Plants-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Malt Residue Produced by Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Their Potential Uses as Prebiotics.","authors":"Shah Zaib Fareed, Pipat Tangjaidee, Tabkrich Khumsap, Wannaporn Klangpetch, Suphat Phongthai, Apinun Kanpiengjai, Chartchai Khanongnuch, Kridsada Unban","doi":"10.3390/plants14050769","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Barley malt residue (BMR) was subjected to microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis to evaluate its potential as a raw material to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) suitable for use as a prebiotic. The influent factors on XOS production, microwave power, exposure time, and xylanase dosage were ascertained with response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The fitted models of XOS and xylose yields were in good agreement with the experimental results. Using a microwave power of 1235.1 W, a 6 min exposure time, and a xylanase concentration of 89.12 U/g substrate gave the highest yield of XOS: 208.05 mg/g substrate at 4 h of enzyme incubation time. Based on the product composition, BMR-XOS purification by <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> treatment was superior to the process of activated carbon adsorption and ethanol precipitation treatment and was selected for further experiments. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) clearly elucidated the oligosaccharide compositions, and the result of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the molecular structure and sugar components of achieved BMR-XOS. In vitro fermentation of BMR-XOS obtained from this study by the selected probiotics, <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> TISTR 1401, <i>Levicaseibacillus brevis</i> FS 2.1, <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> TISTR 1463, showed similar prebiotic activity compared with the commercial XOS, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylose, and glucose (control). In conclusion, the present study was successful in establishing the use of barley malt residue for the extraction of xylan and XOS, which could be further used as a prebiotic.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Phenotypic Diversity and DArTseq Loci Associated with Vitamin A Contents in Turkish Common Bean Germplasm Through GWAS.","authors":"Yeter Çilesiz, Muhammad Tanveer Altaf, Muhammad Azhar Nadeem, Amjad Ali, Uğur Sesiz, Ahmad Alsaleh, Ahmet İlçim, Mehmet Sertaç Özer, Tunahan Erdem, Israr Aziz, Sheikh Mansoor, Tolga Karaköy, Faheem Shehzad Baloch","doi":"10.3390/plants14050776","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofortification has emerged as an important approach for improving minerals and vitamin deficiencies through the application of agronomic and biotechnological methodologies. Vitamin A, one of the most deficient vitamins, disproportionately affects children in developing countries, highlighting the urgent need for vitamin A-enriched cultivars. The present study aimed to characterize common bean germplasm for vitamin A contents and to identify the genomic regions associated with this trait. A total of 177 common bean landraces and 6 commercial cultivars were evaluated under five environments and two locations. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant environmental effects and genotype × environment interactions. Across all years and all locations, Bilecik-6 exhibited the lowest vitamin A contents (1.67 µg/100 g dry seed), while Civril-Bolu had the highest (3.23 µg/100 g dry seed). Landraces from Balıkesir province were found to be rich in vitamin A content and should be considered as potential genetic resources for common bean biofortification. Additionally, a genomic region located on Pv06 was identified as being linked to vitamin A content. The genomic and genetic resources identified in this study will be valuable for the breeding community aiming to develop vitamin A-enriched common bean cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MaxEnt-Based Distribution Modeling of the Invasive Species <i>Phragmites australis</i> Under Climate Change Conditions in Iraq.","authors":"Nabaz R Khwarahm","doi":"10.3390/plants14050768","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Phragmites australis</i> (common reed), a recently introduced invasive species in Iraq, has swiftly established itself as a vigorous perennial plant, significantly impacting the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of Iraqi ecoregions with alarming consequences. There is an insufficient understanding of both the current distribution and possible future trends under climate change scenarios. Consequently, this study seeks to model the current and future potential distribution of this invasive species in Iraq using machine learning techniques (i.e., MaxEnt) alongside geospatial tools integrated within a GIS framework. Land-cover features, such as herbaceous zones, wetlands, annual precipitation, and elevation, emerged as optimal conditioning factors for supporting the species' invasiveness and habitat through vegetation cover and moisture retention. These factors collectively contributed by nearly 85% to the distribution of <i>P. australis</i> in Iraq. In addition, the results indicate a net decline in high-suitability habitats for <i>P. australis</i> under both the SSP126 (moderate mitigation; 5.33% habitat loss) and SSP585 (high emissions; 6.74% habitat loss) scenarios, with losses concentrated in southern and northern Iraq. The model demonstrated robust reliability, achieving an AUC score of 0.9 ± 0.012, which reflects high predictive accuracy. The study area covers approximately 430,632.17 km², of which 64,065.66 km² (14.87% of the total region) was classified as the optimal habitat for <i>P. australis</i>. While climate projections indicate an overall decline (i.e., SSP126 (5.33% loss) and SSP585 (6.74% loss)) in suitable habitats for <i>P. australis</i> across Iraq, certain localized regions may experience increased habitat suitability, reflecting potential gains (i.e., SSP126 (3.58% gain) and SSP585 (1.82% gain)) in specific areas. Policymakers should focus on regions with emerging suitability risks for proactive monitoring and management. Additionally, areas already infested by the species require enhanced surveillance and containment measures to mitigate ecological and socioeconomic impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper Sulfate Elicitation Effect on Biomass Production, Phenolic Compounds Accumulation, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Morus nigra</i> L. Stem Node Culture.","authors":"Jan Senekovič, Špela Jelen, Andreja Urbanek Krajnc","doi":"10.3390/plants14050766","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phenolic compounds are strong antioxidant and antibacterial agents with great pharmacological, medicinal, nutritional, and industrial value. The potential of <i>Morus nigra</i> in stem node culture was investigated for the production of phenolic compounds and their elicitation with CuSO₄. Individual phenolic compounds in the samples were identified and quantified by using HPLC-PDA and HPLC-MS methods, while the content of total phenolic compounds, the content of total flavonoids, and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The highest fresh and dry weights were obtained in plantlets treated with 0.5 mM CuSO₄ for 42 days. The highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined in stem node cultures treated with 3 mM CuSO₄ for 42 days. Under the latter conditions, the predominant representatives of the caffeoylquinic acids, <i>p</i>-coumaric acid derivatives, kaempferol derivatives, and quercetin derivatives also achieved the highest content. The most abundant phenolic compound in all samples was the chlorogenic acid. The nodal culture of <i>M. nigra</i> elicited with CuSO₄ could potentially be used for the industrial production of phenolic compounds, especially caffeoylquinic acids. Moreover, considering the biochemical response to CuSO₄ treatment and the ability to tolerate and accumulate copper, the potential application of <i>M. nigra</i> in phytoremediation is also highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"24-Epibrassinolide Enhanced Plant Antioxidant System and Cadmium Bioavailability Under Soil Cadmium Stress.","authors":"Wenle Song, Hongen Li, Ziyi Zhao, Rongrong Si, Wen Deng, Mengqi Wang, Yepu Li","doi":"10.3390/plants14050765","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil cadmium pollution poses significant environmental risks, prompting global concern. Previous studies have demonstrated that 24-epibrassinolide (Brs) can enhance plant photosynthesis, thereby potentially improving the efficiency of soil cadmium remediation by increasing biomass. Therefore, this study investigated the use of Brs to enhance Cd remediation by willow and alfalfa. After four months, we analyzed soil physicochemical properties, plant physiological and biochemical responses, biomass, Cd fractionation, plant Cd concentrations, and bioaccumulation factor (BCF). Willow and alfalfa cultivation without Brs increased soil pH and carbonates, reduced the exchangeable Cd fractionation, and increased Cd bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Conversely, Brs application increased soil total acids, increasing the bioavailable Cd (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Willow grown for four months accumulated Cd in leaves, stems, and roots at concentrations of 141.83-242.75, 45.91-89.66, and 26.73-45.68 mg kg^-1, respectively, with leaf BCF ranging from 14.53 to 24.88. After five months, leaves of willow planted in Cd-contaminated soil (9.65 mg kg^-1) contained 187.90-511.23 mg kg^-1 Cd, with BCFs of 19.25-52.38. Brs also increases plant biomass by improving photosynthesis, detoxification, and antioxidant defenses. Treatments with Brs and willow extracted 1.57-1.81 times more Cd (0.56-1.37 mg pot^-1) than without Brs (0.31-0.87 mg pot^-1). This study offers guidelines for Cd phytoremediation and highlights an effective strategy to enhance Cd accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Temperature and Covering Structures in Seed Dormancy and Germination Traits of Manchurian Striped Maple (<i>Acer tegmentosum</i> Maxim.) Native to Northeast Asia.","authors":"Sieun Kim, Chung Ho Ko, Hak Cheol Kwon, Yong Ha Rhie, Seung Youn Lee","doi":"10.3390/plants14050767","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Acer tegmentosum</i>, an indigenous medicinal plant under threat from overexploitation, is a deciduous tree species native to Northeast China, southern regions of the Russian Far East, and Korea. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of samaras (single-seeded fruit) of <i>A. tegmentosum</i> to determine the type of seed dormancy as well as to identify the factors responsible for dormancy release. We identified the seed dormancy to be that of deep physiological dormancy (PD). PD can be combined with mechanical resistance of the seed coat, which limits the protrusion of the radicle during germination. We observed that mechanical resistance exhibited by the water-permeable testa is associated with PD of <i>A. tegmentosum</i>. This was previously attributed to seed dormancy in <i>Acer</i> as testa-imposed dormancy or embryo dormancy. In <i>A. tegmentosum</i>, PD and mechanical resistance of the testa were overcome through cold stratification treatment at 1 and 4 °C, which was similar to winter duration under natural conditions. The pericarp of samaras facilitated germination at an early spring temperature (15/6 °C) after cold stratification at 1 and 4 °C, enabling the seedling survival of <i>A. tegmentosum</i>. We concluded that the covering structures composed of testa and pericarp in <i>A. tegmentosum</i> play vital roles in dormancy release and subsequent seed germination; they respond to external environmental cues based on the climatic conditions of Northeast Asia. This adaptation probably determines their behavior at an early life stage in response to environmental factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Properties of a Volcanic Soil Are Influenced by Eight Years of Crop Rotations with Different Levels of Residue Incorporation.","authors":"Juan Hirzel, Pablo Undurraga, Carola Vera, Iván Matus, Mauricio Schoebitz","doi":"10.3390/plants14050764","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four cycles of six biannual rotations and four levels of incorporation of residues for each crop on the chemical properties of a volcanic soil from central-southern Chile.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After six biannual rotations (canola-bread wheat, bean-bread wheat, canola-durum wheat, bean-durum wheat, canola-corn, and bean-corn) and four levels of residue incorporation (0, 50, 100, and 200%), we evaluated the chemical properties of a volcanic soil through eight years of cultivation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The chemical properties of the soil were affected mainly by crop rotation and to less extent by the dose of residue incorporated. Beans showed a positive relation with soil pH, unlike canola with a negative effect (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Corn was also noticeably negative for available P. The application of increasing doses of residue positively affected the exchangeable K and Mg (<i>p</i> < 0.01). There were also positive correlations between pH and exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and available S and exchangeable Al and negative correlations between pH and exchangeable Al, pH and available S, and available S with exchangeable Ca and Mg.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Carrying out different crop rotations seems to be a boost for chemical properties of the soil, while the incorporation of residues allows higher concentrations of exchangeable K and Mg.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Paclobutrazol Application for Regulating Dwarfing in Ougan (<i>Citrus reticulata</i> cv. Suavissima): Comprehensive Insights from Growth, Photosynthesis, and Physiological Responses.","authors":"Wei Liu, Yan Tang, Zhiliang Xie, Guanghui Zeng, Tingting Wu, Jinlin Liu, Ziqi Lin","doi":"10.3390/plants14050763","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid urbanization and increasing land scarcity have made urban agriculture and efficient space utilization critical directions in modern agriculture. Ougan, a fruit tree valued for both its economic and ecological benefits, holds significant promise for dwarfing cultivation techniques. In this study, a root-irrigation method was used to apply paclobutrazol at various concentrations (200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/L) to Ougan seedlings, with a control group for comparison. Growth parameters include an average daily increase of plant height, stem girth, new branches, and new branch girth, as well as physiological indices such as leaf SPAD values, leaf nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and transpiration rate, were measured during both spring and summer growth periods. The results demonstrate that PBZ exerts a distinct concentration-dependent regulatory effect on Ougan growth: higher concentrations significantly inhibited plant height while promoting increases in stem diameter, with several parameters exhibiting a unimodal response. Short-term (spring) PBZ application enhanced certain photosynthetic parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance; however, prolonged exposure (summer) resulted in a decline in photosynthetic efficiency and overall leaf physiological status. Through comprehensive evaluation using principal component analysis and PLS-SEM, the 500 mg/L PBZ treatment was identified as achieving the optimal balance between growth inhibition and the maintenance of photosynthetic and nutritional status, closely approximating the ideal dwarfing effect. This study elucidates the complex regulatory effects of PBZ on the growth, photosynthesis, and carbon assimilation of Ougan through natural climate, providing robust technical parameters and theoretical support for future dwarf cultivation practices. These findings facilitate the development of dwarf fruit trees into bonsai vegetation, demonstrating significant horticultural application potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Styrax</i> spp.: Habitat, Phenology, Phytochemicals, Biological Activity and Applications.","authors":"Antonello Paparella, Annalisa Serio, Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz, Bharadwaj Revuru, Prasada Rao Kongala, Mwafaq Ibdah","doi":"10.3390/plants14050746","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Styrax is the largest genus of the family Styracaceae, with about 130 species distributed across America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. The oleo-resin of these woody shrubs, called Styrax benzoin, has a long tradition of use as incense and in therapeutics, which has stimulated research and industrial applications. Many studies have been carried out on the biological applications of different Styrax species, but some gaps still remain to be filled, particularly regarding the phenology and the biological activity and application in different fields. Hence, this review gathers updated and valuable information on the distribution and phenology of <i>Styrax</i> spp., considering their phytochemicals, biological activity, current and possible applications in medicine, animal feeding, energy production, and the food industry. Overall, <i>Styrax obassia</i> and <i>Styrax japonicus</i> are the most studied, but <i>Styrax officinalis</i> has been thoroughly investigated for its phytochemicals. The recent literature highlights promising applications in oncology and also as an energy crop. The data described in this review could be useful in upgrading the quantity and quality of Styrax benzoin, as well as expanding knowledge on emerging applications, such as bio-pesticides or the development of active packaging for the food industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allelic Expression Dynamics of Regulatory Factors During Embryogenic Callus Induction in ABB Banana (<i>Musa</i> spp. cv. Bengal, ABB Group).","authors":"Xiaobing Zhao, Yiting Zhuang, Wangyang Xie, Yixin Yang, Jingyu Pu, Zhengyang Fan, Yukun Chen, Yuling Lin, Zhongxiong Lai","doi":"10.3390/plants14050761","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The regulatory mechanisms underlying embryogenic callus (EC) formation in polyploid bananas remain unexplored, posing challenges for genetic transformation and biotechnological applications. Here, we conducted transcriptome sequencing on cultured explants, non-embryogenic callus, EC, and browning callus in the ABB cultivar 'MJ' (<i>Musa</i> spp. cv. Bengal). Our analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed significant enrichment in plant hormones, MAPK, and zeatin biosynthesis pathways. Notably, most genes in the MJ variety exhibited balanced expression of the A and B alleles, but A-specific allele expression was dominant in the key signaling pathways, whereas B-specific allele expression was very rare during EC induction. In the auxin signaling pathway, six A-specific <i>MJARF</i> genes were markedly downregulated, underscoring their critical roles in the negative regulation of callus formation. Additionally, six A-specific <i>MJEIN3</i> alleles were found to play negative regulatory roles in ethylene signaling during EC development. We also identified phenylpropanoids responsible for enzymatic browning. Furthermore, the expression patterns of transcription factors in bananas exhibited specific expression modes, highlighting the unique mechanisms of callus formation. This study enhanced our understanding of the regulatory roles of these alleles in EC induction and offers new insights into the utilization of alleles to improve the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis in bananas.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}