Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of Cold Smoking on Inactivating Murine Norovirus in Salami-Like Pork Sausages (Mettwurst), and Hepatitis E Virus and Murine Norovirus in Solution","authors":"Emil Loikkanen,&nbsp;Antti Mikkelä,&nbsp;Suvi Joutsen,&nbsp;Pirkko Tuominen,&nbsp;Leena Maunula","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09631-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09631-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus that infects humans when virus-containing pork products are consumed. This study aimed to explore MNV (murine norovirus) and HEV inactivation during cold smoking and ripening/fermentation treatments used for salami-like sausages (mettwurst). MNV inactivation was monitored in culture medium solution and in sausage while being subjected to a salami-like sausage manufacturing process. The inactivation of MNV in the solution was also monitored at room temperature (RT) for four weeks. HEV inactivation was monitored in solution during the cold smoking process and at RT. A TCID₅₀ assay was used to calculate the infectious MNV and HEV titres. MNV survival was modelled using Bayesian inference. MNV load in solution decreased by as much as 4.7 (SD 0.9) log₁₀ TCID₅₀/ml when it was subjected to the cold smoking process. Modelling revealed that 99.999% MNV might be inactivated during the treatment when observed at a level of 95% CI (Bayesian Confidence Interval). On the contrary, MNV load decreased by only 1.8 (0.2) log₁₀ when stored at RT. The low-titre HEV in solution was inactivated (&gt; 1.1 (0.2) log₁₀) when treated, and at RT. However, MNV was resistant in the sausage matrix during the cold smoking process (log₁₀ reduction of 1.9 (0.5) TCID₅₀/ml). Based on modelling, a substantial amount of virus would remain in the product, even when the uncertainty was considered. Hence, viruses, here exemplified by MNV, may not be inactivated from salami-like pork sausages during manufacturing, which poses a risk for consumers in real-life situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09631-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142941122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Enrichment Sequencing Utilizing a Respiratory Pathogen Panel for Genomic Wastewater-Based Viral Epidemiology in Uruguay","authors":"Florencia Cancela,&nbsp;Andrés Lizasoain,&nbsp;Yanina Panzera,&nbsp;Elena Fernández-López,&nbsp;Joaquín Lozano,&nbsp;Lucia Calleros,&nbsp;Sofia Grecco,&nbsp;Ana Eugenia Marandino,&nbsp;María Noel Cortinas,&nbsp;Gisela Masachessi,&nbsp;Silvia Nates,&nbsp;Romina Icasuriaga,&nbsp;Rodney Colina,&nbsp;Santiago Mirazo","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09629-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09629-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human respiratory and enteric viruses are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Wastewater-based epidemiology utilizing next-generation sequencing serves as an effective tool for monitoring viral circulation dynamics at the community level. However, these complex environmental samples are often laden with other microorganisms and host genomic material, which can hinder the sensitivity of viral detection. To address this limitation, targeted enrichment sequencing is emerging as a preferred strategy, facilitating the acquisition of a more comprehensive understanding of specific pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a targeted enrichment sequencing panel for 42 excreted respiratory viruses (including <i>Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, Coronaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Pneumoviridae</i>, and <i>Parvoviridae</i> families), known as the Respiratory Pathogen ID/AMR enrichment panel (RPIP), coupled with Explify bioinformatics analysis in 3 sewage samples from Uruguay. RPIP panel successfully identified sequences from frequently circulating viruses, along with some that had not been documented previously. We identified and characterized various viruses, including human Enterovirus (Coxsackievirus A1 and A19), Influenza A-H1N1, and full-length sequences of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, several other viral pathogens were detected, such as human Bocavirus, human Parechovirus, Enterovirus A71, and Enterovirus D68; however, for these viruses further analysis was limited due to the small genomic regions or low-read coverage obtained. While the RPIP panel necessitates substantial sequencing depth and may introduce bias towards the more predominant strains present in the samples, this approach suggests its viability as a genomic epidemiological tool for assessing respiratory and enteric viruses in wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus Association with Bacteria and Bacterial Cell Components Enhance Virus Infectivity","authors":"Wenjun Deng,&nbsp;Giselle Almeida,&nbsp;Kristen E. Gibson","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09633-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09633-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transmission and infection of enteric viruses can be influenced by co-existing bacteria within the environment and host. However, the viral binding ligands on bacteria and the underlying interaction mechanisms remain unclear. This study characterized the association of norovirus surrogate Tulane virus (TuV) and murine norovirus (MNV) as well as the human enteric virus Aichi virus (AiV) with six bacteria strains (<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pantoea ananatis</i>, <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>, <i>Exiguobacterium sibiricum</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp.). At room temperature, the viruses bound to all bacteria in strain-dependent rates and remained bound for at least 2 h. The virus association with two gram-positive bacteria <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>E. sibiricum</i> was less efficient than gram-negative bacteria. Next, the bacterial envelope components including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and peptidoglycan (PG) from selected strains were co-incubated with viruses to evaluate their effect on virus infectivity. All the tested bacteria components significantly increased virus infection to variable degrees as compared to PBS. The LPS of <i>E. coli</i> O111:B4 resulted in the greatest increases of infection by 0.19 log PFU for TuV as determined by plaque assay. Lastly, bacterial whole cell lysate of <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>E. cloacae</i> was examined for their impact on the infectivity of MNV and TuV. The co-incubation with whole cell lysates significantly increased the infectivity of TuV by 0.2 log PFU but not MNV. This study indicated that both the individual bacteria components and whole bacterial cell lysate can enhance virus infectivity, providing key insights for understanding virus–bacteria interaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-025-09633-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2: An Analysis Employing Crassphage and Next-Generation Sequencing Protocols","authors":"André Vinicius Costa Ribeiro,&nbsp;Camille Ferreira Mannarino,&nbsp;Thiago dos Santos Leal,&nbsp;Carla Santos de Oliveira,&nbsp;Kayo Bianco,&nbsp;Maysa Mandetta Clementino,&nbsp;Shênia Patricia Corrêa Novo,&nbsp;Tatiana Prado,&nbsp;Eduardo da Silva Gomes de Castro,&nbsp;André Lermontov,&nbsp;Tulio Machado Fumian,&nbsp;Marize Pereira Miagostovich","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09620-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09620-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to investigate the dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water samples obtained during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period, employing cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) as a fecal contamination biomarker and next-generation sequencing protocols to characterize SARS-CoV-2 variants. Raw wastewater and surface water (stream and sea) samples were collected for over a month in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ultracentrifugation and negatively charged membrane filtration were employed for viral concentration of the wastewater and surface water samples, respectively. Viruses were detected and quantified by (RT-)qPCR applying TaqMan® system protocols. SARS-CoV-2 RNA signals were detected in 92.5% (37/40) of the wastewater samples and in 31.25% (10/32) of the stream water samples, but not in seawater samples. CrAssphage was detected in 100% of the wastewater samples, 93.75% (30/32) of the stream samples, and in 2/4 of the seawater samples. CrAssphage detection and high concentrations in stream surface waters (median 8.95 log₁₀ gc/L) revealed diffuse contamination by domestic wastewater in a region with high sanitary coverage. The correlations detected between SARS-CoV-2 data and the moving averages of clinical cases <i>per capita</i> over the sampling period were moderate to strong when applying a 13-day offset, regardless of normalization by crAssphage data or not. Sequencing of the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein confirmed the detection of SARS-CoV-2, but did not characterize the circulating variant. On the other hand, the whole genome sequencing protocol identified circulation of the Gamma variant, corroborating the sampling period clinical data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Three Viral Capsid Integrity qPCR Methods for Wastewater-Based Viral Surveillance","authors":"Jessica L. Kevill,&nbsp;Kata Farkas,&nbsp;Kate Herridge,&nbsp;Shelagh K. Malham,&nbsp;Davey L. Jones","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09627-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09627-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Capsid Integrity qPCR (CI-qPCR) assays offer a promising alternative to cell culture-based infectivity assays for assessing pathogenic human virus viability in wastewater. This study compared three CI-qPCR methods: two novel (Crosslinker, TruTiter) and one established (PMAxx dye). These methods were evaluated on heat-inactivated and non-heat-inactivated ‘live’ viruses spiked into phosphate-buffered saline <b>(</b>PBS) and wastewater, as well as on viruses naturally present in wastewater samples. The viral panel included Human adenovirus 5 (HAdV), enterovirus A71 (EV), hepatitis-A virus (HAV), influenza-A H3N2 (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus A2 (RSV), norovirus GI, norovirus GII, and SARS-CoV-2. All three methods successfully differentiated between degraded, heat-inactivated, and live viruses in PBS. While all three methods were comparable for HAdV and norovirus GI, PMAxx detected significantly lower gene copies for EV and IAV. In spiked wastewater, PMAxx yielded significantly lower gene copies for all heat-inactivated viruses (HAdV, EV, HAV, IAV, and RSV) compared to the Crosslinker and TruTiter methods. For viruses naturally present in wastewater (un-spiked), no significant difference was observed between PMAxx and TruTiter methods. Intact, potentially infectious viruses were detected using both PMAxx and TruTiter on untreated and treated wastewater samples. A comparative analysis of qPCR data and TEM images revealed that viral flocculation of IAV may interfere with capsid integrity assays using intercalating dyes. In summary, our findings not only advance the development of more effective methods for assessing viral viability in wastewater, but also highlight the potential of CI-qPCR techniques to enhance early warning systems for emerging pathogens, thereby strengthening public health preparedness and response strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09627-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Rocahepevirus ratti in Bivalve Mollusks from São Luís Island, Maranhão, Brazil: A Potential Transmission Route of an Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen?","authors":"Andreza Soriano Figueiredo,&nbsp;Isabella Rodrigues Negreiros,&nbsp;Aldaleia do Nascimento e Silva,&nbsp;Caroline Roberta Soares Salgado,&nbsp;Natália Lourenço dos Santos,&nbsp;Marcelo Alves Pinto,&nbsp;Alcina Vieira de Carvalho Neta,&nbsp;José Paulo Gagliardi Leite,&nbsp;Carina Pacheco Cantelli","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09624-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09624-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The attempt to investigate hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination in naturally growing mangrove bivalve mollusks captured for local sale in a touristic area of Maranhão state in Brazil revealed the detection of rat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV). Using international standard protocols for processing and nucleic acid extraction, we analyzed 89 bivalve samples (<i>Mytella falcata</i> and <i>Crassostrea rhizophorae</i>) with two broadly reactive assays: heminested pan-<i>Hepeviridae</i> (ORF-1) and probe-based HEV-1 to HEV-4 (ORF-2/ORF-3). Heminested reactions presented 2 (2.2%) amplifications of the expected size. Nucleotide identities ranged from 86.6 to 89.0% with ratHEV isolates from wild rats, pigs, one human case and sewage reported in different countries. Regarding the phylogenetic tree, the sequences grouped with genotype HEV-C1. This first report of ratHEV detection in bivalve mollusks may be a starting point for further research on virus variability, distribution, host range and especially the possible role of contaminated shellfish as a vehicle for ratHEV transmission.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142925672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Nanotrap Microbiome Particles as A Wastewater Viral Concentration Method","authors":"Marlee Shaffer,&nbsp;Devin North,&nbsp;Kyle Bibby","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09628-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09628-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater-based surveillance has emerged as a powerful approach to monitoring infectious diseases within a community. Typically, wastewater samples are concentrated before viral analyses to improve sensitivity. Current concentration methods vary in time requirements, costs, and efficiency. Here, we evaluated the concentration efficiency and bias of a novel viral concentration approach, Nanotrap Microbiome Particles (NMP), in wastewater. NMP concentration efficiency was target-specific, with significantly lower concentrations of the bacterial indicator HF183 and viral indicator <i>Carjivirus</i> (formerly crAssphage) relative to direct extraction (1.2 × 10⁵ vs. 3.4 × 10⁵ GC/mL and 2.0 × 10⁵ vs. 1.2 × 10⁵ GC/mL, respectively), but significantly higher concentrations of the viral fecal indicator Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) relative to direct extraction (1.4 × 10⁵ vs. 8.4 × 10³ GC/mL). Targeted metagenomic sequencing showed that NMP resulted in significantly more unique species reads per sample than direct extractions (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) by detecting species that went undetected by direct extractions. Key viral families identified with high abundances were Adenoviridae, Caliciviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Polyomaviridae. NMP showed differential ability for concentrating clinically relevant viral families, suggesting that the technology should be evaluated and optimized for specific viral targets before implementation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09628-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142925704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inactivation Effects of Hypochlorous Acid, Chlorine Dioxide, and Ozone on Airborne SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus","authors":"Yasuo Imoto,&nbsp;Hidehito Matsui,&nbsp;Chihiro Ueda,&nbsp;Eri Nakajima,&nbsp;Hideaki Hanaki","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09626-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09626-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus are primarily transmitted through droplets or aerosols from patients. The inactivation effects of existing virus control techniques may vary depending on the environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to establish a suitable evaluation system for assessing virus control techniques against airborne viruses for further real-world implementation. This study aimed to assess the inactivating effects of chemical substances on SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in the air using an established evaluation system. A mixture containing SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in diluted saliva was nebulized into the designed 1 m³ chamber, and the virucidal effects of hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone in the air samples at 23 ± 1 °C with 50 ± 5% relative humidity were determined using the plaque assay. Both viral infectivity titers decreased depending on chemical substance concentration and exposure time. The concentrations of hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone in the air reached an approximately 2-log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity titer within 10 min at 0.02, 1.0, and 1.0 ppm, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 persisted in the air even under conditions where the influenza A virus was inactivated below the detection limits. These findings demonstrate that hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in the air.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09626-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Carbon Bead-Based Concentration Method for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater","authors":"Made Sandhyana Angga,&nbsp;Sunayana Raya,&nbsp;Soichiro Hirai,&nbsp;Eiji Haramoto","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09623-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09623-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater surveillance for pathogens is important to monitor disease trends within communities and maintain public health; thus, a quick and reliable protocol is needed to quantify pathogens present in wastewater. In this study, a method using a commercially available magnetic carbon bead-based kit, i.e., the Carbon Prep (C.prep) method (Life Magnetics), was employed to detect and quantify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as bacteriophage Phi6 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in wastewater samples. The performance of this method was evaluated by modifying several steps and comparing it with the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method to demonstrate its applicability to virus detection in wastewater. The protocol of the C.prep method, based on the manufacturer’s instructions, could not detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA, while the optimized protocol could detect it in the tested samples at concentrations that were not significantly different from those obtained using the PEG precipitation method. However, the optimized C.prep method performed more poorly in recovering Phi6 and detecting PMMoV than the PEG precipitation method. The results of this study indicated that the full workflow of the C.prep method was not sufficient to detect the target viruses in wastewater and that an additional RNA extraction step was needed to increase its detection sensitivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Porcine Norovirus GII.18 Strains in Pigs Using Broadly Reactive RT-qPCR Assay for Genogroup II Noroviruses","authors":"Ankita K. Gupta,&nbsp;Mari Heinonen,&nbsp;Emilia König,&nbsp;Venla Mikkonen,&nbsp;Leena Maunula","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09619-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09619-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Noroviruses, belonging to the family <i>Caliciviridae</i>, are classified into at least ten genogroups (G) based on their major capsid protein (VP1). The common genogroup to be identified in both humans and pigs is GII, although porcine noroviruses (PoNoVs) belong to genotypes of their own (GII.11, GII.18, and GII.19). So far, PoNoVs have not been studied much in Finland, possibly due to their rather symptomless nature in pigs. In the present study, we enrolled a total of 189 fecal samples collected from pigs from Finnish farms. Samples were taken from 12 farms in 2010, 2019 and 2020. We analyzed feces from growing pigs ranging from 2.1 to 6 months of age. RNA was extracted from fecal suspensions using a commercial viral RNA extraction kit, followed by RT (reverse transcription)-qPCR. The genotypes were determined by Sanger sequencing of the PCR fragments amplified by conventional PCR. Of the 12 farms, 6 (50%) had at least one PoNoV-infected pig. Altogether 18 (9.5%) of the 189 pigs tested positive for PoNoVs. Pigs mostly aged over 4 months were infected with PoNoVs. Eventually, 12 positive samples were determined as genotype GII.18. We could demonstrate the presence of PoNoVs in Finnish pigs. In future, more studies in which longer sequences from PoNoV genome can be obtained, are required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09619-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}