wastewater-Based and Clinical Epidemiology in Evolving Scenarios with Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Annalaura Carducci,&nbsp;Ileana Federigi,&nbsp;Giulia Lauretani,&nbsp;Sara Muzio,&nbsp;Alessandra Pagani,&nbsp;Nebiyu Tariku Atomsa,&nbsp;Marco Verani","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and clinical surveillance have been used as tools for analyzing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, but both approaches can be strongly influenced by some sources of variability. From the challenging perspective of integrating environmental and clinical data, we performed a correlation analysis between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in raw sewage and incident COVID-19 cases in areas served by medium-size wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 2021 to 2023. To this aim, both datasets were adjusted for several sources of variability: WBE data were adjusted for factors including the analytical protocol, sewage flow, and population size, while clinical data adjustments considered the demographic composition of the served population. Then, we addressed the impact on the correlation of differences among sewerage networks and variations in the frequency and type of swab tests due to changes in political and regulatory scenarios. Wastewater and clinical data were significantly correlated when restrictive containment measures and limited movements were in effect (<i>ρ</i> = 0.50) and when COVID-19 cases were confirmed exclusively through molecular testing (<i>ρ</i> = 0.49). Moreover, a positive (although weak) correlation arose for WWTPs located in densely populated areas (<i>ρ</i> = 0.37) and with shorter sewerage lengths (<i>ρ</i> = 0.28). This study provides methodological approaches for interpreting WBE and clinical surveillance data, which could also be useful for other infections. Data adjustments and evaluation of possible sources of bias need to be carefully considered from the perspective of integrated environmental and clinical surveillance of infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"38 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Environmental Virology: Use of Passive Sampling to Characterize the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Wastewater","authors":"Michael Geissler,&nbsp;Robin Mayer,&nbsp;Björn Helm,&nbsp;Roger Dumke","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 leads to a renaissance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as additional tool to follow epidemiological trends in the catchment of treatment plants. As alternative to the most commonly used composite samples in surveillance programs, passive sampling is increasingly studied. However, the many sorbent materials in different reports hamper the comparison of results and a standardization of the approach is necessary. Here, we compared different cost-effective sorption materials (cheesecloths, gauze swabs, electronegative filters, glass wool, and tampons) in torpedo-style housings with composite samples. Despite a remarkable variability of the concentration of SARS-CoV-2-specific gene copies, analysis of parallel-deposited passive samplers in the sewer demonstrated highest rate of positive samples and highest number of copies by using cheesecloths. Using this sorption material, monitoring of wastewater of three small catchments in the City of Dresden resulted in a rate of positive samples of 50% in comparison with composite samples (98%). During the investigation period, incidence of reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the catchments ranged between 16 and 170 per 100,000 persons and showed no correlation with the measured concentrations of <i>E</i> gene in wastewater. In contrast, constantly higher numbers of gene copies in passive vs. composite samples were found for human adenovirus and crAssphage indicating strong differences of efficacy of methods concerning the species investigated. Influenza virus A and B were sporadically detected allowing no comparison of results. The study contributes to the further understanding of possibilities and limits of passive sampling approaches in WBE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"25 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of a Sensitive Method to Assess High Virus Retention Performance of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Process","authors":"Hugo Taligrot,&nbsp;Sébastien Wurtzer,&nbsp;Mathias Monnot,&nbsp;Laurent Moulin,&nbsp;Philippe Moulin","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human enteric viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne diseases. Environmental waters are usually contaminated with low virus concentration requiring large concentration factors for effective detection by (RT)-qPCR. Low-pressure reverse osmosis is often used to remove water contaminants, but very few studies focused on the effective virus removal of reverse osmosis treatment with feed concentrations as close as possible to environmental concentrations and principally relied on theoretical virus removal. The very low viral concentrations usually reported in the permeates (i.e. at least 5 log of removal rate) mean that very large volumes of water need to be analysed to have sufficient sensitivity and assess the process efficiency. This study evaluates two methods for the concentration of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and MS2 bacteriophages at different viral concentrations in large (&lt; 200 L) and very large (&gt; 200 L) volumes. The first method is composed of two ultrafiltration membranes with low-molecular weight cut-offs while the second method primarily relies on adsorption and elution phases using electropositive-charged filters. The recovery rates were assessed for both methods. For the ultrafiltration-based protocol, recovery rates were similar for each virus studied: 80% on average at high virus concentrations (10⁶–10⁷ viruses L⁻¹) and 50% at low virus concentrations (10³–10⁴ viruses L⁻¹). For the electropositive-charged filter-based method, the average recoveries obtained were about 36% for ADV 41, 57% for CV-B5 and 1.6% for MS2. The ultrafiltration-based method was then used to evaluate the performance of a low-pressure reverse osmosis lab-scale pilot plant. The retentions by reverse osmosis were similar for all studied viruses and the validated recovery rates applied to the system confirmed the reliability of the concentration method. This method was effective in concentrating all three viruses over a wide range of viral concentrations. Moreover, the second concentration method using electropositive-charged filters was studied, allowing the filtration of larger volumes of permeate from a semi-industrial low-pressure reverse osmosis pilot plant. This reference method was used because of the inability of the UF method to filter volumes on the order of one cubic metre.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"97 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}