Plants-Basel最新文献

{"title":"RETRACTED: Rehman, M.U.; Rather, I.A. Myricetin Abrogates Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, and Goblet Cell Disintegration in Colon of Wistar Rats. <i>Plants</i> 2020, <i>9</i>, 28.","authors":"Muneeb U Rehman, Irfan A Rather","doi":"10.3390/plants15091343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The journal retracts the article titled \"Myricetin Abrogates Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, and Goblet Cell Disintegration in Colon of Wistar Rats\" [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal Efficacy of Essential Oils and Nanoformulations Against Fusarium Wilt of Tomato: Systematic Review (2000-2025).","authors":"Salam Y Abuzaitoun, Mazen N Salman, Yamen Y Hamdan, Rana M Jamous, Mohammed S Ali-Shtayeh","doi":"10.3390/plants15081268","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> (FOL) is one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogens affecting tomato production worldwide, causing substantial yield losses and persisting in soil for extended periods. The increasing regulatory restrictions on chemical fungicides and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains have intensified the search for sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. This systematic review synthesizes studies published between 2000 and 2025 that evaluated the antifungal efficacy of essential oils (EOs), their bioactive constituents, and EO-based nanoformulations against FOL in tomato. A total of 40 studies were included, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, encompassing in vitro, greenhouse, and limited field evaluations. Many EOs rich in phenolic compounds and oxygenated monoterpenes, such as thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, citral, and menthol, consistently inhibited FOL growth and spore germination, with reported mycelial growth inhibition ranging from 60 to 100% and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 0.05 and 1.5 µL ml^-1. However, the use of EOs is often limited because they evaporate quickly, do not mix well with water, can harm plants, and do not persist under field conditions. Nano-delivery systems, including nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan-based carriers, and lipid-based nanostructures, have been shown to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and antifungal efficacy of EOs. This has led to improved disease management and reduced pesticide application rates. In addition, several EO-based treatments have been reported to activate plant defense responses, including the induction of defense-related genes, antioxidant enzymes, and epigenetic modifications. Overall, EO-based nanoformulations show promise as next-generation biopesticides for the sustainable management of tomato Fusarium wilt. Nevertheless, large-scale field validation, standardized formulation protocols, and regulatory assessments are required before these technologies can be widely implemented in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Identification of the <i>CCCH</i> Gene Family and Functional Exploration of <i>MdC3H49</i> Under Drought Stress Response in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i>).","authors":"Da Zhang, Chao Zhao, Bowei Zhu, Xin Liu, Han Wang, Yaping Song, Guodong Zhao, Linguang Jia, Dongmei Chen, Tongsheng Zhao, Xinsheng Zhang, Chaohong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/plants15081270","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CCCH zinc-finger proteins constitute a unique class of transcription factors that play vital roles in mediating plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and regulating various physiological and developmental processes. This study systematically identified and characterized the apple (<i>Malus domestica</i>) <i>CCCH</i> (<i>MdC3H</i>) gene family, aiming to elucidate its evolutionary patterns, functional characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms under drought stress. Genome-wide analysis revealed 85 <i>MdC3H</i> genes, which were unevenly distributed across chromosomes and exhibited significant differences in physiochemical properties, suggesting functional divergence. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into 9 subfamilies with distinct conservation. Collinearity analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between apple and <i>Malus sieversii</i>, with 150 collinear gene pairs identified, highlighting the conservation of the <i>C3H</i> gene family during speciation. Cis-acting element prediction in promoter regions uncovered abundant stress-responsive elements (e.g., ABRE, DRE, MYB), implying the potential of <i>MdC3H</i> genes in coordinating environmental signals. Functional verification demonstrated that <i>MdC3H49</i>, a key member of the family, is localized in the nucleus and possesses transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of <i>MdC3H49</i> in <i>Arabidopsis</i> and apple calli significantly enhanced drought tolerance, characterized by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, relative electrical conductivity, and increased proline accumulation. Mechanistic studies revealed that MdC3H49 directly regulates the expression of <i>MdP5CS</i>, a core gene in proline biosynthesis, thereby strengthening the cellular antioxidant capacity and mitigating drought-induced damage. Collectively, this study establishes MdC3H49 as a critical regulator in apple drought stress response, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance in perennial plants and laying a foundation for genetic improvement of drought resistance in apple breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Marker-Trait Associations in Commercial Cultivars and Weedy <i>Perilla frutescens</i> from South Korea and Japan Based on Morphological Traits and SSR Markers.","authors":"Da Hyeon Lee, Jungeun Cho, Hyeon Park, Tae Hyeon Heo, Ju Kyong Lee","doi":"10.3390/plants15081273","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Domestication has profoundly shaped the phenotypic differentiation and genetic architecture of <i>Perilla</i>. However, analyses of the morphological difference between its cultivated and weedy forms across its varieties remains incomplete. This study analyzed morphological variation, genetic diversity, population structure, and marker-trait associations of 45 accessions representing the cultivated and weedy forms of two <i>Perilla</i> varieties (<i>P. frutescens</i> var. <i>frutescens</i> and var. <i>crispa</i>) collected from South Korea and Japan. Analyses of ten qualitative and quantitative agronomic traits revealed clear domestication-related differentiation. Cultivated var. <i>frutescens</i> showed larger and heavier seeds, whereas cultivated var. <i>crispa</i> and the weedy accessions were characterized by longer inflorescences and higher floret numbers but smaller seeds. Strong positive correlations were observed among seed-related traits, particularly between seed size and seed weight (r = 0.932), indicating coordinated selection of seed traits. Genetic diversity analysis using 70 SSR markers identified 330 alleles consistent with domestication bottlenecks in cultivated forms while higher diversity was generally retained in the weedy accessions. Population structure, UPGMA clustering, and principal coordinate analyses broadly differentiated the cultivated and weedy accessions, although partial admixture indicated shared ancestry and historical gene flow. Association mapping using Q-based GLM and Q + K MLM models identified 23 significant marker-trait associations involving 16 SSR markers consistently detected across both models. Several markers were associated with multiple traits, implying pleiotropy or tight genetic linkage. Notably, five SSR markers (KNUPF192, KNUPF202, KNUPF207, KNUPF230, and KNUPF238) may represent potential candidate loci for marker-assisted selection to improve seed-related traits in var. <i>frutescens</i> and leaf-related traits in var. <i>crispa</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Use of Kaolin in Viticulture: Physiological Basis and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Leonor Deis, Juan Martínez-Barberá, Francesca Fort, Pedro Balda, Alicia Pou, Andrea Mariela Quiroga, Raúl Ferrer-Gallego","doi":"10.3390/plants15081276","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since ancient times, clays have been used to protect plants from insects and excessive sunlight. Today, their potential use is being re-evaluated as a tool to mitigate the effects of climate change and to manage emerging pests. This review synthesizes and compares findings from studies conducted in different regions of the world. Kaolin forms a reflective film on leaves and fruits, lowering tissue temperature. In warm climates, this temperature reduction can contribute to improved physiological parameters including net assimilation and water use efficiency; however, these responses are strongly influenced by additional factors. It may also affect some oenological characteristics of grapes (acidity, pH, and phenol content, particularly anthocyanins), thereby improving the overall chemical composition of grapes and wines, particularly in terms of acidity, pH and phenolic content. In addition, kaolin has been shown to reduce damage caused by the grape leafhopper (<i>Empoasca vitis</i>, <i>Jacobiasca lybica</i>, among others) to levels comparable to those achieved with synthetic pesticides. However, responses vary depending on different factors, such as application timing, dose, cultivar and climate. Overall, kaolin represents a sustainable strategy for mitigating climate change effects on fruit quality and for supporting ecological pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OsMADS1 Interacts with OsMADS22 and OsYABBY5 to Regulate Floral Organ and Meristem Identity in Rice.","authors":"Hongyan Shen, Xinhao Zhang, Yali Chen, Ruihua Mao, Yiyan Chen, Yuanyi Hu, Xinqi Li","doi":"10.3390/plants15081271","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of rice flowers and panicles critically affects grain yield and quality. <i>LEAFY HULL STERILE1/OsMADS1</i>, a grass-specific <i>SEPALLATA</i>-like MADS-box transcription factor, is essential for rice floral development and floral meristem activity maintenance. However, the mechanism through which <i>OsMADS1</i> interacts with other genes to regulate floral organ identity and meristem determinacy remains unclear. In this study, we first generated <i>OsMADS1</i> knockout mutants using CRISPR/Cas9. The mutant florets exhibited obvious morphological defects, which were categorized into five phenotypic classes. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified two OsMADS1-interacting proteins: OsMADS22, an STMADS11-like protein, and OsYABBY5, a YABBY transcription factor. Their physical interactions were validated both in vitro and in vivo, and were important for floral organ specification and meristem maintenance. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that <i>OsMADS1</i> regulates numerous genes involved in hormone signaling and panicle/flower development. Furthermore, OsMADS1 acts together with OsMADS22 and OsYABBY5 to modulate the expression of the downstream target <i>OsMADS55</i>, thereby controlling rice spikelet development. Together, our results reveal that OsMADS1 executes diverse regulatory functions in floral organ specification and meristem identity by interacting with multiple developmental regulators, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant flower development.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Belowground and Aboveground Responses to Mixed Metal Contamination in Native Central European Trees in Relation to the Species-Specific Autecology.","authors":"Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg, Rainer Schulin, Patrick Schleppi, Pierre Vollenweider","doi":"10.3390/plants15081269","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using native tree species, the phytostabilisation of toxic metals at former mining and industrial sites can provide ways to prevent metal spread and leaching into the environment and bring the sites back into the economic circuit. In this study, mixed afforestations with young trees from seven Central European species showing contrasted autecology (<i>Picea abies</i> (L.) Karst, <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L., <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> L., <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench, <i>Populus tremula</i> L., <i>Salix viminalis</i> L. and <i>Betula pendula</i> Roth) were exposed during five years to mixed soil contamination (Zn/Cu/Pb/Cd = 1349/317/70/8 mg kg^-1). The uptake and allocation of the metals in root and shoot tissues, various functional traits and nutrient responses were compared. Despite high metal availability, all tree species showed low metal uptake and similar metal concentrations in their roots. The mobile metals (Zn, Cd) accumulated in the shoot and foliage of early-successional species with acquisitive ecological strategy only, whereas the late-successional species blocked the transfer of all metals from the roots to the aboveground organs. All species showed good tolerance to metal contamination, with large interspecific differences regarding the biomass production and some nutrient concentrations, in apparent relation to the varying species' ecological strategies and independent of the metal treatment. Zn allocation within fine root tissues could enhance transient spatial and temporal metal immobilisation, especially when associated with protective or defence structures, which also contributed to metal detoxification. Higher transfer of mobile metals to aboveground organs in pioneer tree species was clearly related to their acquisitive ecological strategies, in the context of higher nutrient demand in foliage and lesser defence and protection of vegetative organs. The implications of findings for phytostabilisation applications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moderate Light Intensity Optimizes Forage Nutritive Value While Maintaining Morphophysiological Stability and Secondary Metabolite Concentrations in <i>Plantago lanceolata</i> L. Under Controlled Environmental Conditions.","authors":"Verónica M Merino, Luis F Piña, M Jordana Rivero, Neal B Stolpe, Luisa L Bascuñán, Pablo A Castro, José M Ortiz, María D López, Gabriela E Gómez, Baska R Concha","doi":"10.3390/plants15081274","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Plantago lanceolata</i> L. is increasingly incorporated in temperate pasture systems for its agronomic resilience and potential to reduce the environmental footprint of ruminant production through its specific secondary metabolites (SMs). However, how light intensity per se regulates <i>P. lanceolata</i> L. physiology, nutritive value and SM accumulation remains poorly understood due to confounding factors in field studies. This controlled-environment study evaluated the effects of three light intensities (200, 300, and 400 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) on morphophysiological traits, forage quality, and SM concentrations in <i>P. lanceolata</i> L. cv. \"Ceres Tonic\". Plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers under similar temperature, humidity and nutrient conditions. Morphological traits, biomass allocation, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, chemical composition, and root architecture were measured. Additionally, the most important secondary metabolites, aucubin, catalpol and acteoside, were also evaluated. Under the different light intensity treatments plants maintained stable physiological parameters, total biomass production, leaf dimensions or root architecture. However, moderate light intensity (300 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) optimized nutritive value by minimizing fiber concentrations and maximizing metabolizable energy. Acteoside concentration, as well as the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol, were not affected by the different light intensities. These findings demonstrate that <i>P. lanceolata</i> L. maintains morphophysiological stability across the tested light intensity range studied, while selectively modulating forage quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Habitat Suitability and Assessment of the Invasion Risk of Water Hyacinth [<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> (Mart.) Solms] in Global Freshwater Ecosystems.","authors":"Prabhat Adhikari, Pradeep Adhikari, Anil Poudel, Yong Ho Lee, Sun Hee Hong","doi":"10.3390/plants15081279","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquatic ecosystems worldwide are increasingly threatened by invasive species, with water hyacinth [<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> (Mart.) Solms] being among the most destructive aquatic weeds. Despite numerous regional studies, a global assessment integrating climatic and hydrological drivers remains lacking. Here, we assessed current and future invasion risks across 55,945 freshwater lakes using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. Climatic variables and key aquatic parameters, including biological oxygen demand (BOD), water depth, and discharge, were incorporated under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and BOD were the strongest predictors of habitat suitability. Under current conditions, 5524 lakes, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, were identified as being suitable habitats, with medium-sized lakes exhibiting the highest proportional suitability (16.54%). Although small lakes were most frequently classified as suitable due to their abundance, larger lakes showed higher suitability intensity. Future projections indicated marked habitat expansion, especially under SSP5-8.5, with suitable lake surface area increasing to 18.12% by 2061-2080. Moreover, 543 currently unsuitable lakes, including Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, were projected to face elevated invasion risk, particularly in Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and North America. This global, lake-specific assessment supports early warning, targeted management, and climate-responsive policy planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on Cytological Characteristics of Reproductive Organs and Embryonic Development in Three Forms of the Mycoheterotrophic Orchid <i>Gastrodia elata</i>.","authors":"Haixin Diao, Shunxing Guo","doi":"10.3390/plants15081277","DOIUrl":"10.3390/plants15081277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Gastrodia elata</i> is a mycoheterotrophic orchid. Three of its forms (<i>G. elata</i> f. <i>glauca</i>, <i>G. elata</i> f. <i>elata</i>, <i>G. elata</i> f. <i>viridis</i>) show distinct reproductive traits, but the cytological basis remains unclear. Using multi-timepoint morphological observation and semi-thin/ultra-thin sectioning, we systematically compared their reproductive processes from gametophyte development to seed maturation. All forms exhibited pollen wall polar differentiation (\"well-developed locular side, simplified lateral sides\") following a six-stage program, with f<i>. elata</i> germinating fastest, f. <i>viridis</i> intermediate, and no germination in f. <i>glauca</i>. In the female gametophyte, vesicle clusters and degradation zones suggest the possibility of a two-step \"chalazal degradation-micropylar localization\" nuclear clearance model. Embryo development rate followed f. <i>elata</i> > f. <i>glauca</i> > f. <i>viridis</i>. Mature seeds stored lipid/protein bodies; f<i>. elata</i> uniquely contained amyloplasts and acicular phytin crystals, with form-specific seed coat traits. This study clarifies cytological differentiation, providing a basis for germplasm identification and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56267,"journal":{"name":"Plants-Basel","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}