Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"PMAxx-RT-qPCR to Determine Human Norovirus Inactivation Following High-Pressure Processing of Oysters","authors":"Andri Taruna Rachmadi,&nbsp;Pradip Gyawali,&nbsp;Graeme Summers,&nbsp;Anower Jabed,&nbsp;Graham C. Fletcher,&nbsp;Joanne Hewitt","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09585-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09585-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally. While person-to-person transmission is most commonly reported route of infection, human norovirus is frequently associated with foodborne transmission, including through consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish. Reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR is most commonly used method for detecting human norovirus detection in foods, but does not inform on its infectivity, posing challenges for assessing intervention strategies aimed at risk elimination. In this study, RT-qPCR was used in conjunction with a derivative of the photoreactive DNA binding dye propidium monoazide (PMAxx™) (PMAxx-RT-qPCR) to evaluate the viral capsid integrity of norovirus genogroup I and II (GI and GII) in shellfish following high pressure processing (HPP). Norovirus GI.3 and GII.4 bioaccumulated oysters were subjected to HPP at pressures of 300 and 450 MPa at 15 °C, and 300, 450 and 600 MPa at 20 °C. Samples were analysed using both RT-qPCR and PMAxx-RT-qPCR. For each sample, norovirus concentration (genome copies/g digestive tissue) determined by RT-qPCR was divided by the PMAxx-RT-qPCR concentration, giving the relative non-intact (RNI) ratio. The RNI ratio values relate to the amount of non-intact (non-infectious) viruses compared to fully intact (possible infectious) viruses. Our findings revealed an increasing RNI ratio value, indicating decreasing virus integrity, with increasing pressure and decreasing pressure. At 300 MPa, for norovirus GI, the median [95% confidence interval, CI] RNI ratio values were 2.6 [1.9, 3.0] at 15 °C compared to 1.1 [0.9, 1.8] at 20 °C. At 450 MPa, the RNI ratio values were 5.5 [2.9, 7.0] at 15 °C compared to 1.3 [1.0, 1.6] at 20 °C. At 600 MPa, the RNI ratio value was 5.1 [2.9, 13.4] at 20 °C. For norovirus GII, RT-qPCR and PMAxx-RT-qPCR detections were significantly reduced at 450 and 600 MPa at both 15 °C and 20 °C, with the median [95% CI] RNI ratio value at 300 MPa being 1.1 [0.8, 1.6]. Following HPP treatment, the use of PMAxx-RT-qPCR enables the selective detection of intact and potential infectious norovirus, enhancing our understanding of the inactivation profiles and supporting the development of more effective risk assessment strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"171 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140058385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Extraction Methods to Detect Noroviruses in Ready-to-Eat Raw Milk Minas Artisanal Cheese","authors":"Carina Pacheco Cantelli,&nbsp;Marcio Roberto Silva,&nbsp;Laís Marques Pimenta,&nbsp;Guilherme Caetano Lanzieri Tavares,&nbsp;Gabriel Assad Baduy,&nbsp;André Almeida Santos Duch,&nbsp;Liliane Denize Miranda Menezes,&nbsp;Alexandre Madi Fialho,&nbsp;Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão,&nbsp;Tulio Machado Fumian,&nbsp;Marize Pereira Miagostovich,&nbsp;José Paulo Gagliardi Leite","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09588-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09588-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to assess two homogenization methods to recover norovirus from Minas artisanal cheese (MAC) made with raw bovine milk obtained from four microregions of the Minas Gerais state, Brazil, with different ripening times and geographical and abiotic characteristics. For this purpose, 33 fiscal samples were artificially contaminated with norovirus GI and GII, and Mengovirus (MgV), used as an internal process control (IPC). TRIzol^® reagent and Proteinase K homogenization methods were evaluated for all samples were then subjected to RNA extraction using viral magnetic beads and RT-qPCR Taqman^® for viral detection/quantification. Proteinase K method showed better efficiency results for both norovirus GI and GII, with means recovery efficiency of 45.7% (95% CI 34.3–57.2%) and 41.4% (95% CI 29.1–53.6%), respectively, when compared to TRIzol method (16.6% GI, 95% CI 8.4–24.9%, and 12.3% GII, 95% CI 7.0–17.6%). The limits of detection for norovirus GI and GII for this method were 10¹GC/g and 10³GC/g, respectively, independent of cheese origin. MgV was detected and revealed in 100% success rate in all types of cheese, with mean recovery efficiency of 25.6% for Proteinase K, and 3.8% for the TRIzol method. According to cheese origin, Triangulo Mineiro MAC had the highest mean recovery rates for the three viral targets surveyed (89% GI, 87% GII, and 51% MgV), while Serro MAC showed the lowest rates (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Those results indicate that the proteinase K adapted method is suitable for norovirus GI and GII detection in MAC and corroborated MgV as an applicable IPC to be used during the process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"188 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroponic Nutrient Solution Temperature Impacts Tulane Virus Persistence over Time","authors":"Gayatri R. Dhulappanavar,&nbsp;Kristen E. Gibson","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09583-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09583-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Controlled environment agriculture (CEA), or indoor agriculture, encompasses non-traditional farming methods that occur inside climate-controlled structures (e.g., greenhouses, warehouses, high tunnels) allowing for year-round production of fresh produce such as leaf lettuce. However, recent outbreaks and recalls associated with hydroponically grown lettuce contaminated with human pathogens have raised concerns. Few studies exist on the food safety risks during hydroponic cultivation of leaf lettuce; thus, it is important to identify contributing risk factors and potential mitigation strategies to prevent foodborne transmission via hydroponically grown produce. In this study, the concentration of infectious Tulane virus (TV), a human norovirus surrogate, in hydroponic nutrient solution at 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C was determined over a duration of 21 days to mimic the time from seedling to mature lettuce. The mean log PFU reduction for TV was 0.86, 1.80, 2.87, and ≥ 3.77 log₁₀ at 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C, respectively, at the end of the 21-day period. Similarly, average decimal reduction values (<i>D</i>-values) of TV at 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C were 48.0, 11.3, 8.57, and 7.02 days, respectively. This study aids in the (i) identification of possible food safety risks associated with hydroponic systems specifically related to nutrient solution temperature and (ii) generation of data to perform risk assessments within CEA leaf lettuce operations to inform risk management strategies for the reduction of foodborne outbreaks, fresh produce recalls, and economic losses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"261 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11186926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139982107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CrAss-Like Phages: From Discovery in Human Fecal Metagenome to Application as a Microbial Source Tracking Marker","authors":"Arun Thachappully Remesh,&nbsp;Rajlakshmi Viswanathan","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09584-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09584-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CrAss-like phages are a diverse group of bacteriophages genetically similar to the prototypical crAssphage (p-crAssphage), which was discovered in the human gut microbiome through a metagenomics approach. It was identified as a ubiquitous and highly abundant bacteriophage group in the gut microbiome. Initial co-occurrence analysis postulated <i>Bacteroides</i> spp. as the prospective bacterial host. Subsequent studies have confirmed multiple host species under Phylum Bacteroidetes and some Firmicutes. Detection of crAss-like phages in sewage-contaminated environmental water and robust correlation with enteric viruses and bacteria has culminated in their adoption as a microbial source tracking (MST) marker. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR assays have been developed utilizing the conserved genes in the p-crAssphage genome to detect human fecal contamination of different water sources, with high specificity. Numerous investigations have examined the implications of crAss-like phages in diverse disease conditions, including ulcerative colitis, obesity and metabolic syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic eczema, and other autoimmune disorders. These studies have unveiled associations between certain diseases and diminished abundance and diversity of crAss-like phages. This review offers insights into the diverse aspects of research on crAss-like phages, including their discovery, genomic characteristics, structure, taxonomy, isolation, molecular detection, application as an MST marker, and role as a gut microbiome modulator with consequential health implications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"121 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139982106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission of Viruses from Restroom Use: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment","authors":"Sarah E. Abney,&nbsp;Ciara A. Higham,&nbsp;Amanda M. Wilson,&nbsp;M. Khalid Ijaz,&nbsp;Julie McKinney,&nbsp;Kelly A. Reynolds,&nbsp;Charles P. Gerba","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09580-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09580-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Restroom use has been implicated in a number of viral outbreaks. In this study, we apply quantitative microbial risk assessment to quantify the risk of viral transmission by contaminated restroom fomites. We estimate risk from high-touch fomite surfaces (entrance/exit door, toilet seat) for three viruses of interest (SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, norovirus) through eight exposure scenarios involving differing user behaviors, and the use of hand sanitizer following each scenario. We assessed the impacts of several sequences of fomite contacts in the restroom, reflecting the variability of human behavior, on infection risks for these viruses. Touching of the toilet seat was assumed to model adjustment of the seat (open vs. closed), a common touch point in single-user restrooms (home, small business, hospital). A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted for each exposure scenario (10,000 simulations each). Norovirus resulted in the highest probability of infection for all exposure scenarios with fomite surfaces. Post-restroom automatic-dispensing hand sanitizer use reduced the probability of infection for each virus by up to 99.75%. Handwashing within the restroom, an important risk-reduction intervention, was not found to be as effective as use of a non-touch hand sanitizer dispenser for reducing risk to near or below 1/1,000,000, a commonly used risk threshold for comparison.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"65 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139899219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Shellfish Growing Area During Normal Harvesting Periods and Following Wastewater Overflows in an Urban Estuary With Complex Hydrography","authors":"Carlos J. A. Campos,&nbsp;Pradip Gyawali,&nbsp;Joanne Hewitt","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09579-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09579-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral testing combined with hydrographic studies is considered standard good practice in determining microbiological impacts on shellfish growing areas following wastewater overflows. In this study, norovirus genogroup I and II, indicators of viral contamination (F-RNA bacteriophage genogroup II (F-RNA GII), crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> were monitored during periods of normal harvesting and following overflows in two commercial shellfish growing areas in Otago Harbour (Aotearoa New Zealand). Dye tracing, drogue tracking and analysis of particle tracking modelling were also undertaken to assess the dispersion, dilution and time of travel of wastewater discharged from a pump station discharge that impacts the growing areas. Norovirus was not detected in any of the 218 shellfish samples tested. PMMoV and crAssphage were more prevalent than F-RNA GII as determined by RT-qPCR. The dye study indicated long residence time of the waters (≥5 days) in the embayment impacted by the discharge. No relationships were found between the concentrations of viral indicators or <i>E. coli</i> and wastewater dilution, distance between the discharge and the growing areas or time since the last overflow. For the three spills studied (≤327 m³), there was little evidence of microbiological impact on the growing areas. This was likely associated with a deep shipping channel that enhances water flushing in the harbour and reduces contaminant transport to the growing areas. We recommend flexibility in the approach for closure/reopening growing areas impacted by spills, particularly for small duration/volume spills and when norovirus is not present in the community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"79 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139701513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Human Adenovirus Type 35 Concentration on Its Inactivation and Sorption on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles","authors":"Vasiliki I. Syngouna,&nbsp;Maria P. Georgopoulou,&nbsp;Maria I. Bellou,&nbsp;Apostolos Vantarakis","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09582-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09582-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Removal of pathogenic viruses from water resources is critically important for sanitation and public health. Nanotechnology is a promising technology for virus inactivation. In this paper, the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) anatase nanoparticles (NPs) on human adenovirus type 35 (HAdV-35) removal under static and dynamic (with agitation) batch conditions were comprehensively studied. Batch experiments were performed at room temperature (25 °C) with and without ambient light using three different initial virus concentrations. The virus inactivation experimental data were satisfactorily fitted with a pseudo-first-order expression with a time-dependent rate coefficient. The experimental results demonstrated that HAdV-35 sorption onto TiO₂ NPs was favored with agitation under both ambient light and dark conditions<b>.</b> However, no distinct relationships between virus initial concentration and removal efficiency could be established from the experimental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"143 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139662515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening Commercial Tea for Rapid Inactivation of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva","authors":"Julianna N. Morris,&nbsp;Malak A. Esseili","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09581-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09581-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>SARS-CoV-2 infects the oral mucosa and is shed in salivary fluids. Traditionally, tea has been used by various cultures to treat respiratory ailments. The objective of this study was to identify commercially available teas that can rapidly inactivate infectious SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Initially, tea (<i>n</i> = 24) was prepared as 40 mg/mL infusions and incubated with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in water, for 5 min at 37 °C. Then, five teas that showed &gt;3 log reduction in virus infectivity were further investigated at 40 and 10 mg/mL infusions for 60 and 10 s contact time with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in saliva. Tea polyphenols were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified on Vero-E6 cell line using TCID50 assay. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction (3 log, i.e., 99.9%) of infectious SARS-CoV-2 within 10 s. Green, mint medley, eucalyptus-mint, and raspberry zinger teas showed similar inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 (1.5–2 log, i.e., 96–99% reduction). At 40 mg/mL infusions, all five teas showed &gt;3 log reduction in virus infectivity within 10 s. Tea polyphenol but not pH was significantly correlated to virus reduction. Time-of-addition assay revealed that the five teas displayed preventive effects (0.5–1 log, i.e., 68–90% reduction) against SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero-E6 cells as well as during post-virus infection (1.2–1.9 log, i.e., 94–98%). However, the highest inhibitory effect was observed when the teas were added at the time of virus infection (2–3 log, i.e., 99–99.9%). Our results provide insights into a rapid at-home intervention (tea drinking or gargling) to reduce infectious SARS-CoV-2 load in the oral cavity which might also mitigate infection of the oral mucosa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"159 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139641350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Surveillance of Human Astroviruses in Jinan City of China, 2020–2021","authors":"Xiaojuan Lin,&nbsp;Mingyi Xu,&nbsp;Yun Zhao,&nbsp;Feng Ji,&nbsp;Yao Liu,&nbsp;Suting Wang,&nbsp;Meng Chen,&nbsp;Wenqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Zexin Tao,&nbsp;Aiqiang Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a significant etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in children. In order to investigate the circulation of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2-year environmental surveillance was conducted in Jinan between 2020 and 2021. A total of 24 sewage samples were collected and concentrated. Real-time PCR indicated a positive rate of 83.3%, 79.2% (19/24), and 62.5% for classic, MLB, and VA types of HAstV in sewage samples, respectively, with genomic copies ranging from 6.4 × 10³ to 3.7 × 10⁷, 3.2 × 10⁴ to 2.2 × 10⁶, and 1.2 × 10⁴ to 1.6 × 10⁷ l⁻¹. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis on complete ORF2 amplicons from each sewage concentrate revealed the presence of 11 HAstV types, including HAstV-1, -2, -4, -5, MLB1, and VA1 to VA6, as well as non-human animal astroviruses. The most abundant HAstV types were HAstV-1, -4, and -5, which accounted for 70.3%, 12.6%, and 9.1% of total HAstV reads, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences obtained in this study were segregated into multiple transmission lineages, yet exhibited less genetic divergence among themselves than with foreign strains. These findings provide insight into the genotype diversity and genetic characterization of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight the effectiveness of utilizing NGS approaches to investigate sewage HAstVs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"50 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139428718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne Viruses and Somatic Coliphages Occurrence in Fresh Produce at Retail from Northern Mexico","authors":"Axel Ossio,&nbsp;Fernanda Flores-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Norma Heredia,&nbsp;Santos García,&nbsp;Jose Angel Merino-Mascorro","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foodborne disease outbreaks linked to consumption of vegetables have been often attributed to human enteric viruses, such as Norovirus (NoV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RoV). Information about the occurrence of these viruses is scarce in many fresh-producing countries<b>.</b> Viral contamination detection of indicators, such as somatic coliphages, could indirectly reflect the presence of viral pathogens, being a valuable tool for better viral risk assessment in food industry. This study aimed to establish the occurrence and correlation of foodborne viruses and somatic coliphages in leafy greens in northern Mexico. A total of 320 vegetable samples were collected, resulting in 80 composite rinses, 40 of lettuce and 40 of parsley. Somatic coliphages were determined using the EPA 1602 method, while foodborne viruses (HAV, RoV, NoV GI, and GII) were determined by qPCR. The occurrence of RoV was 22.5% (9/40, mean 2.11 log gc/g) in lettuce and 20% (8/40, mean 1.91 log gc/g) in parsley. NoV and HAV were not detected in any samples. Somatic coliphages were present in all lettuce and parsley samples, with mean levels of 1.85 log PFU/100 ml and 2.28 log PFU/100 ml, respectively. Spearman analysis established the correlation of somatic coliphages and genomic copies of RoV, resulting in an <i>r</i>^<i>2</i> value of − 0.026 in lettuce and 0.349 in parsley. Although NoV or HAV were undetected in the samples, the presence of RoV is a matter of concern as leafy greens are usually eaten raw, which poses a potential risk of infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}