Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Monitoring an Emergent Pathogen at Low Incidence in Wastewater Using qPCR: Mpox in Switzerland","authors":"Timothy R. Julian,&nbsp;Alexander J. Devaux,&nbsp;Laura Brülisauer,&nbsp;Sheena Conforti,&nbsp;Johannes C. Rusch,&nbsp;Charles Gan,&nbsp;Claudia Bagutti,&nbsp;Tanja Stadler,&nbsp;Tamar Kohn,&nbsp;Christoph Ort","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09603-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09603-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater-based epidemiology offers a complementary approach to clinical case-based surveillance of emergent diseases and can help identify regions with infected people to prioritize clinical surveillance strategies. However, tracking emergent diseases in wastewater requires reliance on novel testing assays with uncertain sensitivity and specificity. Limited pathogen shedding may cause detection to be below the limit of quantification or bordering the limit of detection. Here, we investigated how the definition of limit of detection for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) impacts epidemiological insights during an mpox outbreak in Switzerland. 365 wastewater samples from three wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland from 9 March through 31 October 2022 were analyzed for mpox DNA using qPCR. We detected mpox DNA in 22% (79 of 365) wastewater samples based on a liberal definition of qPCR detection as any exponentially increasing fluorescence above the threshold. Based on a more restrictive definition as the lowest concentration at which there is 95% likelihood of detection, detection was 1% (5 of 365). The liberal definition shows high specificity (90%) and accuracy (78%), but moderate sensitivity (64%) when benchmarked against available clinical case reporting, which contrasts with higher specificity (98%) but lower sensitivity (10%) and accuracy (56%) of the 95% likelihood definition. Wastewater-based epidemiology applied to an emergent pathogen will require optimizing public health trade-offs between reporting data with high degrees of uncertainty and delaying communication and associated action. Information sharing with relevant public health stakeholders could couple early results with clear descriptions of uncertainty.</p><p><b>Impact Statement:</b> When a novel pathogen threatens to enter a community, wastewater-based epidemiology offers an opportunity to track its emergence and spread. However, rapid deployment of methods for to detect a novel pathogen may rely on assays with uncertain sensitivity and specificity. Benchmarking the detection of mpox DNA in Swiss wastewaters with reported clinical cases in 2022, we demonstrate how definitions of detection of a qPCR assay influence epidemiological insights from wastewater. The results highlight the need for information sharing between public health stakeholders that couple early insights from wastewater with descriptions of methodological uncertainty to optimize public health actions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"269 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11422434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tulane Virus Persistence and Microbial Stability in 3D Food Ink under Various Storage Conditions: A Pre- and Post-Printing Analysis","authors":"Allyson N. Hamilton,&nbsp;Kristen E. Gibson","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09597-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09597-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>3D food printers facilitate novel customization of the physicochemical properties of food. This study aimed to investigate the impact of storage conditions on the inactivation of the human norovirus surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV), within 3D printed foods. TuV-inoculated protein cookie food ink (∽ 4 log PFU/g) was distributed into 18 3D food printer capsules (50 g each); half immediately underwent extrusion. Storage of the capsules and printed food products at 20 °C (0, 6, 12, and 24 h), 4 °C (0, 1, 3, and 5d), and − 18 °C (0, 1, 3, and 5d) was completed before analysis for TuV via plaque assays in addition to aerobic plate count, yeast and mold counts, and pH and water activity (a_w) measurements. A significant 3-way interaction effect was observed between time, temperature, and storage method (capsule/print) (<i>p</i> = 0.006). Significant findings include: (1) A greater reduction in virions was observed in capsules after 24 h at 20 °C and (2) a substantial reduction in virions at 4 °C from day 0 to day 1 was observed, independent of storage method. Microbial indicators remained steady across temperatures, with storage temperature significantly impacting pH and a_w. A significant two-way interaction effect (<i>p</i> = 0.006) was found between microorganism type (yeast/aerobic counts) and temperature. This research seeks to provide insights for the food industry and regulatory bodies in crafting guidelines for the safe storage and handling of 3D printed foods and inks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"351 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11422428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pilot Study of Aerosolization of Infectious Murine Norovirus in an Experimental Setup","authors":"Roderik Purhonen,&nbsp;Nina S. Atanasova,&nbsp;Julija Salokas,&nbsp;Jonathan Duplissy,&nbsp;Emil Loikkanen,&nbsp;Leena Maunula","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09595-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09595-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human norovirus is transmitted mainly via the faecal-oral route, but norovirus disease outbreaks have been reported in which airborne transmission has been suggested as the only explanation. We used murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for human norovirus to determine the aerosolization of infectious norovirus in an experimental setup. A 3-l air chamber system was used for aerosolization of MNV. Virus in solution (6 log₁₀ TCID₅₀/ml) was introduced into the nebulizer for generating aerosols and a RAW 264.7 cell dish without a lid was placed in the air chamber. Cell culture medium samples were taken from the dishes after the aerosol exposure time of 30 or 90 min, and the dishes were placed in a 37 °C, 5% CO₂ incubator and inspected with a light microscope for viral cytopathic effects (CPEs). We determined both the infectious MNV TCID₅₀ titre and used an RT-qPCR assay. During the experiments, virus infectivity remained stable for 30 and 90 min in the MNV solution in the nebulizer. Infectious MNV TCID₅₀ values/ml of 2.89 ± 0.29 and 3.20 ± 0.49 log₁₀ were measured in the chamber in RAW 264.7 cell dish media after the 30-min and 90-min exposure, respectively. The MNV RNA loads were 6.20 ± 0.24 and 6.93 ± 1.02 log₁₀ genome copies/ml, respectively. Later, a typical MNV CPE appeared in the aerosol-exposed RAW cell dishes. We demonstrated that MNV was aerosolized and that it remained infectious in the experimental setup used. Further studies required for understanding the behaviour of MNV in aerosols can thus be performed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"329 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11422255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Confirmatory Methods on RT-qPCR Results for the Detection of Foodborne Viruses in Frozen Berries","authors":"Zhihui Yang,&nbsp;Michael Kulka,&nbsp;Qianru Yang,&nbsp;Efstathia Papafragkou,&nbsp;Christine Yu,&nbsp;Samantha Q. Wales,&nbsp;Diana Ngo,&nbsp;Haifeng Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09591-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09591-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate detection, identification, and subsequent confirmation of pathogens causing foodborne illness are essential for the prevention and investigation of foodborne outbreaks. This is particularly true when the causative agent is an enteric virus that has a very low infectious dose and is likely to be present at or near the limit of detection. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was combined with either of two non-targeted pre-amplification methods (SPIA and SISPA) to investigate their utility as a confirmatory method for RT-qPCR positive results of foods contaminated with enteric viruses. Frozen berries (raspberries, strawberries, and blackberries) were chosen as the food matrix of interest due to their association with numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (HuNoV) were used as the contaminating agents. The non-targeted WGS strategy employed in this study could detect and confirm HuNoV and HAV at genomic copy numbers in the single digit range, and in a few cases, identified viruses present in samples that had been found negative by RT-qPCR analyses. However, some RT-qPCR-positive samples could not be confirmed using the WGS method, and in cases with very high Ct values, only a few viral reads and short sequences were recovered from the samples. WGS techniques show great potential for confirmation and identification of virally contaminated food items. The approaches described here should be further optimized for routine application to confirm the viral contamination in berries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"225 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09591-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus and Non-polio Enteroviruses in Iran, 2017–2023: First Report of Imported Wild Poliovirus Type 1 Since 2000","authors":"Ahmad Nejati,&nbsp;Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei,&nbsp;Sussan Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Seyed Mohsen Zahraei,&nbsp;Hamideh Tabatabaie,&nbsp;Mohammad Razaghi,&nbsp;Farshad Khodakhah,&nbsp;Maryam Yousefi,&nbsp;Yaghoub Mollaei‑Kandelousi,&nbsp;Maryam Keyvanlou,&nbsp;Parastoo Soheili,&nbsp;Shayan Pouyandeh,&nbsp;Katayoon Samimi-Rad,&nbsp;Shohreh Shahmahmoodi","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09600-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09600-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Iran, which is at high risk of the Wild Poliovirus (WPV) and Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (VDPV) importation due to its neighborhood with two polio endemic countries, Pakistan and Afghanistan, Environmental Surveillance (ES) was established in November 2017. Sistan-Balouchestan province was chosen for the ES due to its vicinity with Pakistan and Afghanistan. Five sewage collection sites in 4 cities (Zahedan, Zabol, Chabahar and Konarak) were selected in the high-risk areas. Since the establishment of ES in November 2017 till the end of 2023, 364 sewage specimens were collected and analyzed. The ES detected polioviruses which have the highest significance for polio eradication program, that is, Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and Poliovirus type 2 (PV2). In April and May 2019, three of 364 (0.8%) sewage specimens from Konarak were positive for imported WPV1. According to phylogenetic analysis, they were highly related to WPV1 circulating in Karachi (Sindh province) in Pakistan. PV2 was also detected in 5.7% (21/364) of the sewage specimens, most of which proved to be imported from the neighboring countries. Of 21 isolated PV2s, 7 were VDPV2, of which 5 proved to be imported from the neighboring countries as there was VDPV2 circulating in Pakistan at the time of sampling, and 2 were ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPV) with unknown source. According to the findings of this study, as long as WPV1 and VDPV2 outbreaks are detected in Iran’s neighboring countries, there is a definite need for continuation and expansion of the environmental surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"391 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Three Viral Nucleic Acid\u0000 Preamplification Pipelines for Sewage Viral Metagenomics","authors":"Xavier Fernandez-Cassi,&nbsp;Tamar Kohn","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral metagenomics is a useful tool for detecting multiple human viruses in\u0000 urban sewage. However, more refined protocols are required for its effective use in\u0000 disease surveillance. In this study, we investigated the performance of three different\u0000 preamplification pipelines (specific to RNA viruses, DNA viruses or both) for viral\u0000 genome sequencing using spiked-in Phosphate Buffered Saline and sewage samples\u0000 containing known concentrations of viruses. We found that compared to the pipeline\u0000 targeting all genome types, the RNA pipeline performed better in detecting RNA viruses\u0000 in both spiked and unspiked sewage samples, allowing the detection of various mammalian\u0000 viruses including members from the <i>Reoviridae</i>,\u0000 <i>Picornaviridae</i>, <i>Astroviridae</i> and <i>Caliciviridae</i>.\u0000 However, the DNA-specific pipeline did not improve the detection of mammalian DNA\u0000 viruses. We also measured viral recovery by quantitative reverse transcription\u0000 polymerase chain reaction and assessed the impact of genetic background (non-viral\u0000 genetic material) on viral coverage. Our results indicate that viral recoveries were\u0000 generally lower in sewage (average of 11.0%) and higher in Phosphate Buffered Saline\u0000 (average of 23.4%) for most viruses. Additionally, spiked-in viruses showed lower genome\u0000 coverage in sewage, demonstrating the negative effect of genetic background on\u0000 sequencing. Finally, correlation analysis revealed a relationship between virus\u0000 concentration and genome normalized reads per million, indicating that viral metagenomic\u0000 sequencing can be semiquantitative.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140636722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit and Oyster Heat Shock Protein 70","authors":"Jingwen Li,&nbsp;Chenang Lyu,&nbsp;Ran An,&nbsp;Dapeng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is growing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminates the marine environment and is bioaccumulated in filter-feeding shellfish. Previous study shows the Pacific oyster tissues can bioaccumulate the SARS-CoV-2, and the oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP70) may play as the primary attachment receptor to bind SARS-CoV-2’s recombinant spike protein S1 subunit (rS1). However, detailed information about the interaction between rS1 and oHSP70 is still unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the affinity of recombinant oHSP70 (roHSP70) for rS1 (K_D = 20.4 nM) is comparable to the receptor-binding affinity of rACE2 for rS1 (K_D = 16.7 nM) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based Biacore and further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three truncated proteins (roHSP70-N/C/M) and five mutated proteins (p.I229del, p.D457del, p.V491_K495del, p.K556I, and p.ΣroHSP70) were constructed according to the molecular docking results. All three truncated proteins have significantly lower affinity for rS1 than the full-length roHSP70, indicating that all three segments of roHSP70 are involved in binding to rS1. Further, the results of SPR and ELISA showed that all five mutant proteins had significantly lower affinity for rS1 than roHSP70, suggesting that amino acids at these sites are involved in binding to rS1. This study provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the bioaccumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in oyster tissues or using roHSP70 as the capture unit to selectively enrich virus particles for detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"380 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-Based Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in South Africa","authors":"Karabo Salemane,&nbsp;Leanne Z. Coetzee,&nbsp;Gina Pocock,&nbsp;Bettina Genthe,&nbsp;Maureen B. Taylor,&nbsp;Janet Mans","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09596-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09596-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that exhibits great host diversity. The primary means of transmission of the virus in low- and middle-income countries is contaminated water, often due to a lack of access to proper sanitation, which leads to faecal contamination of water sources. Environmental surveillance is an important tool that can be used to monitor virus circulation and as an early warning system for outbreaks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in wastewater, surface water (rivers and standpipe/ablution water), and effluent from a piggery in South Africa. A total of 536 water samples were screened for HEV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 21.8% (117/536) of the wastewater, river, and ablution water samples tested positive for HEV, whereas 74.4% (29/39) of the samples from the piggery tested positive. Genotyping revealed sequences belonging to HEV genotypes 3 (98%, 53/54) and 4 (2%, 1/54), with subtypes 3c, 3f, and 4b being identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"338 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-024-09596-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Rescue of Goose Astrovirus Genome via Red/ET Assembly","authors":"Daqing Cui,&nbsp;Shujun Li,&nbsp;Boxuan Yin,&nbsp;Changyan Li,&nbsp;Lilin Zhang,&nbsp;Zexing Li,&nbsp;Jinhai Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The host-specific infection of Avian Astrovirus (AAstVs) has posed significant challenges to the poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, few reports exist on the functional consequences of genome diversity, cross-species infectivity and mechanisms governing virus replication of AAstVs, making it difficult to develop measures to control astrovirus transmission. Reverse genetics technique can be used to study the function of viruses at the molecular level, as well as investigating pathogenic mechanisms and guide vaccine development and disease treatment. Herein, the reverse genetics technique of goose astrovirus GAstV/JS2019 strain was developed based on use of a reconstructed vector including CMV promotor, hammerhead ribozyme (HamRz), hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (HdvRz), and SV40 tail, then the cloned viral genome fragments were connected using Red/ET recombineering. The recombinant rGAstV-JS2019 was readily rescued by transfected the infectious clone plasmid into LMH cells. Importantly, the rescued rGAstV/JS2019 exhibited similar growth kinetics comparable to those of the parental GAstV/JS2019 isolate in cultured cells. Our research results provide an alternative and more effective reverse genetic tool for a detailed understanding of viral replication, pathogenic mechanisms, and molecular mechanisms of evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 3","pages":"297 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol from Reynoutria japonica on MNV-1, a Human Norovirus Surrogate","authors":"Fangyuan Lu,&nbsp;Jianfeng Wang,&nbsp;Meie Song,&nbsp;Xianjun Dai","doi":"10.1007/s12560-024-09592-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-024-09592-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a natural nonflavonoid polyphenol compound, resveratrol is the main functional component of <i>Reynoutria japonica</i> and has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and other physiological activities. In this study, the effect of resveratrol on the viability of RAW264.7 cells was examined, and murine norovirus (MNV-1) was used as a surrogate for human norovirus to evaluate the inhibitory effect of resveratrol. The concentrations of resveratrol resulting in 50% cytotoxicity (CC₅₀) for RAW264.7 cells were 21.32 and 24.97 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively, and resveratrol at a concentration lower than the half-effective inhibitory concentration (EC₅₀) could not damage cell DNA. The EC₅₀ of resveratrol on MNV-1 in infected RAW264.7 cells was determined to equal 5.496 μg/mL. After RAW264.7 cells, virus, and a fresh mixture of virus and RAW264.7 cells were treated with resveratrol solution for 1 h (denoted cell pre-treatment, virus pre-treatment, and mixture coprocessing), the RAW264.7 cells obtained after cell pre-treatment exhibited lower virus infection, and MNV-1 obtained after virus pre-treatment and mixture coprocessing showed a decreased infectious capacity. The inhibition ratio of resveratrol on MNV-1 did not significantly differ between the treatments at 4 and 25 °C or among the various pH values except for the lower acidic condition (pH 2). TEM revealed significant changes in the morphology of MNV-1 after treatment with resveratrol, and molecular docking indicated that resveratrol strongly binds to the viral capsid protein of MNV-1. In addition, resveratrol regulated the expression of cytokine that protects against MNV-1 infection. Therefore, at a lower concentration, resveratrol, a natural component from <i>Reynoutria japonica</i>, exerts an inhibitory effect on MNV-1 growth and could be used as a safe additive in food products to improve the nutritional status and control norovirus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"16 2","pages":"241 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}