Plants-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Yadava Srikanth, Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy, Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha, Naresh Dumala, Matte Kasi Viswanadh, Guntupalli Chakravarthi, Buchi N Nalluri, Ganesh Yadagiri, Kakarla Ramakrishna","doi":"10.3390/plants14050827","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cruciferae family vegetables are remarkably high in phytochemicals such as Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DIM), which are widely known as nutritional supplements. I3C and DIM have been studied extensively in different types of cancers like breast, prostate, endometrial, colorectal, gallbladder, hepatic, and cervical, as well as cancers in other tissues. In this review, we summarized the protective effects of I3C and DIM against cardiovascular, neurological, reproductive, metabolic, bone, respiratory, liver, and immune diseases, infections, and drug- and radiation-induced toxicities. Experimental evidence suggests that I3C and DIM offer protection due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, and xenobiotic properties. Apart from the beneficial effects, the present review also discusses the possible toxicities of I3C and DIM that are reported in various preclinical investigations. So far, most of the reports about I3C and DIM protective effects against various diseases are only from preclinical studies; this emphasizes the dire need for large-scale clinical trials on these phytochemicals against human diseases. Further, in-depth research is required to improve the bioavailability of these two phytochemicals to achieve the desirable protective effects. Overall, our review emphasizes that I3C and DIM may become potential drug candidates for combating dreadful human diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of N-Acetyl-D-alloisoleucine in Controlling Strawberry Black Root Rot.","authors":"Jialu Xu, Jianxiu Hao, Mingmin Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Ruixiang Niu, Yiran Li, Zhen Wang, Shuo Zhang, Sumei Zhao, Siran Li, Hongyou Zhou","doi":"10.3390/plants14050829","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>China is the largest strawberry producer in the world. Strawberry black root rot is a novel disease that occurs in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> S-16 and its fermented form on strawberry black root rot caused by <i>Fusarium asiaticum</i> were tested. The inhibition rates were 56.31% and 65.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the metabolic substances were analysed using LC-MS/MS. A total of 68 substances were identified, including 18 amino acids, 7 of which have been reported to have pro-growth and antibacterial functions. Among these seven amino acids, N-acetyl-D-alloisoleucine (NAD) had the strongest inhibitory effect on <i>F. asiaticum</i>. In addition, NAD caused the mycelia of <i>F. asiaticum</i> to appear shrivelled and deformed under electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of NAD on <i>F. asiaticum</i> was tested. The results indicate that NAD had a better prevention effect when used with hymexazol. Finally, the fungal biomass of <i>F. asiaticum</i> in strawberry roots was measured at different times using two treatment methods: treating plant roots with NAD and a spore suspension of <i>F. asiaticum</i> concurrently and with <i>F. asiaticum</i> alone. The colonisation response of <i>F. asiaticum</i> in terms of the target gene EF-1α when treated with <i>F. asiaticum</i> alone at 72 hpi was significantly higher than that when treated with NAD and a spore suspension of <i>F. asiaticum</i>. The relative expression levels of defence-related genes in strawberry roots treated with NAD at 72 hpi were determined. The genes NPR1 and PDF1 were markedly upregulated compared with other genes, suggesting that the expression of genes related to disease resistance was activated by NAD, resulting in disease resistance in strawberries. Our results provide theoretical support for the biological control of strawberry black root rot.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Translocation and Photosynthetic Responses in Clones of Kentucky Bluegrass to Heterogeneous Water Supply.","authors":"Jia Jiang, Chen Wang, Along Chen, Fuchun Xie, Yajun Chen","doi":"10.3390/plants14050826","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought stress is the most common threat to plant growth, while physiological integration can significantly enhance the drought tolerance of clonal plants, making it essential to research the behavior of clones under drought conditions and explore the potential applications of clonal plants. This study applied polyethylene-glycol-6000-induced stress to proximal, middle and distal clonal ramets of Kentucky bluegrass (<i>Poa pratensis</i> L.) and used an isotope labeling technique to evaluate the water physiological integration and photosynthetic capacity. When the proximal ramet was subjected to drought stress treatment, the decrease in ²H isotopes in the roots from 4 h to 6 h was significantly smaller than the increase in ²H isotopes in their own leaves. Additionally, the reductions in δ²H values of middle and distal ramets roots were 4.14 and 2.6 times greater, respectively, than the increases in their respective leaf δ²H values. The results indicate that under drought stress, water physiological integration was observed among different clonal ramets. In addition, drought stress inhibits the photosynthetic-related indicators in clonal ramets, with varying degrees of response and trends in photosynthetic characteristics among different clonal ramets. The proximal ramet treatment group, treated with polyethylene glycol 6000, was most affected by drought stress, while the distal ramet treatment group was least affected. The proximal ramet treatment group, treated with polyethylene glycol 6000, showed a decrease in water use efficiency after 6 h of drought treatment, while the other groups exhibited some increase. This indicates differences in water utilization and regulation among the different clonal ramets under drought stress. This study holds significant theoretical importance for exploring the characteristics of physiological integration and the photosynthetic mechanisms of Kentucky bluegrass clones under drought stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Mechanical Injury on Volatile Emission Rate and Composition in 45 Subtropical Woody Broad-Leaved Storage and Non-Storage Emitters.","authors":"Yali Yuan, Yimiao Mao, Hao Yuan, Ming Guo, Guomo Zhou, Ülo Niinemets, Zhihong Sun","doi":"10.3390/plants14050821","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) significantly impact air quality and climate. Mechanical injury is a common stressor affecting plants in both natural and urban environments, and it has potentially large influences on BVOC emissions. However, the interspecific variability in wounding-induced BVOC emissions remains poorly understood, particularly for subtropical trees and shrubs. In this study, we investigated the effects of controlled mechanical injury on isoprenoid and aromatic compound emissions in a taxonomically diverse set of 45 subtropical broad-leaved woody species, 26 species without and in 19 species with BVOC storage structures (oil glands, resin ducts and glandular trichomes for volatile compound storage). Emissions of light-weight non-stored isoprene and monoterpenes and aromatic compounds in non-storage species showed moderate and variable emission increases after mechanical injury, likely reflecting the wounding impacts on leaf physiology. In storage species, mechanical injury triggered a substantial release of monoterpenes and aromatic compounds due to the rupture of storage structures. Across species, the proportion of monoterpenes in total emissions increased from 40.9% to 85.4% after mechanical injury, with 32.2% of this increase attributed to newly released compounds not detected in emissions from intact leaves. Sesquiterpene emissions, in contrast, were generally low and decreased after mechanical injury. Furthermore, wounding responses varied among plant functional groups, with evergreen species and those adapted to high temperatures and shade exhibiting stronger damage-induced BVOC emissions than deciduous species and those adapted to dry or cold environments. These findings suggest that mechanical disturbances such as pruning can significantly enhance BVOC emissions in subtropical urban forests and should be considered when modeling BVOC fluxes in both natural and managed ecosystems. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between storage structure characteristics and BVOC emissions, as well as their broader ecological and atmospheric implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin Alleviates Photosynthetic Injury in Tomato Seedlings Subjected to Salt Stress via OJIP Chlorophyll Fluorescence Kinetics.","authors":"Xianjun Chen, Xiaofeng Liu, Yundan Cong, Yao Jiang, Jianwei Zhang, Qin Yang, Huiying Liu","doi":"10.3390/plants14050824","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tomato is among the crops with the most extensive cultivated area and greatest consumption in our nation; nonetheless, secondary salinization of facility soil significantly hinders the sustainable growth of facility agriculture. Melatonin (MT), as an innovative plant growth regulator, is essential in stress responses. This research used a hydroponic setup to replicate saline stress conditions. Different endogenous levels of melatonin (MT) were established by foliar spraying of 100 μmol·L^-1 MT, the MT synthesis inhibitor p-CPA (100 μmol·L^-1), and a combination of p-CPA and MT, to investigate the mechanism by which MT mitigates the effects of salt stress on the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato seedlings. Results indicated that after six days of salt stress, the endogenous MT content in tomato seedlings drastically decreased, with declines in the net photosynthetic rate and photosystem performance indices (PI_total and PI_abs). The OJIP fluorescence curve exhibited distortion, characterized by anomalous K-band and L-band manifestations. Exogenous MT dramatically enhanced the gene (<i>TrpDC</i>, <i>T5H</i>, <i>SNAcT</i>, and <i>AcSNMT</i>) expression of critical enzymes in MT synthesis, therefore boosting the level of endogenous MT. The application of MT enhanced the photosynthetic parameters. MT treatment decreased the fluorescence intensities of the J-phase and I-phase in the OJIP curve under salt stress, attenuated the irregularities in the K-band and L-band performance, and concurrently enhanced quantum yield and energy partitioning ratios. It specifically elevated φP_o, φE_o, and ψ_o, while decreasing φD_o. The therapy enhanced parameters of both the membrane model (ABS/RC, DI_o/RC, ET_o/RC, and TR_o/RC) and leaf model (ABS/CS_m, TR_o/CS_m, ET_o/CS_m, and DI_o/CS_m). Conversely, the injection of exogenous p-CPA exacerbated salt stress-related damage to the photosystem of tomato seedlings and diminished the beneficial effects of MT. The findings suggest that exogenous MT mitigates salt stress-induced photoinhibition by (1) modulating endogenous MT concentrations, (2) augmenting PSII reaction center functionality, (3) safeguarding the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), (4) reinstating PSI redox potential, (5) facilitating photosynthetic electron transport, and (6) optimizing energy absorption and dissipation. As a result, MT markedly enhanced photochemical performance and facilitated development and salt stress resilience in tomato seedlings.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission, Spread, Longevity and Management of Hop Latent Viroid, a Widespread and Destructive Pathogen Affecting Cannabis (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.) Plants in North America.","authors":"Zamir K Punja, Cameron Scott, Heather H Tso, Jack Munz, Liam Buirs","doi":"10.3390/plants14050830","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hop latent viroid (HLVd), a 256-nucleotide RNA strand with complementary base-pairing and internal stem loop structures, forms circular or rod-shaped molecules within diseased plants. RT-PCR/RT-qPCR was used to assess HLVd transmission, spread and longevity. The viroid was detected in asymptomatic stock plants and in rooted vegetative cuttings, as well as in recirculated nutrient solution sampled from propagation tables and nozzles. Plant-to-plant spread through root infection in hydroponic cultivation was demonstrated. The viroid survived for 7 days and 4 weeks, respectively, in crushed leaf extracts (sap) or dried leaves/roots at room temperature. Following stem inoculation with infectious sap, HLVd was detected in root tissues within 2-3 weeks and in the foliage within 4-6 weeks. Plants grown under a 12:12 h photoperiod to induce inflorescence development showed more rapid spread of HLVd compared to 24 h lighting. The viroid was subsequently detected in inflorescence tissues, in trichome glands, in dried cannabis flowers and in crude resinous oil extracts. Anthers and pollen from infected male plants and seeds from infected female plants contained HLVd, giving rise to up to 100% infected seedlings. Artificially inoculated tomato and tobacco plants supported viroid replication in roots and leaves. Infected cannabis leaf and root tissues treated with UV-C for 3-5 min or temperatures of 70-90 °C for 30 min contained amplifiable HLVd-RNA. Infectious plant extract treated with 5-10% bleach (0.825% NaOCl) or 1000 ppm hypochlorous acid yielded no RT-PCR bands, suggesting the RNA was degraded. Meristem tip culture from HLVd-infected plants yielded a high frequency of pathogen-free plants, depending on the genotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mangrove Against Invasive Snails: <i>Aegiceras corniculatum</i> Shows a Molluscicidal Effect on Exotic Apple Snails (<i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>) in Mangroves.","authors":"Xinyan Yang, Hongmei Li, Huizhen Xie, Yanfang Ma, Yuting Yu, Qingping Liu, Junhao Kuang, Miaoying Zhang, Jinling Liu, Benliang Zhao","doi":"10.3390/plants14050823","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apple snails (<i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>), one of the 100 most serious invasive species in the world, have invaded mangrove wetlands due to their salinity tolerance. We firstly prepared a plant molluscicide against apple snails based on the mangrove <i>Aegiceras corniculatum</i> in coastal wetland. The effects of four mangrove extracts from <i>A. corniculatum</i>, including ethanol extract (EE), petroleum ether extract (PEE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE), and n-butanol extract (BE), were studied for molluscicidal activity against apple snails in a saline environment. The LC₅₀ values at 48 h of EE, PEE, EAE, and BE were 25 mg/L, 123 mg/L, 170 mg/L, and 14 mg/L, respectively. BE had the highest molluscicidal value (96.7%) against apple snails at 48 h. At 48 h, BE of <i>A. corniculatum</i> leaves significantly decreased the soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, acetylcholinesterase, and glutathione of apple snails to 4.25 mg/g, 29.50 mg/g, 947.1 U/gprot, and 6.22 U/gprot, respectively, compared to those in the control. The increased BE concentration significantly enhanced the malondialdehyde and aspartate aminotransferase contents to 4.18 mmol/gprot and 18.9 U/gprot at 48 h. Furthermore, the damage in the hepatopancreas tissue of apple snails increased, and the cellular structure became necrotic as the concentration of BE from <i>A. corniculatum</i> increased. The content of palmitic acid in BE of <i>A. corniculatum</i> leaves was the highest (10.9%), possibly be a toxic ingredient against apple snails. The n-butanol extract of <i>A. corniculatum</i> leaves showed a potential to control apple snails in the brackish water, and its plantation was beneficial to control the further spread of apple snails in mangrove wetlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifications in Leaf Anatomical Traits of <i>Coffea</i> spp. Genotypes Induced by Management × Season Interactions.","authors":"Larícia Olária Emerick Silva, Rafael Nunes de Almeida, Rodrigo Barbosa Braga Feitoza, Maura Da Cunha, Fábio Luiz Partelli","doi":"10.3390/plants14050828","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leaf anatomical traits are influenced by environmental and genetic factors; however, studies that investigate the genotype × environment interaction on these traits are scarce. This study hypothesized that (1) the leaf anatomy of <i>Coffea</i> spp. genotypes is varied, and (2) interactions between managements and seasons significantly influence leaf anatomical traits, inducing a clear adaptation to specific environments. Possible modifications of leaf anatomy in <i>Coffea</i> spp. genotypes were investigated under different managements: full-sun monoculture at low-altitude (MLA), full-sun monoculture at high altitude (MHA), and low-altitude agroforestry (AFS), in winter and summer. The genotype influenced all leaf anatomical traits investigated, contributing to 2.3-20.6% of variance. Genotype × environment interactions contributed to 2.3-95.8% of variance to key traits. The effects of genotype × management interactions were more intense than those of genotype × season interactions on traits such as leaf thickness, palisade parenchyma thickness, abaxial epidermis, and polar and equatorial diameter of the stomata. The management AFS was more effective in altering leaf anatomical traits than the altitude differences between MLA and MHA, regardless of the season. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and for the development of strategies to improve the adaptation of coffee plants to changing environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Cytoplasmic Sterility on Roots and Yield of Nitrogen Sources in Rice.","authors":"Rong Liu, Qin Wang, Xiyuan Wang, Shengmin Yan, Guotao Yang, Peng Ma, Yungao Hu","doi":"10.3390/plants14050820","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice is an important food crop, acting as the staple food for more than 50% of the global population. We selected seedlings (two sterile male lines: WA803A and JW803A) that had different cytoplasmic but the same nuclear composition and were heterogeneous. The maintainer line 803B was also used. We aimed to study their nitrogen uptake rate in different concentrations of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- and explore the differences in nitrogen uptake efficiency between different cytoplasmic genes. The results showed a significant difference in the nitrogen uptake rate for different seedlings. With ammonium nutrition, the nitrogen uptake efficiency of the JW cytoplasm was significantly higher than that of the WA cytoplasm. In low concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, the JW cytoplasm had an additive effect to the nuclear gene regulation of ammonium uptake. The JW cytoplasm's ammonium nitrogen absorption effect on nuclear gene regulation was higher than that of the WA cytoplasm. The effect of the WA and JW cytoplasms on the nitrate uptake rate was not significant, and the nuclear gene regulation of both cytoplasms was reduced by absorbing nitrate. Under nitrogen deficiency conditions, the material output and conversion rate of the JW-type cytoplasmic hybrid rice combination was relatively high, significantly higher than those of other cytoplasmic combinations. Under medium nitrogen conditions, the material output and conversion rate of the (N2) W-type hybrid rice combination were significantly higher than those of the other cytoplasmic combinations. The yield of JW-type rice first increased and then decreased with the increase in the nitrogen application rate and was highest, 8195.55 kg/hm², under the N2 treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from <i>Elephantorrhiza elephantina</i> (Burch.) Extracts: A Comprehensive Study.","authors":"Matshoene V Motene, Charity Maepa, Muendi T Sigidi","doi":"10.3390/plants14050822","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants14050822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using <i>Elephantorrhiza elephantina</i> (Burch) bulb extracts and evaluation of their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties were investigated. The crude plant extracts were prepared using distilled water, ethanol, and methanol for a comparison. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized via UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed using the UV-VIS spectra at 550 nm. The TEM confirmed the nanoparticle morphology as a mixed dispersed sphere, oval, and triangular shapes with a size range of 7.8 nm to 31.3 nm. The secondary metabolites were detected using TLC, DPPH, and LC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was assessed based on agar-well diffusion; cytotoxicity was examined through MTS assays. Various phytochemical constituents were detected through TLC and LC-MS. The crude extracts and methanol-extract-capped AgNP were able to scavenge free radicals, as shown by the developments of inhibitory bands on the TLC plate. The agar well diffusion test revealed that the AgNP capped methanol extract had potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria in comparison with penicillin and neomycin, with inhibition zones ranging between 10 mm and 14 mm for the methanol-extract-capped AgNP. The in vitro MTS assay revealed that methanol crude extracts and methanol-extract-capped AgNP had a less cytotoxic effect on the HEK293 cells in comparison with untreated cells (control). We therefore conclude that methanol was the best reducing solvent with the best overall nanoparticle morphology and performance in antimicrobial and cytotoxicity, in comparison to ethanol and distilled water.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}