Xuebo Liu;Xin Fang;Ningchao Gao;Haoyu Yuan;Andy Hoke;Hongyu Wu;Jin Tan
{"title":"Frequency Nadir Constrained Unit Commitment for High Renewable Penetration Island Power Systems","authors":"Xuebo Liu;Xin Fang;Ningchao Gao;Haoyu Yuan;Andy Hoke;Hongyu Wu;Jin Tan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3370504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3370504","url":null,"abstract":"The process of energy decarbonization in island power systems is accelerated due to the swift integration of inverter-based renewable energy resources (IBRs). The unique features of such systems, including rapid frequency changes resulting from potential generation outages or imbalances due to the unpredictability of renewable power, pose a significant challenge in maintaining the frequency nadir without external support. This paper presents a unit commitment (UC) model with data-driven frequency nadir constraints, including either frequency nadir or minimum inertia requirements, helping to limit frequency deviations after significant generator outages. The constraints are formulated using a linear regression model that takes advantage of real-world, year-long generation scheduling and dynamic simulation data. The efficacy of the proposed UC model is verified through a year-long simulation in an actual island power system using historical weather data. The alternative minimum inertia constraint, derived from actual system operation assumptions, is also evaluated. Findings demonstrate that the proposed frequency nadir constraint notably improves the system’s frequency nadir under high photovoltaic (PV) penetration levels, albeit with a slight increase in generation costs, when compared to the alternative minimum inertia constraint.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"141-153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10445517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140321720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigo Rozenblit Tiferes;Giovanni Manassero;Eduardo Lorenzetti Pellini;Silvio Giuseppe di Santo
{"title":"Biweight Midcorrelation Based Transmission Line Pilot Protection Algorithm","authors":"Rodrigo Rozenblit Tiferes;Giovanni Manassero;Eduardo Lorenzetti Pellini;Silvio Giuseppe di Santo","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3365747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3365747","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel pilot protection algorithm for alternating current (ac) transmission lines that relies on biweight midcorrelation (BWMC) coefficients between the terminals’ currents. The proposed solution was compared with recent and similar literature alternatives, and the results indicate that it is both effective in detecting faults of any type and that, as it is median-based, unlike the techniques used so far, the BWMC-based algorithm may be advantageous over existing methods as it presents higher robustness to not incorrectly trip on external faults, mainly under the critical conditions of CT saturation, noisy measurements, and sample misalignment, typically associated with outliers. The algorithm also proved effective against simultaneous multi-faults, weak infeed, power swing, multiple cases on different lines, and faults with time-varying transition resistance. The BWMC-based solution was finally experimentally tested in real-time with a hardware-in-the-loop system containing a CMC-256 set, an IEC 61850-based IED that embeds the algorithm’s logic, and current measurements recorded during actual faults on existing 500 kV lines from the Brazilian interconnected power system. All analyses indicate that this new algorithm can be a rapid, reliable, and robust solution.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"68-82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10433739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139942707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bus Admittance Matrix Revisited: Performance Challenges on Modern Computers","authors":"Hantao Cui","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3366117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3366117","url":null,"abstract":"Bus admittance matrix is widely used in power engineering for network modeling. Being highly sparse, it requires fewer CPU operations when used for calculations. Meanwhile, sparse matrix calculations involve numerous indexing and scalar operations, which are unfavorable to modern processors. Without using the admittance matrix, nodal power injections and the corresponding sparse Jacobian can be computed by an element-wise method, which consists of a highly regular, vectorized evaluation step and a reduction step. This paper revisits the computational performance of the admittance matrix-based method, in terms of power injection and Jacobian matrix calculation, by comparing it with the element-wise method. Case studies show that the admittance matrix method is generally slower than the element-wise method for grid test cases with thousands to hundreds of thousands of buses, especially on CPUs with support for wide vector instructions. This paper also analyzes the impact of the width of vector instructions and memory speed to predict the trend for future computers.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10436083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139942832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Locational Marginal Pricing: A Fundamental Reconsideration","authors":"Leigh Tesfatsion","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3361751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3361751","url":null,"abstract":"This study establishes that Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) is conceptually problematic for grid-supported centrally-managed wholesale power markets transitioning to decarbonized grid operations with increasingly diverse participants, hence with increasingly uncertain and volatile net loads. LMP assigns a common per-unit price LMP(b,T) (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${$}/$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000MWh) to each next unit (MWh) of grid-delivered energy, conditional on delivery location b and delivery period T. However, this entails a serious many-to-one benefit/cost measurement error: namely, the valuation of this next unit by a market participant or system operator will typically depend strongly on the dynamic attributes of the path of power injections and/or withdrawals (MW) used to implement its delivery at b during T. One option is to muddle through, forcing market participants and system operators to express benefit/cost valuations for next units of grid-delivered energy in per-unit form without regard for the true benefits and costs of flexible power delivery. Another option, advocated in this study, is to explore conceptually-coherent nodal multi-interval pricing mechanisms permitting grids to function efficiently as flexibility-support insurance mechanisms, i.e., as mechanisms enabling just-in-time nodal power deliveries to meet just-in-time nodal power demands as well as system reliability requirements.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"104-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10419119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140161201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systematic Decoupling Grid-Forming Control for Utility-Scale Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources in Weak Distribution Grids","authors":"Lina He;Shiwen Yu","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3360854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3360854","url":null,"abstract":"Existing grid-forming inverter control schemes for distributed energy resources (DERs) primarily rely on active power (P)-frequency (f) and reactive power (Q)-voltage (V) droop mechanisms that are tailored for highly inductive transmission grids. However, in weak distribution grids where P and Q are highly coupled due to their resistive network characteristics, these control schemes cannot provide independent and accurate f and V regulation. This will further deteriorate the dynamic and stability performance, potentially resulting in inverter and load tripping during disturbances. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an innovative decoupling grid-forming control scheme, which is designed based on a systematic perspective that considers the inherent coupling characteristic of the entire distribution grid. The small-signal stability of the proposed controller is analyzed by varying controller parameters and the grid strength. The effectiveness of this controller is comprehensively verified using both MATLAB and OPAL-RT platforms by comparing it with existing grid-forming control strategies. The results show that the proposed controller can effectively decouple P and Q regulation in weak distribution grids. It enables DERs to provide independent, accurate, and autonomous f and V regulation, thus improving grid stability and dynamics. The proposed control strategy is cost-effective, communication-free, and can be easily commercialized due to its straightforward and robust circuit design.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10418138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139732136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Extrapolation Capability of Vector Fitting for Out-of-Band Dominant Modal Synthesis of Voltage-Source Converters","authors":"Weihua Zhou;Jef Beerten","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3360091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3360091","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional state-space-based stability assessment method of voltage-source converters (VSCs) can be hindered by the black-box feature. Black box-based state-space model identification method using the terminal admittance/impedance frequency responses has thus been drawing increasing research attentions recently. However, the estimation of out-of-band modes commonly suffers from narrow bandwidth of frequency responses. This article presents, for the first time, the potential identification of several critical out-of-band modes of an artificially created rational function and a grid-connected VSC. This identification is achieved through their band-limited frequency responses using the vector fitting (VF) algorithm. On its basis, a sensitivity index of a partial fraction term is derived to explain the out-of-band modal identification behavior of the VF. The effects of the pole, residue, and fitting frequency interval width on the sensitivity index are further investigated and demonstrated. The numerical analysis shows that, with the help of the proposed sensitivity index, the extrapolation behavior of the VF can be explained, and several invisible out-of-band modes can further be identified or synthesized from a band-limited frequency response. This extrapolation feature may strengthen the curve fitting capability of the VF, i.e., compared to the VSC’s band-limited frequency responses, more modal information can be obtained and further used for eigenvalue-based stability analysis.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"40-54"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10416553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Price-Responsive Load and Renewables in an Emission-Aware Power Systems","authors":"Boming Liu;Jin Dong;Byungkwon Park;Jianming Lian;Teja Kuruganti","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3358183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3358183","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonization of the power grid will require collective efforts from different entities. As the global energy sector shifts from fossil-based systems of energy production to renewable energy sources to reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, demand-side flexibility can play an important role in decarbonizing the grid. In this paper, we explore the impact of price-responsive loads and renewable resources in an emission-aware power system. The proposed simulation framework utilizes a modified optimal power flow formulation that considers the carbon cost in addition to the fuel cost of generations. The system also incorporates the demand flexibility through market coordination based on the emission-aware locational marginal prices (E-LMPs) to contribute to the overall emissions reduction. Numerical studies on the test system were performed to compare the emission-aware power system operation and the traditional power system operation in different scenarios. Quantitative results on carbon emission reduction are provided to evaluate the impact of the price-responsive loads and renewable resources. The results demonstrate that E-LMPs and the active participation of flexible loads can help reduce carbon emissions, especially with renewable resources in the system.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10413548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139694950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3339068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3339068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2023 Best Papers, Outstanding Associate Editors, and Outstanding Reviewers","authors":"Fangxing Fran Li","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3346588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3346588","url":null,"abstract":"The Editorial Board of the IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy (OAJPE) would like to recognize the following best papers selected from all papers published between October 1, 2020 and September 30, 2023 in OAJPE.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3339070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3339070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}