Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Environmental Surveillance of Human Astroviruses in Jinan City of China, 2020–2021","authors":"Xiaojuan Lin,&nbsp;Mingyi Xu,&nbsp;Yun Zhao,&nbsp;Feng Ji,&nbsp;Yao Liu,&nbsp;Suting Wang,&nbsp;Meng Chen,&nbsp;Wenqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Zexin Tao,&nbsp;Aiqiang Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a significant etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in children. In order to investigate the circulation of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2-year environmental surveillance was conducted in Jinan between 2020 and 2021. A total of 24 sewage samples were collected and concentrated. Real-time PCR indicated a positive rate of 83.3%, 79.2% (19/24), and 62.5% for classic, MLB, and VA types of HAstV in sewage samples, respectively, with genomic copies ranging from 6.4 × 10³ to 3.7 × 10⁷, 3.2 × 10⁴ to 2.2 × 10⁶, and 1.2 × 10⁴ to 1.6 × 10⁷ l⁻¹. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis on complete ORF2 amplicons from each sewage concentrate revealed the presence of 11 HAstV types, including HAstV-1, -2, -4, -5, MLB1, and VA1 to VA6, as well as non-human animal astroviruses. The most abundant HAstV types were HAstV-1, -4, and -5, which accounted for 70.3%, 12.6%, and 9.1% of total HAstV reads, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences obtained in this study were segregated into multiple transmission lineages, yet exhibited less genetic divergence among themselves than with foreign strains. These findings provide insight into the genotype diversity and genetic characterization of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight the effectiveness of utilizing NGS approaches to investigate sewage HAstVs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"50 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139428718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne Viruses and Somatic Coliphages Occurrence in Fresh Produce at Retail from Northern Mexico","authors":"Axel Ossio,&nbsp;Fernanda Flores-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Norma Heredia,&nbsp;Santos García,&nbsp;Jose Angel Merino-Mascorro","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foodborne disease outbreaks linked to consumption of vegetables have been often attributed to human enteric viruses, such as Norovirus (NoV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RoV). Information about the occurrence of these viruses is scarce in many fresh-producing countries<b>.</b> Viral contamination detection of indicators, such as somatic coliphages, could indirectly reflect the presence of viral pathogens, being a valuable tool for better viral risk assessment in food industry. This study aimed to establish the occurrence and correlation of foodborne viruses and somatic coliphages in leafy greens in northern Mexico. A total of 320 vegetable samples were collected, resulting in 80 composite rinses, 40 of lettuce and 40 of parsley. Somatic coliphages were determined using the EPA 1602 method, while foodborne viruses (HAV, RoV, NoV GI, and GII) were determined by qPCR. The occurrence of RoV was 22.5% (9/40, mean 2.11 log gc/g) in lettuce and 20% (8/40, mean 1.91 log gc/g) in parsley. NoV and HAV were not detected in any samples. Somatic coliphages were present in all lettuce and parsley samples, with mean levels of 1.85 log PFU/100 ml and 2.28 log PFU/100 ml, respectively. Spearman analysis established the correlation of somatic coliphages and genomic copies of RoV, resulting in an <i>r</i>^<i>2</i> value of − 0.026 in lettuce and 0.349 in parsley. Although NoV or HAV were undetected in the samples, the presence of RoV is a matter of concern as leafy greens are usually eaten raw, which poses a potential risk of infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention of Virus Versus Surrogate, by Ultrafiltration in Seawater: Case Study of Norovirus Versus Tulane","authors":"M. Monnot,&nbsp;J. Ollivier,&nbsp;H. Taligrot,&nbsp;P. Garry,&nbsp;C. Cordier,&nbsp;C. Stravakakis,&nbsp;F. S. Le Guyader,&nbsp;P. Moulin","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09574-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09574-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the field of chemical engineering and water treatment, the study of viruses, included surrogates, is well documented. Often, surrogates are used to study viruses and their behavior because they can be produced in larger quantities in safer conditions and are easier to handle. In fact, surrogates allow studying microorganisms which are non-infectious to humans but share some properties similar to pathogenic viruses: structure, composition, morphology, and size. Human noroviruses, recognized as the leading cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis across all age groups, may be mimicked by the Tulane virus. The objectives of this work were to study (i) the ultrafiltration of Tulane virus and norovirus to validate that Tulane virus can be used as a surrogate for norovirus in water treatment process and (ii) the retention of norovirus and the surrogate as a function of water quality to better understand the use of the latter pathogenic viruses. Ultrafiltration tests showed significant logarithmic reduction values (LRV) in viral RNA: around 2.5 for global LRV (i.e., based on the initial and permeate average concentrations) and between 2 and 6 for average LRV (i.e., retention rate considering the increase of viral concentration in the retentate), both for norovirus and the surrogate Tulane virus. Higher reduction rates (from 2 to 6 log genome copies) are obtained for higher initial concentrations (from 10¹ to 10⁷ genome copies per mL) due to virus aggregation in membrane lumen. Tulane virus appears to be a good surrogate for norovirus retention by membrane processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"14 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence of Infectious Human Norovirus in Estuarine Water","authors":"Daniel Rexin,&nbsp;Andri T. Rachmadi,&nbsp;Joanne Hewitt","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09577-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09577-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Norovirus is the predominant cause of viral acute gastroenteritis globally. While person-to-person is the most reported transmission route, norovirus is also associated with waterborne and foodborne illness, including from the consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish. The main cause of shellfish contamination is via the bioaccumulation of norovirus from growing waters impacted by human wastewater. However, data on the persistence of infectious norovirus in the environment are limited due to a lack of a human norovirus culture method in the past. In this study, we applied the recently established method of norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids to determine the persistence of norovirus in artificial estuarine water at 25 ppt for up to 21 days at 4 °C and 16 °C in the dark. Infectious norovirus was detected for up to 21 days. The relative infectivity declined from 100 to 3% at day 21, with decay rate constants of 0.07 day⁻¹ at 4 °C and 0.17 day⁻¹ at 16 °C. There was no decrease in norovirus titres as measured by reverse transcription-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR), confirming the lack of the relationship between norovirus infectivity and direct detection by PCR. The results confirm that norovirus can remain infectious for at least 3 weeks in an estuarine water environment, presenting associated health risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"58 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139080435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Needs for Integrated Surveillance: Wastewater-Based and Clinical Epidemiology in Evolving Scenarios with Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Annalaura Carducci,&nbsp;Ileana Federigi,&nbsp;Giulia Lauretani,&nbsp;Sara Muzio,&nbsp;Alessandra Pagani,&nbsp;Nebiyu Tariku Atomsa,&nbsp;Marco Verani","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and clinical surveillance have been used as tools for analyzing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, but both approaches can be strongly influenced by some sources of variability. From the challenging perspective of integrating environmental and clinical data, we performed a correlation analysis between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in raw sewage and incident COVID-19 cases in areas served by medium-size wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 2021 to 2023. To this aim, both datasets were adjusted for several sources of variability: WBE data were adjusted for factors including the analytical protocol, sewage flow, and population size, while clinical data adjustments considered the demographic composition of the served population. Then, we addressed the impact on the correlation of differences among sewerage networks and variations in the frequency and type of swab tests due to changes in political and regulatory scenarios. Wastewater and clinical data were significantly correlated when restrictive containment measures and limited movements were in effect (<i>ρ</i> = 0.50) and when COVID-19 cases were confirmed exclusively through molecular testing (<i>ρ</i> = 0.49). Moreover, a positive (although weak) correlation arose for WWTPs located in densely populated areas (<i>ρ</i> = 0.37) and with shorter sewerage lengths (<i>ρ</i> = 0.28). This study provides methodological approaches for interpreting WBE and clinical surveillance data, which could also be useful for other infections. Data adjustments and evaluation of possible sources of bias need to be carefully considered from the perspective of integrated environmental and clinical surveillance of infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"38 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Environmental Virology: Use of Passive Sampling to Characterize the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Wastewater","authors":"Michael Geissler,&nbsp;Robin Mayer,&nbsp;Björn Helm,&nbsp;Roger Dumke","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 leads to a renaissance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as additional tool to follow epidemiological trends in the catchment of treatment plants. As alternative to the most commonly used composite samples in surveillance programs, passive sampling is increasingly studied. However, the many sorbent materials in different reports hamper the comparison of results and a standardization of the approach is necessary. Here, we compared different cost-effective sorption materials (cheesecloths, gauze swabs, electronegative filters, glass wool, and tampons) in torpedo-style housings with composite samples. Despite a remarkable variability of the concentration of SARS-CoV-2-specific gene copies, analysis of parallel-deposited passive samplers in the sewer demonstrated highest rate of positive samples and highest number of copies by using cheesecloths. Using this sorption material, monitoring of wastewater of three small catchments in the City of Dresden resulted in a rate of positive samples of 50% in comparison with composite samples (98%). During the investigation period, incidence of reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the catchments ranged between 16 and 170 per 100,000 persons and showed no correlation with the measured concentrations of <i>E</i> gene in wastewater. In contrast, constantly higher numbers of gene copies in passive vs. composite samples were found for human adenovirus and crAssphage indicating strong differences of efficacy of methods concerning the species investigated. Influenza virus A and B were sporadically detected allowing no comparison of results. The study contributes to the further understanding of possibilities and limits of passive sampling approaches in WBE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"25 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of a Sensitive Method to Assess High Virus Retention Performance of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Process","authors":"Hugo Taligrot,&nbsp;Sébastien Wurtzer,&nbsp;Mathias Monnot,&nbsp;Laurent Moulin,&nbsp;Philippe Moulin","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human enteric viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne diseases. Environmental waters are usually contaminated with low virus concentration requiring large concentration factors for effective detection by (RT)-qPCR. Low-pressure reverse osmosis is often used to remove water contaminants, but very few studies focused on the effective virus removal of reverse osmosis treatment with feed concentrations as close as possible to environmental concentrations and principally relied on theoretical virus removal. The very low viral concentrations usually reported in the permeates (i.e. at least 5 log of removal rate) mean that very large volumes of water need to be analysed to have sufficient sensitivity and assess the process efficiency. This study evaluates two methods for the concentration of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and MS2 bacteriophages at different viral concentrations in large (&lt; 200 L) and very large (&gt; 200 L) volumes. The first method is composed of two ultrafiltration membranes with low-molecular weight cut-offs while the second method primarily relies on adsorption and elution phases using electropositive-charged filters. The recovery rates were assessed for both methods. For the ultrafiltration-based protocol, recovery rates were similar for each virus studied: 80% on average at high virus concentrations (10⁶–10⁷ viruses L⁻¹) and 50% at low virus concentrations (10³–10⁴ viruses L⁻¹). For the electropositive-charged filter-based method, the average recoveries obtained were about 36% for ADV 41, 57% for CV-B5 and 1.6% for MS2. The ultrafiltration-based method was then used to evaluate the performance of a low-pressure reverse osmosis lab-scale pilot plant. The retentions by reverse osmosis were similar for all studied viruses and the validated recovery rates applied to the system confirmed the reliability of the concentration method. This method was effective in concentrating all three viruses over a wide range of viral concentrations. Moreover, the second concentration method using electropositive-charged filters was studied, allowing the filtration of larger volumes of permeate from a semi-industrial low-pressure reverse osmosis pilot plant. This reference method was used because of the inability of the UF method to filter volumes on the order of one cubic metre.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"97 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity Evaluation of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses to Ethanol Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review","authors":"Aken Puti Wanguyun,&nbsp;Wakana Oishi,&nbsp;Daisuke Sano","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09571-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09571-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral diseases are a severe public health issue worldwide. During the coronavirus pandemic, the use of alcohol-based sanitizers was recommended by WHO. Enveloped viruses are sensitive to ethanol, whereas non-enveloped viruses are considerably less sensitive. However, no quantitative analysis has been conducted to determine virus ethanol sensitivity and the important variables influencing the inactivation of viruses to ethanol. This study aimed to determine viruses’ sensitivity to ethanol and the most important variables influencing the inactivation of viruses exposed to ethanol based on machine learning. We examined 37 peer-reviewed articles through a systematic search. Quantitative analysis was employed using a decision tree and random forest algorithms. Based on the decision tree, enveloped viruses required around ≥ 35% ethanol with an average contact time of at least 1 min, which reduced the average viral load by 4 log₁₀. In non-enveloped viruses with and without organic matter, ≥ 77.50% and ≥ 65% ethanol with an extended contact time of ≥ 2 min were required for a 4 log₁₀ viral reduction, respectively. Important variables were assessed using a random forest based on the percentage increases in mean square error (%IncMSE) and node purity (%IncNodePurity). Ethanol concentration was a more important variable with a higher %IncMSE and %IncNodePurity than contact time for the inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses with the available organic matter. Because specific guidelines for virus inactivation by ethanol are lacking, data analysis using machine learning is essential to gain insight from certain datasets. We provide new knowledge for determining guideline values related to the selection of ethanol concentration and contact time that effectively inactivate viruses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138481705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabarcoding of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 and Norovirus GII from Wastewater Samples in England Using Nanopore Sequencing","authors":"Samantha Treagus,&nbsp;James Lowther,&nbsp;Ben Longdon,&nbsp;William Gaze,&nbsp;Craig Baker-Austin,&nbsp;David Ryder,&nbsp;Frederico M. Batista","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09569-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09569-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Norovirus is one of the largest causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen that has become the most dominant cause of acute viral hepatitis in recent years. The presence of norovirus and HEV has been reported within wastewater in many countries previously. Here we used amplicon deep sequencing (metabarcoding) to identify norovirus and HEV strains in wastewater samples from England collected in 2019 and 2020. For HEV, we sequenced a fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene targeting genotype three strains. For norovirus, we sequenced the 5′ portion of the major capsid protein gene (VP1) of genogroup II strains. Sequencing of the wastewater samples revealed eight different genotypes of norovirus GII (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.9, GII.13 and GII.17). Genotypes GII.3 and GII.4 were the most commonly found. The HEV metabarcoding assay was able to identify HEV genotype 3 strains in some samples with a very low viral concentration determined by RT-qPCR. Analysis showed that most HEV strains found in influent wastewater were typed as G3c and G3e and were likely to have originated from humans or swine. However, the small size of the HEV nested PCR amplicon could cause issues with typing, and so this method is more appropriate for samples with high CTs where methods targeting longer genomic regions are unlikely to be successful. This is the first report of HEV RNA in wastewater in England. This study demonstrates the utility of wastewater sequencing and the need for wider surveillance of norovirus and HEV within host species and environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"292 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71419547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral Natural Products, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications as Sanitizers and Disinfectants","authors":"Stephanie A. Boone,&nbsp;M. Khalid Ijaz,&nbsp;Kelly R. Bright,&nbsp;Norma Patricia Silva-Beltran,&nbsp;Raymond W. Nims,&nbsp;Julie McKinney,&nbsp;Charles P. Gerba","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09568-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09568-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plant extracts, natural products and plant oils contain natural virucidal actives that can be used to replace active ingredients in commercial sanitizers and disinfectants. This review focuses on the virucidal mechanisms of natural substances that may exhibit potential for indoor air and fomite disinfection. Review of scientific studies indicates: (1) most natural product studies use crude extracts and do not isolate or identify exact active antiviral substances; (2) many natural product studies contain unclear explanations of virucidal mechanisms of action; (3) natural product evaluations of virucidal activity should include methods that validate efficacy under standardized disinfectant testing procedures (e.g., carrier tests on applicable surfaces or activity against aerosolized viruses, etc.). The development of natural product disinfectants requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of action (MOA), chemical profiles, compound specificities, activity spectra, and the chemical formulations required for maximum activity. Combinations of natural antiviral substances and possibly the addition of synthetic compounds might be needed to increase inactivation of a broader spectrum of viruses, thereby providing the required efficacy for surface and air disinfection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 4","pages":"265 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71419546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}