Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Critical Needs for Integrated Surveillance: Wastewater-Based and Clinical Epidemiology in Evolving Scenarios with Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Annalaura Carducci,&nbsp;Ileana Federigi,&nbsp;Giulia Lauretani,&nbsp;Sara Muzio,&nbsp;Alessandra Pagani,&nbsp;Nebiyu Tariku Atomsa,&nbsp;Marco Verani","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and clinical surveillance have been used as tools for analyzing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, but both approaches can be strongly influenced by some sources of variability. From the challenging perspective of integrating environmental and clinical data, we performed a correlation analysis between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in raw sewage and incident COVID-19 cases in areas served by medium-size wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 2021 to 2023. To this aim, both datasets were adjusted for several sources of variability: WBE data were adjusted for factors including the analytical protocol, sewage flow, and population size, while clinical data adjustments considered the demographic composition of the served population. Then, we addressed the impact on the correlation of differences among sewerage networks and variations in the frequency and type of swab tests due to changes in political and regulatory scenarios. Wastewater and clinical data were significantly correlated when restrictive containment measures and limited movements were in effect (<i>ρ</i> = 0.50) and when COVID-19 cases were confirmed exclusively through molecular testing (<i>ρ</i> = 0.49). Moreover, a positive (although weak) correlation arose for WWTPs located in densely populated areas (<i>ρ</i> = 0.37) and with shorter sewerage lengths (<i>ρ</i> = 0.28). This study provides methodological approaches for interpreting WBE and clinical surveillance data, which could also be useful for other infections. Data adjustments and evaluation of possible sources of bias need to be carefully considered from the perspective of integrated environmental and clinical surveillance of infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"38 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Environmental Virology: Use of Passive Sampling to Characterize the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Wastewater","authors":"Michael Geissler,&nbsp;Robin Mayer,&nbsp;Björn Helm,&nbsp;Roger Dumke","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 leads to a renaissance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as additional tool to follow epidemiological trends in the catchment of treatment plants. As alternative to the most commonly used composite samples in surveillance programs, passive sampling is increasingly studied. However, the many sorbent materials in different reports hamper the comparison of results and a standardization of the approach is necessary. Here, we compared different cost-effective sorption materials (cheesecloths, gauze swabs, electronegative filters, glass wool, and tampons) in torpedo-style housings with composite samples. Despite a remarkable variability of the concentration of SARS-CoV-2-specific gene copies, analysis of parallel-deposited passive samplers in the sewer demonstrated highest rate of positive samples and highest number of copies by using cheesecloths. Using this sorption material, monitoring of wastewater of three small catchments in the City of Dresden resulted in a rate of positive samples of 50% in comparison with composite samples (98%). During the investigation period, incidence of reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the catchments ranged between 16 and 170 per 100,000 persons and showed no correlation with the measured concentrations of <i>E</i> gene in wastewater. In contrast, constantly higher numbers of gene copies in passive vs. composite samples were found for human adenovirus and crAssphage indicating strong differences of efficacy of methods concerning the species investigated. Influenza virus A and B were sporadically detected allowing no comparison of results. The study contributes to the further understanding of possibilities and limits of passive sampling approaches in WBE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"25 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of a Sensitive Method to Assess High Virus Retention Performance of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Process","authors":"Hugo Taligrot,&nbsp;Sébastien Wurtzer,&nbsp;Mathias Monnot,&nbsp;Laurent Moulin,&nbsp;Philippe Moulin","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human enteric viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne diseases. Environmental waters are usually contaminated with low virus concentration requiring large concentration factors for effective detection by (RT)-qPCR. Low-pressure reverse osmosis is often used to remove water contaminants, but very few studies focused on the effective virus removal of reverse osmosis treatment with feed concentrations as close as possible to environmental concentrations and principally relied on theoretical virus removal. The very low viral concentrations usually reported in the permeates (i.e. at least 5 log of removal rate) mean that very large volumes of water need to be analysed to have sufficient sensitivity and assess the process efficiency. This study evaluates two methods for the concentration of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and MS2 bacteriophages at different viral concentrations in large (&lt; 200 L) and very large (&gt; 200 L) volumes. The first method is composed of two ultrafiltration membranes with low-molecular weight cut-offs while the second method primarily relies on adsorption and elution phases using electropositive-charged filters. The recovery rates were assessed for both methods. For the ultrafiltration-based protocol, recovery rates were similar for each virus studied: 80% on average at high virus concentrations (10⁶–10⁷ viruses L⁻¹) and 50% at low virus concentrations (10³–10⁴ viruses L⁻¹). For the electropositive-charged filter-based method, the average recoveries obtained were about 36% for ADV 41, 57% for CV-B5 and 1.6% for MS2. The ultrafiltration-based method was then used to evaluate the performance of a low-pressure reverse osmosis lab-scale pilot plant. The retentions by reverse osmosis were similar for all studied viruses and the validated recovery rates applied to the system confirmed the reliability of the concentration method. This method was effective in concentrating all three viruses over a wide range of viral concentrations. Moreover, the second concentration method using electropositive-charged filters was studied, allowing the filtration of larger volumes of permeate from a semi-industrial low-pressure reverse osmosis pilot plant. This reference method was used because of the inability of the UF method to filter volumes on the order of one cubic metre.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"97 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity Evaluation of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses to Ethanol Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review","authors":"Aken Puti Wanguyun,&nbsp;Wakana Oishi,&nbsp;Daisuke Sano","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09571-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09571-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral diseases are a severe public health issue worldwide. During the coronavirus pandemic, the use of alcohol-based sanitizers was recommended by WHO. Enveloped viruses are sensitive to ethanol, whereas non-enveloped viruses are considerably less sensitive. However, no quantitative analysis has been conducted to determine virus ethanol sensitivity and the important variables influencing the inactivation of viruses to ethanol. This study aimed to determine viruses’ sensitivity to ethanol and the most important variables influencing the inactivation of viruses exposed to ethanol based on machine learning. We examined 37 peer-reviewed articles through a systematic search. Quantitative analysis was employed using a decision tree and random forest algorithms. Based on the decision tree, enveloped viruses required around ≥ 35% ethanol with an average contact time of at least 1 min, which reduced the average viral load by 4 log₁₀. In non-enveloped viruses with and without organic matter, ≥ 77.50% and ≥ 65% ethanol with an extended contact time of ≥ 2 min were required for a 4 log₁₀ viral reduction, respectively. Important variables were assessed using a random forest based on the percentage increases in mean square error (%IncMSE) and node purity (%IncNodePurity). Ethanol concentration was a more important variable with a higher %IncMSE and %IncNodePurity than contact time for the inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses with the available organic matter. Because specific guidelines for virus inactivation by ethanol are lacking, data analysis using machine learning is essential to gain insight from certain datasets. We provide new knowledge for determining guideline values related to the selection of ethanol concentration and contact time that effectively inactivate viruses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138481705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabarcoding of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 and Norovirus GII from Wastewater Samples in England Using Nanopore Sequencing","authors":"Samantha Treagus,&nbsp;James Lowther,&nbsp;Ben Longdon,&nbsp;William Gaze,&nbsp;Craig Baker-Austin,&nbsp;David Ryder,&nbsp;Frederico M. Batista","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09569-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09569-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Norovirus is one of the largest causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen that has become the most dominant cause of acute viral hepatitis in recent years. The presence of norovirus and HEV has been reported within wastewater in many countries previously. Here we used amplicon deep sequencing (metabarcoding) to identify norovirus and HEV strains in wastewater samples from England collected in 2019 and 2020. For HEV, we sequenced a fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene targeting genotype three strains. For norovirus, we sequenced the 5′ portion of the major capsid protein gene (VP1) of genogroup II strains. Sequencing of the wastewater samples revealed eight different genotypes of norovirus GII (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.9, GII.13 and GII.17). Genotypes GII.3 and GII.4 were the most commonly found. The HEV metabarcoding assay was able to identify HEV genotype 3 strains in some samples with a very low viral concentration determined by RT-qPCR. Analysis showed that most HEV strains found in influent wastewater were typed as G3c and G3e and were likely to have originated from humans or swine. However, the small size of the HEV nested PCR amplicon could cause issues with typing, and so this method is more appropriate for samples with high CTs where methods targeting longer genomic regions are unlikely to be successful. This is the first report of HEV RNA in wastewater in England. This study demonstrates the utility of wastewater sequencing and the need for wider surveillance of norovirus and HEV within host species and environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"292 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71419547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral Natural Products, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications as Sanitizers and Disinfectants","authors":"Stephanie A. Boone,&nbsp;M. Khalid Ijaz,&nbsp;Kelly R. Bright,&nbsp;Norma Patricia Silva-Beltran,&nbsp;Raymond W. Nims,&nbsp;Julie McKinney,&nbsp;Charles P. Gerba","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09568-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09568-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plant extracts, natural products and plant oils contain natural virucidal actives that can be used to replace active ingredients in commercial sanitizers and disinfectants. This review focuses on the virucidal mechanisms of natural substances that may exhibit potential for indoor air and fomite disinfection. Review of scientific studies indicates: (1) most natural product studies use crude extracts and do not isolate or identify exact active antiviral substances; (2) many natural product studies contain unclear explanations of virucidal mechanisms of action; (3) natural product evaluations of virucidal activity should include methods that validate efficacy under standardized disinfectant testing procedures (e.g., carrier tests on applicable surfaces or activity against aerosolized viruses, etc.). The development of natural product disinfectants requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of action (MOA), chemical profiles, compound specificities, activity spectra, and the chemical formulations required for maximum activity. Combinations of natural antiviral substances and possibly the addition of synthetic compounds might be needed to increase inactivation of a broader spectrum of viruses, thereby providing the required efficacy for surface and air disinfection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"265 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71419546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emergence and Widespread Circulation of Enteric Viruses Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Wastewater-Based Evidence","authors":"Sheikh Ariful Hoque,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Saito,&nbsp;Wakako Akino,&nbsp;Tomohiro Kotaki,&nbsp;Shoko Okitsu,&nbsp;Yuko Onda,&nbsp;Takeshi Kobayashi,&nbsp;Tania Hossian,&nbsp;Pattara Khamrin,&nbsp;Kazushi Motomura,&nbsp;Niwat Maneekarn,&nbsp;Satoshi Hayakawa,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ushijima","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09566-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09566-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growing evidence shed light on the importance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) during the pandemic, when the patients rarely visited the clinics despite the fact that the infections were still prevalent in the community as before. The abundance of infections in the community poses a constant threat of the emergence of new epidemic strains. Herein, we investigated enteric viruses in raw sewage water (SW) from Japan’s Tohoku region and compared them to those from the Kansai region to better understand the circulating strains and their distribution across communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Raw SW was collected between 2019 and 2022, concentrated by polyethylene-glycol<i>-</i>precipitation method, and investigated for major AGE viruses by RT-PCR. Sequence-based analyses were used to assess genotypes and evolutionary relationships. The most commonly detected enteric virus was rotavirus A (RVA) at 63.8%, followed by astrovirus (AstV) at 61.1%, norovirus (NoV) GII and adenovirus (AdV) at 33.3%, sapovirus (SV) at 25.0%, enterovirus (EV) at 19.4%, and NoV GI at 13.9%. The highest prevalence (46.0%) was found in the spring. Importantly, enteric viruses did not decline during the pandemic. Rather, several strains like NoV GII.2, DS-1-like human G3 (equine) RVA, MLB1 AstV, and different F41 HAdV emerged throughout the pandemic and spread widely over the Tohoku and Kansai regions. Tohoku’s detection rate remained lower than that of the Kansai area (36 vs 58%). This study provides evidence for the emergence and spread of enteric viruses during the pandemic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"342 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71410088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Gastroenteric Viruses in Wastewater from Cities in Uruguay","authors":"Bortagaray Viviana,&nbsp;Salvo Matias,&nbsp;Mir Daiana,&nbsp;Colina Rodney,&nbsp;Victoria Matias","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09567-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09567-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Group A Rotavirus, Human Astrovirus, and Norovirus (RVA, HAstV, and NoV) are recognized as the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of RVA, HAstV, and NoV in wastewater from three cities in Uruguay. Thirty-six samples from Bella Unión, Salto, and Fray Bentos cities were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative PCR. RVA was the most frequently detected virus (50%), followed by HAstV (39%), NoV GII (36%), and NoV GI (25%). RVA strains were characterized as P[8] and G3 based on the VP4 and VP7 genes, respectively. Among NoV-positive samples, genotypes GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7, GII.2, GII.6, and GII.4 were detected, and only one HAstV genotype (MLB1) was found. Our wastewater-based epidemiological approach provides a snapshot of the overall genetic diversity of these viruses in three cities of the Uruguay River basin during 2017–2018. These findings reinforce the importance of this environmental surveillance tool for monitoring epidemiological trends of enteric viruses circulating in the population, which can be used to guide public health intervention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"318 - 330"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49688265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater-based Epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2: Variant Trends in the Apulia Region (Southern Italy) and Effect of Some Environmental Parameters","authors":"Francesco Triggiano,&nbsp;Osvalda De Giglio,&nbsp;Francesca Apollonio,&nbsp;Silvia Brigida,&nbsp;Fabrizio Fasano,&nbsp;Pamela Mancini,&nbsp;Giusy Bonanno Ferraro,&nbsp;Carolina Veneri,&nbsp;Giuseppina La Rosa,&nbsp;Elisabetta Suffredini,&nbsp;Luca Lucentini,&nbsp;Nicola Ungaro,&nbsp;Giuseppe Di Vittorio,&nbsp;Onofrio Mongelli,&nbsp;Nelhudoff Albano,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Montagna","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09565-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09565-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater monitoring has been used to monitor the levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA entering the sewerage system. In Italy, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità coordinated the SARI project (Sorveglianza Ambientale Reflue in Italia) to detect SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In this study, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in raw wastewater against COVID-19 cases was evaluated together with the effect of temperature and precipitation on virus spread. We validated a predictive model, proposed by De Giglio et al., 2021, to establish the number of COVID-19 cases/100,000 inhabitants. A receiver operating characteristic curve model was applied to predict the number of COVID-19 cases and Poisson regression was applied to study the effect of temperature and rainfall on viral load. In Apulia, from October 2021 to December 2022, we analyzed 1041 samples, of which 985 (94.6%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Median atmospheric temperature was inversely proportional to viral load in wastewater; no correlation was found with precipitation. The predictive model confirmed that at least 11 cases/100,000 inhabitants would occur in the 15 days following the detection of the virus in wastewater. Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 can be used to map the virus and its variants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"331 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-023-09565-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41097302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Seroepidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Backyard Pigs from Northeastern India: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors","authors":"A. A. P. Milton,&nbsp;Samir Das,&nbsp;S. Ghatak,&nbsp;K. Srinivas,&nbsp;M. Angappan,&nbsp;M. C. B. Prasad,&nbsp;L. Wahlang,&nbsp;G. Bhuvana Priya,&nbsp;Sabia Khan,&nbsp;Blessa Sailo,&nbsp; Lalhruaipuii,&nbsp;Mahak Singh,&nbsp;G. B. Garam,&nbsp;A. Sen","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09564-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09564-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, with zoonotic potential, and pigs are considered the major reservoir. To determine the seroprevalence of HEV infection in pigs reared in backyard conditions in the northeastern region of India, blood samples were collected from 400 pigs from five northeastern states (80 samples from each state) and tested for IgG antibodies against HEV using an ELISA assay. Questionnaires on farm characteristics and management practices were completed, and risk factors associated with HEV were studied using univariate and multivariate analysis. The apparent seroprevalence of HEV infection was 51% (46.1–55.9, 95% CI), with a true prevalence of 52.98% (47.22–58.75, 95% CI). The risk factors significantly associated with higher HEV seropositivity were as follows: lack of disinfection (OR 4.65), feeding swill (restaurant and bakery waste) (OR 2.55), failure to follow the all-in-all-out production system (OR 3.47), and medium holding size (OR 9.83), which refers to mixed rearing of younger and older age groups. This study demonstrates that HEV is widespread among pigs reared in northeastern India. The risk factor analysis conducted in this study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of HEV in the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"307 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10239391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}