Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Simultaneous Detection of HEV, HAstV and SaV in Bivalve Shellfish Using a Novel Real-Time RT-qPCR Method","authors":"Yan Wang,&nbsp;Jinfeng Wang,&nbsp;Yujing Li,&nbsp;Maolin Wei,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Libing Liu,&nbsp;Bolong Liang,&nbsp;Xiangdong Xu,&nbsp;Jianchang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09661-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09661-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV), human astrovirus (HAstV), and sapovirus (SaV) are pathogens associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. We developed a rapid and sensitive quadruple real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method for the simultaneous detection of HEV, HAstV, and SaV, using MS2 phage as a process control virus. We optimized the experimental parameters, detection limits for HEV, HAstV, SaV, and MS2 RNA were 10³ copies/μL, 10³ copies/μL, 10² copies/μL, and 10³ copies/μL, respectively, with intra-method and inter-method coefficients of variation below 3.0%, indicating good reproducibility and a total detection time of less than 90 min. We collected 354 bivalve shellfish samples from various regions in Hebei Province. After optimizing the proteinase K-PEG 8000 precipitation-chloroform extraction method for viral nucleic acid extraction, we applied the quadruple real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection. The positive rates were 9.60% (34/354) for HEV, 3.67% (13/354) for HAstV, and 6.78% (24/354) for SaV, with mixed contaminations observed for HEV and HAstV (0.28%), HEV and SaV (2.54%), and HAstV and SaV (0.56%). In addition, a single real-time RT-qPCR was performed on 200 randomly selected samples and showed an overall agreement with the quadruple method of 98.67%, 100% positive agreement, 98.54% negative agreement and a Kappa value of 0.922. In conclusion, this quadruple real-time RT-qPCR method offers rapid screening for HEV, HAstV, and SaV in bivalve shellfish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Efficiency of High-Throughput Magnetic Bead Method and Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation for Viral Concentration in Sewage","authors":"Jingyi Jiang,&nbsp;Li Gong,&nbsp;Ping Yao,&nbsp;Jian Xu,&nbsp;Xujian Mao,&nbsp;Jia Chen,&nbsp;Jinyi Jiang,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Li,&nbsp;Qiong Li,&nbsp;Fengming Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09662-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09662-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring viral loads in sewage can reflect the prevalence of infections within communities to a certain extent. Methods for concentrating and enriching viruses in sewage are also rapidly evolving. The magnetic bead method has been widely adopted for nucleic acid extraction due to its simplicity and high efficiency. In this study, we designed three pre-treatment procedures (T1: sedimentation for 30 min; T2: low-speed centrifugation at 2500×<i>g</i> for 5 min; T3: high-speed centrifugation at 8000×<i>g</i> for 5 min) to identify the optimal pre-treatment for enhancing viral nucleic acid concentration efficiency using the magnetic bead method. Spiked recovery tests were employed to compare the concentration efficiency of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in sewage between the magnetic bead method and the traditional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Real sewage samples were further used to evaluate both methods for enriching enveloped viruses (SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus) and non-enveloped viruses (Norovirus, Rotavirus, Adenovirus). Results demonstrated that low-speed centrifugation (T2) served as the optimal pre-treatment for the magnetic bead-based concentration. The high-throughput magnetic bead method achieved significantly higher recovery rates for SARS-CoV-2, Norovirus, and Adenovirus compared to PEG precipitation. Thus, the high-throughput magnetic bead method can be widely applied for the concentration and concentration of diverse viruses in sewage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Cosavirus and Salivirus in the Wastewater, China","authors":"Nan Zhou,&nbsp;Yue Huang,&nbsp;Tong Shen,&nbsp;Tingting Xiao,&nbsp;Hanyue Pang,&nbsp;Xinyu Shen","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09659-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09659-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cosavirus (CoSV) and Salivirus (SalV) are two novel picornaviruses that are associated with human diseases. However, epidemiological data on these viruses in China remain limited. In this study, we conducted the first simultaneous investigation of CoSV and SalV in a city of eastern China by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) method. From 2021 to 2023, a total of 21 influent wastewater samples were collected. After virus concentration and molecular detection, 71.43% (15/21) and 80.95% (17/21) of samples tested positive for CoSV and SalV, respectively. The sequences of CoSV were determined to be CoSV-A and CoSV-D, and SalV were all genotyped to be SalV-A1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that UTR region of CoSV-D and 3D region of CoSV-A can be divided into several clusters. UTR region of CoSV-A, UTR and 3D region of SalV-A1 were not clustered. Furthermore, the sequences in this study were closely related to some strains from human samples in China and wastewater samples in other countries. These findings reveal that CoSV and SalV circulated at a high prevalence in the local population and demonstrate that WBE is an effective method for novel picornaviruses research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral Diversity in Polar Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils: A Transect Study from King George Island, Antarctica","authors":"Caroline Frere Martiniuc,&nbsp;Deborah Catharine de Assis Leite,&nbsp;Lucy Seldin,&nbsp;Diogo Jurelevicius","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09653-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09653-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viruses are key components of soils, influencing microbial dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we used shotgun metagenomics to analyze the virome of hydrocarbon-contaminated and uncontaminated soils from King George Island, Antarctica. Viral sequences were obtained from metagenomes of all soils; however, the relative abundance of viruses was higher in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils compared to uncontaminated soils. Our results indicate that viral distribution correlates with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in King George Island soil (<i>p</i> = 0.05). Taxonomic analysis of viral contigs revealed viruses from realms Duplodnaviria, Varidnaviria, Monodnaviria, and Riboviria. While Caudoviricetes (realm Duplodnaviria) represented more than 90% of the relative abundance of viruses found in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, this class represented less than 62% of the viruses of uncontaminated soils. Most viral hosts detected in King George Island soils belonged to hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial genera from the phyla Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota. Hydrocarbon contamination resulted in the enrichment of well-characterized viruses at the expense of previously uncharacterized viral taxa, which were predominantly detected in non-contaminated soils. Among them, <i>Gordonia</i>-related <i>Stormageddonvirus</i> was the most abundant viral entity identified in King George Island soil. Viral auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) associated with nitrogen and phosphate cycles were found in different Caudoviricetes-related contigs. Our results further indicate that Caudoviricetes abundance is correlated with the carbon: phosphate (C:P) ratio in King George Island soils. We propose the Caudoviricetes may actively contribute to microbial competition for phosphorus in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. These findings shed light on the intricate interplay between viruses, microbial hosts, and environmental contamination in Antarctic soils. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection and Genetic Typing of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Animals from Slovakia","authors":"K. Dudášová,&nbsp;A. Pavlová,&nbsp;B. Kočíková,&nbsp;M. Urda Dolinská,&nbsp;S. Šalamúnová,&nbsp;L. Molnár,&nbsp;L. Kottferová,&nbsp;A. Jacková","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09657-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09657-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E is an emerging zoonosis caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is recognised worldwide. Wild boars are considered one of the main reservoirs of the zoonotic HEV-3 genotype. However, HEV-3 has also been detected in many other wildlife species. In this study, we investigated 284 liver and muscle tissue samples from wild boars and 107 liver and muscle tissue samples from four different wild ruminant species (red deer, roe deer, European mouflon and fallow deer) across 35 hunting areas in Slovakia. HEV RNA was detected in 14.2% (95% CI 9.8–18.6%) of the liver and 10.5% (95% CI 0.4–20.6%) of the muscle tissue samples from wild boars but in none of the samples from the wild ruminant species. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial ORF1 and ORF2 of the HEV genome revealed that the Slovak wild boar HEV sequences clustered within the zoonotic genotype HEV-3. Depending on their geographical origin, the obtained sequences clustered into three HEV-3 subtypes: HEV-3a, HEV-3i and HEV-3e. Our findings confirm the circulation of HEV in the wild boar population in the Slovak Republic but not in wild ruminant species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-025-09657-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Dengue virus RNA in Wastewater during a Local Epidemic in Central Italy (August–October 2024)","authors":"P. Mancini,&nbsp;C. Veneri,&nbsp;G. Bonanno Ferraro,&nbsp;A. Franco,&nbsp;M. Iaconelli,&nbsp;D. Brandtner,&nbsp;L. Lucentini,&nbsp;G. Venturi,&nbsp;E. Mancuso,&nbsp;G. Marsili,&nbsp;M. Del Manso,&nbsp;C. Sacco,&nbsp;A. Bella,&nbsp;F. Riccardo,&nbsp;P. Pezzotti,&nbsp;L. Bolognini,&nbsp;F. Filippetti,&nbsp;S. Magi,&nbsp;A. Liverani,&nbsp;E. Suffredini,&nbsp;G. La Rosa","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09658-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09658-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a well-established tool for monitoring enteric and respiratory viruses. However, its potential application to vector-borne diseases, including dengue virus (DENV), remains largely underexplored. This study investigated the feasibility of using WBE to detect DENV serotype 2 RNA during the largest dengue outbreak recorded to date in Italy (216 confirmed and probable cases), that occurred in the Marche Region (central Italy) from August to October 2024. From 1 to 30 October, during the decline of the epidemic (30 reported cases), 27 wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants in the affected municipality of Fano and in the nearby urban center of Pesaro. Four viral RNA concentration methods were tested: polyethylene glycol/sodium chloride precipitation, Nanotrap^® Magnetic Virus Particles, electropositive membrane filtration, and solid fraction analysis. Only solid fraction analysis detected DENV-2 RNA in 9 samples, with digital RT-PCR showing greater sensitivity than Real-time RT-PCR. Virus concentrations ranged from 6.1 × 10¹ to 7.9 × 10² genome copies per gram of solid material. This study highlights the feasibility of WBE as a complementary surveillance tool for vector-borne diseases. Future efforts should focus on refining detection methods and in exploring surveillance strategies for timely wastewater sampling to improve early warning and/or outbreak management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12296971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Performance of Gravity-Driven Membrane Filtration for Waterborne Pathogen Removal and Public Health Protection","authors":"Chaojie Li","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09655-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09655-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waterborne pathogens pose a serious threat to public health, emphasizing the need for reliable and efficient water treatment technologies. Wastewater treatment plants employ a range of processes to reduce microbial contamination, with membrane filtration emerging as a promising solution due to its ability to physically remove pathogens without the production of harmful chemical by-products. This study investigates the effectiveness of a gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration system for pathogen removal from wastewater and evaluates the associated public health risks with and without treatment. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was employed to estimate infection probabilities for various waterborne pathogens. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in pathogen concentrations following treatment, with up to a 10⁴-fold reduction in norovirus infection risk. Three critical factors influencing membrane performance were identified: membrane integrity, pore size characteristics, and membrane fouling. Maintaining membrane integrity was found to be essential for ensuring consistent pathogen removal. While nominal pore size is commonly used to predict rejection efficiency, the overall pore size distribution was found to have a greater influence on virus retention. Additionally, although membrane fouling is often considered detrimental, it was shown to enhance virus removal by up to two orders of magnitude. These findings underscore the potential of GDM systems for effective virus removal and highlight the importance of proper membrane design, maintenance, and monitoring in ensuring long-term operational efficiency and maximizing public health protection in wastewater treatment applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Human Viral Diversity and Adenovirus Isolates in a Sewage Treatment Plant in Tianjin: Implications for Public Health and Advanced Monitoring","authors":"Hui Fang,&nbsp;Youren Yu,&nbsp;Yanyan Su,&nbsp;Haihong Li,&nbsp;Huihui Gao,&nbsp;Donghang Li,&nbsp;Dasheng Xia,&nbsp;Chang Liu,&nbsp;Daqing Mao","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09654-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09654-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on the characterization of human viral diversity within a major Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in the central area of Tianjin, China, with a particular emphasis on adenoviruses due to their robust survivability and potential health implications. By employing metagenomic sequencing, targeted sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, and cell culture methodologies, we identified a broad spectrum of human viruses, encompassing 25 viral families and 45 viral genera, including enteric, respiratory, and contact viruses. Our findings demonstrate that adenoviruses were stably present in sewage from January to May and retained their infectious activity. The temporal analysis of viral loads across different months revealed no significant changes, suggesting a consistent risk of exposure. Additionally, our phylogenetic analysis of adenoviruses isolated from A549 cell cultures provides insights into their genotypic diversity and potential transmission dynamics. This comprehensive assessment underscores the critical need for improved viral surveillance in urban wastewater systems to mitigate public health risks and highlights the importance of advanced treatment technologies to address the challenges posed by adenoviruses and other pathogenic viruses in municipal wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Use of Passive Samplers for the Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wetlands: A Laboratory and Field Validation Study","authors":"Valentina Panzarin,&nbsp;Marika Crimaudo,&nbsp;Francesco Bonfante,&nbsp;Sabrina Marciano,&nbsp;Paola Berto,&nbsp;Silvia Bofill-Mas,&nbsp;Marta Rusiñol,&nbsp;Eva Mazzetto,&nbsp;Alessio Bortolami,&nbsp;Diletta Fornasiero,&nbsp;Luca Martelli,&nbsp;Paolo Mulatti,&nbsp;Calogero Terregino","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09649-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09649-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surveillance in wild birds is essential for the timely detection of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) strains. As flocks congregate in large numbers in wetlands and may potentially contaminate the environment with pathogens, the monitoring of such water bodies represents an attractive opportunity to complement animal testing and to improve surveillance for avian influenza. To increase sensitivity, water concentration is often required but available methods based on (ultra)filtration and precipitation are mostly limited by the use of pumping equipment and by the need to identify the representative sample volumes. In contrast, passive samplers (PS) offer a cost-effective and scalable solution that requires basic devices for the deployment of adsorbent materials and minimal training for their installation in the field. This study evaluated nine materials for their virus adsorption efficiency in brackish and freshwater. Cotton gauze, nitrocellulose, and nylon showed the best performance across different deployment times, with the highest recovery after 24 h. Shorter (3 h) and longer (7 days) deployments also proved effective, accommodating different sampling regimens according to the logistical needs. Importantly, PS revealed their efficacy in adsorbing also deteriorated virions or in dynamic ecosystems subjected to changes in water volumes. Field trials in wetlands corroborated laboratory findings and demonstrated that PS allowed detecting avian influenza virus (AIV, including HPAI strains) genome in water bodies, yielding consistent results with active surveillance in wild birds. By offering a simple, cost-effective, and versatile solution, PS represent a promising tool for environmental AI monitoring and can successfully complement existing avian influenza surveillance activities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12229962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Avian Influenza Viruses and Biomolecular Analysis of H9N2 Subtype in Live Poultry Markets from 2021 to 2023 in Changsha, China","authors":"Xian Zhang,&nbsp;Yutong Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Li,&nbsp;Zheng Huang,&nbsp;Huiyuan Fu,&nbsp;Ruiqing Pei,&nbsp;Caiying Zhu,&nbsp;Yu Di,&nbsp;Shan Chen,&nbsp;Jingfang Chen,&nbsp;Mingzhong Xu,&nbsp;Xuewen Yang,&nbsp;Rusheng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-025-09652-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-025-09652-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental monitoring of avian influenza virus (AIV) in live poultry markets (LPMs) is vital for health risk forewarning, and survey of AIV environmental prevalence and biomolecular analysis of keystone subtypes remain essential. In this study, 970 biosamples were collected from air, poultry, water, and other environmental specimens of LPMs in Changsha from 2021 to 2023, and environmental prevalence survey of AIV and biomolecular analysis of H9N2 subtype were then conducted. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was employed to detect the AIV and its subtypes (H5/H7/H9), revealing the positive rates of 68.45% for AIV and 53.51% for H9 subtype across all samples. Notably, aerosol samples had the positive rates of 89.00% for AIV and 72.50% for H9 subtype. Correlation analysis further revealed a negative correlation between the operation of exhaust facilities and the positive rates of AIV and H9 subtype. Subsequently, 30 AIV strains were isolated via chicken embryo inoculation, 12 of which were sequenced and identified to be H9N2 isolates. Genetic evolution analysis further indicated that these isolates were assigned into the G57 genotype. Furthermore, homology modeling revealed that mutations of V²²³A and N²²⁴H were identified at the receptor binding site of HA protein in several novel AIV isolates, which may lead to the variation in spatial conformation. Overall, the findings investigate the prevalence of AIV in LPMs and biomolecular attributes of H9N2 subtype, and provide some theoretical reference for future health risk assessment and preventive strategies of AIV.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}