Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"The Inhibition and Variability of Two Different RT-qPCR Assays Used for Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater","authors":"George Scott,&nbsp;Nicholas Evens,&nbsp;Jonathan Porter,&nbsp;David I. Walker","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09542-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09542-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Faecal shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its subsequent detection in wastewater turned the spotlight onto wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for monitoring the coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. WBE for SARS-CoV-2 has been deployed in 70 countries, providing insights into disease prevalence, forecasting and the spatiotemporal tracking and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Wastewater, however, is a complex sample matrix containing numerous reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) inhibitors whose concentration and diversity are influenced by factors including population size, surrounding industry and agriculture and climate. Such differences in the RT-qPCR inhibitor profile are likely to impact the quality of data produced by WBE and potentially produce erroneous results.</p><p>To help determine the possible impact of RT-qPCR assay on data quality, two assays employed by different laboratories within the UK’s SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring programme were assessed in the Cefas laboratory in Weymouth, UK. The assays were based on Fast Virus (FV) and qScript (qS) chemistries using the same primers and probes, but at different concentrations and under different cycling conditions. Bovine serum albumin and MgSO₄ were also added to the FV assay reaction mixture. Two-hundred and eighty-six samples were analysed, and an external control RNA (EC RNA)-based method was used to measure RT-qPCR inhibition. Compared with qS, FV showed a 40.5% reduction in mean inhibition and a 57.0% reduction in inter-sample inhibition variability. A 4.1-fold increase in SARS-CoV-2 quantification was seen for FV relative to qS; partially due (1.5-fold) to differences in reverse transcription efficiency and the use of a dsDNA standard. Analytical variability was reduced by 51.2% using FV while qS increased the number of SARS-CoV-2 negative samples by 2.6-fold. This study indicates the importance of thorough method optimisation for RT-qPCR-based WBE which should be performed using a selection of samples which are representative of the physiochemical properties of wastewater. Furthermore, RT-qPCR inhibition, analytical variability and reverse transcription efficiency should be key considerations during assay optimisation. A standardised framework for the optimisation and validation of WBE procedures should be formed including concessions for emergency response situations that would allow flexibility in the process to address the difficult balance between the urgency of providing data and the availability of resources. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"71 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-022-09542-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4605672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate with Hypochlorous Acid is Impacted by Surface Type, Contact Time, Inoculum Matrix, and Concentration","authors":"Allyson N. Hamilton,&nbsp;Sahaana Chandran,&nbsp;Christopher A. Baker,&nbsp;Kristen E. Gibson","doi":"10.1007/s12560-023-09549-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-023-09549-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indirect contact with contaminated surfaces is a potential transmission route for COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate convenient and inexpensive surface sanitization methods, such as HOCl, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, Phi6 (~ 7 log PFU/mL), was prepared in artificial saliva and tripartite matrices, spot inoculated on coupons of either stainless steel or vinyl, and allowed to dry. The coupons were sprayed with either 500 ppm or 1000 ppm HOCl, and remained on the surface for 0 s (control), 5 s, 30 s, or 60 s. Samples were enumerated via the double agar overlay assay. Statistical analysis was completed in R using a generalized linear model with Quasipoisson error approximations. Time, concentration, surface type, and inoculum matrix were all significant contributors to log reduction at <i>P</i> = 0.05. Significant three-way interactions were observed for 1000 ppm, vinyl, and 60 s (<i>P</i> = 0.03) and 1000 ppm, tripartite, and 60 s (<i>P</i> = 0.0121). A significant two-way interaction between vinyl and 60 s was also observed (<i>P</i> = 0.0168). Overall, increased HOCl concentration and exposure time led to increased Phi6 reduction. Notably, the highest estimated mean log reduction was 3.31 (95% CI 3.14, 3.49) for stainless steel at 60 s and 1000 ppm HOCl in artificial saliva, indicating that this method of sanitization may not adequately reduce enveloped viruses to below infective thresholds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 2","pages":"116 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-023-09549-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4825692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature Dependent Depuration of Norovirus GII and Tulane Virus from Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)","authors":"Sarah M. Stoppel,&nbsp;Arne Duinker,&nbsp;Mamata Khatri,&nbsp;Bjørn Tore Lunestad,&nbsp;Mette Myrmel","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09547-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09547-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Raw oysters are considered a culinary delicacy but are frequently the culprit in food-borne norovirus (NoV) infections. As commercial depuration procedures are currently unable to efficiently eliminate NoV from oysters, an optimisation of the process should be considered. This study addresses the ability of elevated water temperatures to enhance the elimination of NoV and Tulane virus (TuV) from Pacific oysters (<i>Crassostrea gigas</i>). Both viruses were experimentally bioaccumulated in oysters, which were thereafter depurated at 12 °C and 17 °C for 4 weeks. Infectious TuV and viral RNA were monitored weekly for 28 days by TCID₅₀ and (PMAxx-) RT-qPCR, respectively. TuV RNA was more persistent than NoV and decreased by &lt; 0.5 log₁₀ after 14 days, while NoV reductions were already &gt; 1.0 log₁₀ at this time. For RT-qPCR there was no detectable benefit of elevated water temperatures or PMAxx for either virus (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). TuV TCID₅₀ decreased steadily, and reductions were significantly different between the two temperatures (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). This was most evident on days 14 and 21 when reductions at 17 °C were 1.3–1.7 log₁₀ higher than at 12 °C. After 3 weeks, reductions &gt; 3.0 log₁₀ were observed at 17 °C, while at 12 °C reductions did not exceed 1.9 log₁₀. The length of depuration also had an influence on virus numbers. TuV reductions increased from &lt; 1.0 log₁₀ after seven days to &gt; 4.0 log₁₀ after 4 weeks. This implies that an extension of the depuration period to more than seven days, possibly in combination with elevated water temperatures, may be beneficial for the inactivation and removal of viral pathogens.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"43 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-022-09547-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5049148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Foods Using a Bioluminescent Assay in Real-Time (BART) and Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Technology","authors":"Ruiqin Wu,&nbsp;Baozhong Meng,&nbsp;Milena Corredig,&nbsp;Mansel W. Griffiths","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09548-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09548-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foodborne hepatitis A infections have been considered as a major threat for public health worldwide. Increased incidences of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has been associated with growing global trade of food products. Rapid and sensitive detection of HAV in foods is very essential for investigating the outbreaks. Real-time RT-PCR has been most widely used for the detection of HAV by far. However, the technology relies on fluorescence determination of the amplicon and requires sophisticated, high-cost instruments and trained personnel, limiting its use in low resource settings. In this study, a robust, affordable, and simple assay, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay in combination with a bioluminescence-based determination of amplification in real-time (BART), was developed for the detection of HAV in different food matrices, including green onion, strawberry, mussel, and milk. The efficiencies of a one-step RT-LAMP-BART and a two-step RT-LAMP-BART were investigated for the detection of HAV in different food matrices and was compared with that of real-time RT-PCR. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP-BART assay was significantly affected by Mg²⁺ concentration (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), in addition to primer quality. The optimal Mg²⁺ concentration was 2 mM for one-step RT-LAMP-BART and 4 mM for two-step RT-LAMP-BART. Compared with cartridge-purified primers, HPLC-purified primers could greatly improve the sensitivity of the RT-LAMP-BART assay (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). For detecting HAV in different food matrices, the performance of two-step RT-LAMP-BART was comparable with that of real-time RT-PCR and was better than that of one-step RT-LAMP-BART. The detection limit of the two-step RT-LAMP-BART for HAV in green onion, strawberry, mussel, and milk was 8.3 × 10⁰ PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 10¹ PFU/50 g, 8.3 × 10⁰ PFU/5 g, and 8.3 × 10⁰ PFU/40 mL, respectively. The developed RT-LAMP-BART was an effective, simple, sensitive, and robust method for foodborne HAV detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 2","pages":"144 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-022-09548-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4573599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers","authors":"Debora Regina Lopes dos Santos,&nbsp;Marcelle Silva-Sales,&nbsp;Tulio Machado Fumian,&nbsp;Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão,&nbsp;Fábio Correia Malta,&nbsp;Fernando César Ferreira,&nbsp;Marcia Maria Pimenta,&nbsp;Marize Pereira Miagostovich","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09544-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09544-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine adenovirus [PAdV] and bovine polyomaviruses [BoPyV]) as potential microbial source-tracking tool, and rotavirus A [RVA], given its epidemiological importance in Brazil. From July 2017 to June 2018, 92 samples were collected from eight points (P1-P8) of surface and raw waters in southeastern region of Brazil. Fifty-five (59.8%) were positive for HAdV, 41 (44.5%) for RVA, 10 (10.9%) for PAdV and four (4.3%) for BoPyV. HAdV and RVA were detected at all sites, and over the entire sampling period, PAdV was detected at a porcine breeding area and at Guarda River site, presenting high concentrations up to 2.6 × 10⁹ genome copies per liter [GC/L], and viral concentrations ranging from 9.6 × 10¹ to 7.1 × 10⁷, while BoPyV (1.5 × 10⁴ GC/L–9.2 × 10⁵ GC/L) was only detected in samples from the bovine breeding areas. The combination of human and animal virus circulation presents a potential impact in the environment due to raw sewage discharge from regional communities, as well as potential hazard to human and animal health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"21 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4455014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Removal Efficiency of Murine Norovirus 1, Hepatitis A Virus, and Human Coronavirus 229E on Dish Surfaces Through General Wash Program of Household Dishwasher","authors":"Zhaoqi Wang,&nbsp;Soontag Jung,&nbsp;Daseul Yeo,&nbsp;Sunho Park,&nbsp;Seoyoung Woo,&nbsp;Yeeun Seo,&nbsp;Md. Iqbal Hossain,&nbsp;Minji Kim,&nbsp;Changsun Choi","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09546-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09546-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The performance of dishwashers in removing live viruses is an important informative value in practical applications. Since foodborne viruses are present in contaminated food surfaces and water environments. Insufficient washing of dishes typically makes a carrier of foodborne viruses. Dishwashers have shown excellent performance in removing bacterial pathogens, but very limited reports related to eliminate foodborne viruses on contaminated dish surfaces. Here, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) were experimentally inoculated on the dish surfaces (plate, rice bowl, and soup bowl). Plaque assay, 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were conducted to determine their removal efficiency of them through the general wash program of household dishwashers. Using titration assay, MNV-1 and HAV were reduced by 7.44 and 6.57 log10 PFU/dish, and HCoV-229E was reduced by 6.43 log10 TCID₅₀/dish through the general wash program, achieving a ≥ 99.999% reduction, respectively. Additionally, RT-qPCR results revealed that viral RNA of MNV-1 and HCoV-229E reduced 5.02 and 4.54 log10 genome copies/dish; in contrast, HAV was not detected on any dish surfaces. This study confirmed the performance of household dishwashers in removing pathogenic live viruses through the general wash program. However, residual viral RNA was not sufficiently removed. Further studies are needed to determine whether the viral RNA can be sufficiently removed using combination programs in household dishwashers.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"61 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-022-09546-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4467875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surfactant Treatment for Efficient Gene Detection of Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water Concentrated by Ultrafiltration","authors":"Akihiko Hata,&nbsp;Yuno Meuchi,&nbsp;Miaomiao Liu,&nbsp;Shotaro Torii,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Katayama","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09543-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09543-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF)-based microbial concentration method is widely applied for monitoring pathogenic viruses and microbial indicators in environmental water samples. However, the HFUF-based method can co-concentrate substances that interfere with downstream molecular processes—nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription (RT), and PCR. These inhibitory substances are assumed to be hydrophobic and, therefore, expected to be excluded by a simple surfactant treatment before the silica membrane-based RNA extraction process. In this study, the efficacy and limitations of the sodium deoxycholate (SD) treatment were assessed by quantifying a process control and indigenous viruses using 42 surface water samples concentrated with HFUF. With some exceptions, which tended to be seen in samples with high turbidity (&gt; 4.0 NTU), virus recovery by the ultrafiltration method was sufficiently high (&gt; 10%). RNA extraction-RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) efficiency of the process control was insufficient (10%) for 30 of the 42 HFUF concentrates without any pretreatments, but it was markedly improved for 21 of the 30 inhibitory concentrates by the SD treatment. Detection rates of indigenous viruses were also improved and no substantial loss of viral RNA was observed. The SD treatment was particularly effective in mitigating RT-qPCR inhibition, although it was not effective in improving RNA extraction efficiency. The methodology is simple and easily applied. These findings indicate that SD treatment can be a good alternative to sample dilution, which is widely applied to mitigate the effect of RT-qPCR inhibition, and can be compatible with other countermeasures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"8 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4083795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Manufacturer Cleaning Recommendations Applied to 3D Food Ink Capsules for the Control of a Human Norovirus Surrogate","authors":"Allyson N. Hamilton,&nbsp;Kristen E. Gibson","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09539-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09539-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the widespread availability of 3D food printing systems for purchase, users can customize their food in new ways. Manufacturer recommendations for cleaning these machines remain untested with regard to the prevention of foodborne pathogen transmission. This study aimed to determine if manufacturer cleaning recommendations for food ink capsules utilized in 3D food printers are adequate to control human norovirus (HuNoV)<i>.</i> A HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV; ~ 6 log₁₀ PFU/mL), was inoculated onto the interior surface of stainless steel food ink capsules. Capsules were either unsoiled or soiled with one of the following: butter, protein powder solution, powdered sugar solution, or a mixture containing all three food components. The capsules were allowed to dry and then one of three hygienic protocols was applied: manual washing (MW), a dishwasher speed cycle (DSC), or a dishwasher heavy cycle (DHC). The interaction effect between DSC and pure butter was a significant predictor of log reduction (<i>P</i> = 0.0067), with the pure butter and DSC combination achieving an estimated mean log reduction of 4.83 (95% CI 4.13, 5.59). The DSC was the least effective method of cleaning when compared with MW and the DHC. The 3-way interaction effects between wash type, soil, and capsule position were a significant predictor of log reduction (<i>P</i> = 0.00341). Capsules with butter in the DSC achieved an estimated mean log reduction of 2.81 (95% CI 2.80, 2.83) for the front-most position versus 6.35 (95% CI 6.33, 6.37) for the back-most position. Soil matrix, cleaning protocol, and capsule position all significantly impact capsule cleanability and potential food safety risk. The DHC is recommended for all capsules, and the corners should be avoided when placing capsules into the dishwasher. The current study seeks to provide recommendations for users of additive manufacturing and 3D food printing including consumers, restaurants, industry, and regulatory industries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"51 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4474357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation Dynamic by Crassostrea gigas Oysters of Viruses That Are Proposed as Surrogates for Enteric Virus Contamination in Environmental Samples","authors":"Vilaine Corrêa da Silva,&nbsp;Mariana Elois,&nbsp;Beatriz Pereira Savi,&nbsp;Marília Miotto,&nbsp;Juliano De Dea Lindner,&nbsp;Gislaine Fongaro,&nbsp;Doris Sobral Marques Souza","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oysters are filter-feeders and retain sewage-derived pathogens in their organs or tissues. Since most enteric viruses involved in outbreaks cannot grow in cell culture, studies using viral surrogate models are essential. Some species are proposed as surrogates for enteric viruses in environmental samples, including in bivalve mollusk samples, such as murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and somatic (as φX) or F-specific coliphages (as MS2) bacteriophages. This study evaluated the tissue distribution of viral surrogates for enteric virus contamination after their bioaccumulation by <i>Crassostrea gigas</i>. Oyster tissues were analyzed for the distribution of viral surrogates (MNV-1, φX-174, and MS2) in digestive tissue (DT), gills (GL), and mantle (MT) after 4, 6, and 24 h of experimental bioaccumulation. MNV-1 had higher counts at 6 h in DT (1.2 × 10³ PFU/g), followed by GL and MT (9.5 × 10² and 3.8 × 10² PFU/g, respectively). The bacteriophage φX-174 had a higher concentration in the MT at 4 and 6 h (3.0 × 10² PFU/g, in both) and MS2 in the GL after 24 h (2.2 × 10² PFU/g). The bioaccumulation pattern of MNV-1 by oysters was similar to the other enteric viruses (more in DT), while that of phages followed distinct patterns from these. Since the MNV-1 is bioaccumulated by <i>C. gigas</i> and is adapted to grow in cell culture, it is an important tool for bioaccumulation and viral inactivation tests in oysters. Although bacteriophage bioaccumulation was not similar to enteric viruses, they can be indicated for viral bioaccumulation analysis, analyzing MT and GL, since they do not bioaccumulate in DT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5023489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area","authors":"M. Salvo,&nbsp;J. Azambuya,&nbsp;N. Baccardatz,&nbsp;A. Moriondo,&nbsp;R. Blanco,&nbsp;M. Martinez,&nbsp;M. Direnna,&nbsp;G. Bertolini,&nbsp;P. Gamazo,&nbsp;R. Colina,&nbsp;E. Alvareda,&nbsp;M. Victoria","doi":"10.1007/s12560-022-09537-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-022-09537-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still impacting not only on human health but also all economic activities, especially in those related to tourism. In this study, in order to characterize the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in a hot spring park in Uruguay, swimming pools water, wastewater, and surface water from this area were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Wastewater from Salto city located next to the hydrothermal spring area was also evaluated as well as the presence of Rotavirus (RV). Overall, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 13% (13/102) of the analyzed samples. Moreover, this virus was not detected in any of the samples from the swimming pools water and was present in 18% (3/17) of wastewater samples from the hotels area showing the same trend between the titer of SARS-CoV-2 and the number of infected people in Salto city. SARS-CoV-2 was also detected in wastewater samples (32% (11/34)) from Salto city, detecting the first positive sample when 105 persons were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Rotavirus was detected only in 10% (2/24) of the wastewater samples analyzed in months when partial lockdown measures were taken, however, this virus was detected in nearly all wastewater samples analyzed when social distancing measures and partial lockdown were relaxed. Wastewater results confirmed the advantages of using the detection and quantification of viruses in this matrix in order to evaluate the presence of these viruses in the population, highlighting the usefulness of this approach to define and apply social distancing. This study suggests that waters from swimming pools are not a source of infection for SARS-CoV-2, although more studies are needed including infectivity assays in order to confirm this statement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"14 4","pages":"401 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-022-09537-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4057395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}