Plants-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Salt Tolerance in Maize: A Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis.","authors":"Shaoqi Ren, Tianhang Bai, Yaqi Ma, Yingjie Zhao, Jiabin Ci, Xuejiao Ren, Zhenyuan Zang, Chengqian Ma, Ruyi Xiong, Xinyao Song, Wei Yang, Weiguang Yang","doi":"10.3390/plants14132031","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) is one of the most important food crops. Salt stress can hinder crop growth and development, but the molecular mechanisms underlying maize's response to salt tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we conducted comparative transcriptome, metabolome, and physiological analyses of a salt-tolerant maize inbred line (J1285) subjected to different NaCl concentrations during the seedling stage. The results demonstrated that, with increasing salt concentration, seedling growth parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT) exhibited initially increases before subsequently decreasing, peaking at 50-150 mmol/L. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that the experimental groups subjected to 50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol/L treatments had 375, 1043, 2504, and 2328 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the control group, respectively. Additionally, through GO and KEGG analysis, we found that the DEGs were primarily enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway and plant hormone signal transduction, especially the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, both of which play instrumental roles in orchestrating the maize response to salt-induced stress. Transcription factors involved in the salt stress response, including WRKY, TIFY, bZIP, and bHLH, were identified. Metabolomic data analysis revealed that the experimental groups subjected to 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol/L treatments had 44, 335, 278, and 550 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) compared to the control group, respectively. The DEMs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Transcriptomics and metabolomics combined analysis were performed on J1285 seedling leaves, and it was found that the co-enrichment pathways included starch and sucrose metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, etc. Collectively, these results will aid in identifying resistance genes and elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance for maize.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Botany, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities of <i>Fragaria vesca</i> and <i>Fragaria viridis</i> Widespread in Kazakhstan.","authors":"Gayane A Atazhanova, Gulnissa K Kurmantayeva, Yana K Levaya, Margarita Yu Ishmuratova, Marlen K Smagulov","doi":"10.3390/plants14132027","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to current taxonomic consensus, the genus <i>Fragaria</i> L. (family Rosaceae) comprises nine recognized species: <i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i> (Duchartre ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier, <i>Fragaria bucharica</i> Losinsk., <i>Fragaria viridis</i> subsp. <i>campestris</i> (Steven) Pael., <i>Fragaria chiloensis</i> (L.) Mill., <i>Fragaria moschata</i> Duchesne ex Weston, <i>Fragaria orientalis</i> Losinsk., <i>Fragaria vesca</i> L., <i>Fragaria virginiana</i> Mill., and <i>Fragaria viridis</i> Duchartre. Within the flora of Kazakhstan, two species are of particular significance: <i>F. vesca</i> L. and <i>F. viridis</i> Weston. The genus <i>Fragaria</i> L. is notable for its high content of diverse classes of biologically active compounds, which exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological and physiological activities. This review focuses on two <i>Fragaria</i> species native to the flora of Kazakhstan: <i>F. vesca</i> L. and <i>F. viridis</i> Weston. It summarizes recent advances in their botanical characterization, phytochemical profiling, extraction methodologies, and biological activities. Available evidence indicates that the phytochemical composition of extracts obtained from these species is modulated by a range of environmental and biological factors. These include habitat conditions, climate variability, chemotypic diversity, and the specific extraction protocols applied. Particular emphasis is placed on modern extraction techniques and the identification of low-molecular-weight metabolites. These include anthocyanins, volatile organic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute significantly to the observed biological effects. The review findings support the relevance of continued research into the potential application of these species as sources for the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic agents. In addition, they highlight their promise for use in the formulation of biologically active compounds intended for food supplements and cosmetic products.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and Morphological Variation Among Populations of Duckweed Species in Thailand.","authors":"Athita Senayai, Yosapol Harnvanichvech, Srunya Vajrodaya, Tokitaka Oyama, Ekaphan Kraichak","doi":"10.3390/plants14132030","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Duckweeds have emerged as frontier plants in research, food, and bioenergy applications. Consistency in genetic and morphological traits within species is therefore crucial for their effective use. Thailand hosts diverse duckweed populations with representatives from four of the five genera and at least four species recorded. However, the extent of genetic and morphological variation within these species in Thailand remains unclear. Here, we investigated the genetic and morphological variation in four duckweed species-<i>Landoltia punctata</i>, <i>Lemna aequinoctialis</i>, <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i>, and <i>Wolffia globosa</i>-collected from 26 sites across Thailand. Using the multilocus sequence typing approach based on three chloroplast genes (<i>rbcL</i>, <i>atpF-atpH</i>, and <i>psbK-psbI</i>), we show that genetic variation in duckweed is distinct at both inter-species and intra-species levels. Among these four species, <i>Lemna aequinoctialis</i> exhibits the highest genetic variation, forming four distinct phylogenetic clusters. This is followed by <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i>, <i>Wolffia globosa</i>, and <i>Landoltia punctata</i>. In addition, we observe that morphological variation, particularly frond aspect ratio, varies significantly among clusters but remains consistent within each cluster of each species. These findings suggest that duckweed populations in Thailand exhibit substantial genetic variation at the intraspecific level, which is closely associated with frond morphological variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yield Increase and Emission Reduction Effects of Alfalfa in the Yellow River Irrigation District of Gansu Province: The Coupling Mechanism of Biodegradable Mulch and Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer.","authors":"Wenjing Chang, Haiyan Li, Yaya Duan, Yi Ling, Jiandong Lu, Minhua Yin, Yanlin Ma, Yanxia Kang, Yayu Wang, Guangping Qi, Jianjun Wang","doi":"10.3390/plants14132022","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural production in Northwest China is widely constrained by residual plastic film pollution, excessive greenhouse gas emissions, and low productivity. Integrating biodegradable film with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer offers a promising approach to optimize crop management, enhance yield, and improve environmental outcomes. In this study, three planting patterns (conventional flat planting, FP; ridge mulching with biodegradable film, BM; and ridge mulching with conventional plastic film, PM), two nitrogen fertilizer types (urea, U, and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, C), and four nitrogen application rates (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg·hm^-2) were applied to systematically investigate their effects on alfalfa yield and N₂O emissions from grasslands. The results showed that BM and PM increased alfalfa yield by 23.49% and 18.65%, respectively, compared to FP, while C increased yield by 8.46% compared to urea. The highest yield (24.84 t·hm^-2) was recorded under the BMC2 treatment, which was 97.11% higher than that of FPN0. N₂O emission flux and cumulative emissions increased with nitrogen application rate. Compared with U, C reduced cumulative N₂O emissions and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) by 23.89% and 25.84%, respectively. Compared to PM, BM reduced cumulative N₂O emissions and GHGI by 11.58% and 20.15%, respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that the combination of ridge mulching with biodegradable film and 160 kg·hm^-2 of C was optimal for simultaneously increasing alfalfa yield and reducing N₂O emissions, making it a suitable planting-fertilization strategy for the Yellow River irrigation district in Gansu and similar ecological regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botanical Authenticity of Miraruira Sold in the Amazonas State, Brazil, Based on Chemical Profiling Using DI-MS and Chemometric Analyses.","authors":"Shelson M da R Braga, Felipe M A da Silva, Giovana A Bataglion, Marcia G A de Almeida, Larissa O de Souza, Rebeca Dos S França, Cesar A S de Souza, Francinaldo A da Silva-Filho, Afonso D L de Souza, Hector H F Koolen, Maria L B Pinheiro","doi":"10.3390/plants14132012","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miraruira is a medicinal plant-based product (MPBP) that is widely used in the state of Amazonas for the treatment of diabetes, though its botanical identity remains unclear, which raises concerns about authenticity and therapeutic consistency. One solution to this problem is the use of mass spectrometry-based approaches, which have emerged as powerful tools for verifying botanical origin based on chemical composition. Thus, to confirm the botanical authenticity of miraruira, direct-injection mass spectrometry (DI-MS) and chemometric analyses (PCA and HCA) were conducted on methanol fractions of <i>Salacia impressifolia</i> and <i>Connarus ruber</i>, both suspected sources of miraruira, as well as commercial samples obtained in street markets in Manaus, Brazil. Additionally, the hexane extracts of <i>C. ruber</i> and the commercial samples were screened for benzoquinones using DI-MS, as these compounds are recurrent in the genus <i>Connarus</i>. The DI-MS and PCA analyses revealed distinct chemical profiles for each species, and identified mangiferin and epicatechin as chemical markers for <i>S. impressifolia</i> and <i>C. ruber</i>, respectively. Furthermore, PCA demonstrated that all the commercial samples exhibited chemical profiles closely aligned with <i>C. ruber.</i> However, the HCA indicated variability among these samples, suggesting <i>C. ruber</i> or related <i>Connarus</i> species are the primary sources of miraruira. Moreover, embelin, rapanone, and suberonone were identified as the main compounds in the hexane extracts of <i>C. ruber</i> and the commercial products. This study successfully confirmed the botanical authenticity of miraruira, identified key bioactive compounds related to its traditional use in the treatment of diabetes symptoms, and demonstrated the effectiveness of DI-MS as a valuable tool for addressing authenticity issues in MPBPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation of Seed Yield and Nutritional Quality Traits of Lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medikus) Under Heat and Combined Heat and Drought Stresses.","authors":"Hasnae Choukri, Khawla Aloui, Noureddine El Haddad, Kamal Hejjaoui, Abdelaziz Smouni, Shiv Kumar","doi":"10.3390/plants14132019","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medikus) is a critical food crop offering high protein and essential micronutrients. However, its productivity and nutritional quality are increasingly threatened by climate change. In this study, 36 lentil genotypes were evaluated across two Moroccan locations under normal, heat stress, and combined heat and drought stresses. Significant effects of genotype, environment, and their interactions were observed on seed yield, seed size, cooking time, and nutritional quality. Heat and drought stresses caused substantial reductions in seed yield (up to 40% under combined stress), protein content, iron, and zinc concentration, and increased phytic acid levels, which negatively impacted iron and zinc bioavailability. Cooking time significantly decreased under stress conditions, with up to 54% reduction under combined heat and drought stresses at Annoceur research station. Correlation analysis revealed complex trade-offs among yield, nutritional quality, and cooking traits under stress conditions. Principal component analysis and GGE biplot analyses identified genotypes with superior yield, micronutrient concentration, and cooking time stability across environments. Genotypes such as G32, G3, and G36 combined high iron and zinc levels; G13 and G30 showed low phytic acid, while G 15 exhibited the shortest cooking time. These genotypes also demonstrated adaptability across the tested environment. This study highlights the potential of selecting climate-resilient, nutrient-dense lentil genotypes to support breeding efforts aimed at improving food security in the face of global climate variability. These genotypes can be suggested as elite climate-resilient parental lines to support breeders in enhancing lentil yield, nutritional quality, and stability under multiple stress conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Physiological Characteristics of Pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) Varieties Under Different Nutritional Conditions and Their Relationship with Meteorological Parameters.","authors":"Daiva Janusauskaite","doi":"10.3390/plants14132020","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is still a lack of knowledge about the photosynthetic activity of semi-leafless peas and the most important factors determining pea productivity during the growing season. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the photosynthetic parameters of three semi-leafless pea varieties in different nutritional backgrounds at different growth stages and to evaluate the relationship between photosynthetic indicators and pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) seed yield. The test involved three semi-leafless pea varieties, one of which was a new variety, and five NPK fertilization treatments were used, as follows: (1) without fertilizers-NPK 0:0:0, (2) without N fertilizers NPK 0:40:80, (3) NPK 30:40:80, (4) NPK 60:40:80, and (5) NPK 60:80:160. Photosynthetic indicators were assessed three times during the growing season. It was found that the physiological characteristics of peas differed significantly between cultivars and between growing seasons. The most intensive photosynthesis occurred in the middle of pea flowering and slowed down at the end of this stage. According to the photosynthetic characteristic's values (A, gs, Ci), the varieties were arranged in the following descending order: Ieva DS, Simona, Respect. The application of the highest NPK fertilizer rates in most cases resulted in the highest photosynthesis rate, which, compared to the control, increased by 22.8-72.3%. Meteorological conditions in most cases had a significant relationship with physiological indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under Blue Light Treatment, OsCSN2 Regulates the Phenotype of Rice Seedlings Through the GA Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Xinhai Yu, Tongtong Jiao, Changfeng Liu, Hexin Zhang, Yanxi Liu, Chunyu Zhang, Ming Wu, Liquan Guo","doi":"10.3390/plants14132015","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blue light is a significant environmental cue influencing plant photomorphogenesis and regulating plant growth and development. The COP9 signaling complex (CSN), a multi-subunit protein complex, plays a pivotal role in regulating photomorphogenesis, with CSN2 being identified as a key subunit essential for the assembly and function of the CSN. This study investigated the role of OsCSN2 in rice under blue-light conditions. Utilizing <i>OsCSN2</i> knockout (KO) mutant plants and transgenic overexpression (OE) lines for wild-type (WT) and mutated versions of OsCSN2, we observed significant suppression of the overall seedling phenotype under blue light, indicating that OsCSN2 acts as a negative regulator of blue light-mediated morphogenesis. Further analysis revealed that exogenous application of gibberellin (GA₃) and the GA synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) modulated seedling elongation in response to blue light, particularly affecting plant height, coleoptile, and first incomplete leaf length without altering root growth. This suggests that OsCSN2 mediates the inhibitory effects of blue light on aboveground development through the gibberellin signaling pathway. On day 9, the analyses of endogenous GA₃ levels combined with Western blotting (WB) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that OsCSN2 senses blue light signals through cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), influences the expression of <i>COP1</i> and <i>BBX14</i>, and highlights its role in the photoreceptive signaling pathway. This regulation ultimately influences the degradation of SLR1 within the GA signaling pathway, affecting rice seedling growth and development. Our findings also highlight the differential roles of OsCSN1 and OsCSN2 within the CSN in modulating rice seedling photomorphogenesis, thereby providing new insights into the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing plant responses to blue light.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning Models for Detection and Severity Assessment of Cercospora Leaf Spot (<i>Cercospora capsici</i>) in Chili Peppers Under Natural Conditions.","authors":"Douglas Vieira Leite, Alisson Vasconcelos de Brito, Gregorio Guirada Faccioli, Gustavo Haddad Souza Vieira","doi":"10.3390/plants14132011","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accurate assessment of plant disease severity is crucial for effective crop management. Deep learning, especially via CNNs, is widely used for image segmentation in plant lesion detection, but accurately assessing disease severity across varied environmental conditions remains challenging. This study evaluates eight deep learning models for detecting and quantifying Cercospora leaf spot (<i>Cercospora capsici</i>) severity in chili peppers under natural field conditions. A custom dataset of 1645 chili pepper leaf images, collected from a Brazilian plantation and annotated with 6282 lesions, was developed for real-world robustness, reflecting real-world variability in lighting and background. First, an algorithm was developed to process raw images, applying ROI selection and background removal. Then, four YOLOv8 and four Mask R-CNN models were fine-tuned for pixel-level segmentation and severity classification, comparing one-stage and two-stage models to offer practical insights for agricultural applications. In pixel-level segmentation on the test dataset, Mask R-CNN achieved superior precision with a Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) of 0.860 and F1-score of 0.924 for the mask_rcnn_R101_FPN_3x model, compared to 0.808 and 0.893 for the YOLOv8s-Seg model. However, in severity classification, Mask R-CNN underestimated higher severity levels, with an accuracy of 72.3% for level III, while YOLOv8 attained 91.4%. Additionally, YOLOv8 demonstrated greater efficiency, with an inference time of 27 ms versus 89 ms for Mask R-CNN. While Mask R-CNN excels in segmentation accuracy, YOLOv8 offers a compelling balance of speed and reliable severity classification, making it suitable for real-time plant disease assessment in agricultural applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Blast Resistance in Zinc-Biofortified Rice.","authors":"Anita Nunu, Maina Mwangi, Nchore Bonuke, Wagatua Njoroge, Mwongera Thuranira, Emily Gichuhi, Ruth Musila, Rosemary Murori, Samuel K Mutiga","doi":"10.3390/plants14132016","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14132016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice is a staple food for over half of the world's population, and it is grown in over 100 countries. Rice blast disease can cause 10% to 30% crop loss, enough to feed 60 million people. Breeding for resistance can help farmers avoid costly fungicides. This study assessed the relationship between rice blast disease and zinc or anthocyanin content in biofortified rice. Susceptibility to foliar and panicle blast was assessed in a rice panel which differed on grain zinc content and pigmentation. A rice panel (n = 23) was challenged with inoculum of two isolates of <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> in a screenhouse-based assay. The zinc content with foliar blast severity was analyzed in the leaves and grain of a subset of non-inoculated rice plants. The effect of foliar zinc supplementation on seedlings was assessed by varying levels of zinc fertilizer solution on four blast susceptible cultivars at 14 days after planting (DAP), followed by inoculation with the blast pathogen at 21 DAP. Foliar blast severity was scored on a 0-9 scale at 7 days after inoculation. The rice panel was scored for anthocyanin content, and the data were correlated with foliar blast severity. The panel was grown in the field, and panicle blast, grain yield and yield-related agronomic traits were measured. Significant differences were observed in foliar blast severity among the rice genotypes, with IRBLK-KA and IR96248-16-2-3-3-B having mean scores greater than 4, as well as BASMATI 370 (a popular aromatic variety), while the rest of the genotypes were resistant. Supplementation with foliar zinc led to a significant decrease in susceptibility. A positive correlation was observed between foliar and panicle blast. The Zn in the leaves was negatively correlated with foliar blast severity, and had a marginally positive correlation with panicle blast. There was no relationship between foliar blast severity and anthocyanin content. Grain yield had a negative correlation with panicle blast, but no correlation was observed between Zn in the grain and grain yield. This study shows that Zn biofortification in the grain may not enhance resistance to foliar and panicle blast. Furthermore, the zinc-biofortified genotypes were not agronomically superior to the contemporary rice varieties. There is a need to apply genomic selection to combine promising alleles into adapted rice genetic backgrounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}