IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy最新文献

{"title":"A Co-Simulation Framework for Steady-State Analyses of Multiple Droop-Based MTdc Grids in Continental-Scale Systems","authors":"Quan Nguyen;Sameer Nekkalapu;Tony Nguyen;Bharat Vyakaranam;Michael Abdelmalak;Hisham Mahmood;Chuan Qin;Nader Samaan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3711062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3711062","url":null,"abstract":"The growing scale and complexity of planning continental hybrid ac and multi-terminal dc (MTdc) systems require scalable steady-state modeling and analysis approaches not currently available in commercial tools. In particular, widely used planning and commercial power-flow environments typically offer limited support for multiple meshed MTdc grids, and do not natively represent droop-based control and converter current-limiting strategies in a manner that scales to continental studies. As a result, planners often rely on simplified representations that obscure key ac–dc coupling effects. This paper presents a comprehensive multi-fidelity model-conversion framework that enables the efficient transition of MTdc grid models from production cost modeling (PCM) and approximated ac power flow to detailed ac–MTdc power flow for large-scale planning studies. The core of this framework is a scalable co-simulation approach that, for the first time, enables power flow analysis in continental-scale ac–MTdc systems. It seamlessly couples commercial ac solvers with a detailed MTdc grid model that incorporates droop-based control and current-limiting strategies of multiple meshed MTdc grids. Leveraging this capability, an evaluation framework to systematically assess and compare different MTdc power redispatch strategies under ac and dc contingencies is introduced. The proposed framework and algorithm are evaluated using both a combined IEEE 39-bus system with a 3-terminal MTdc grid and a large-scale system integrating the Western and Eastern Interconnections with 11 MTdc grids of varying sizes. The results demonstrate a coherent transition from PCM to detailed ac–MTdc power flow analysis, robust power flow convergence under diverse operating conditions, and enhanced system performance in voltage regulation and transmission line overload mitigation following representative contingencies.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"553-569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11598802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A TCN-Attention Model for High-Accuracy Solar Energy Generation Forecasting","authors":"Mohamed Shaik Honnurvali;Mazhar Baloch;Touqeer Ahmed;Adnan Kabbani;Mohamed Sultan Mohamed Ali;Laveet Kumar","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3723147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3723147","url":null,"abstract":"Predictions of solar power output that are close to the mark may help with grid stability, energy management, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Prediction using conventional statistical models is challenging due to the substantial influence of nonlinear meteorological variables and temporal variations on solar power output. A deep learning-based forecasting framework integrating an attention mechanism and a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) is proposed in this study to enhance the precision of solar energy prediction. A number of feature engineering and pre-processing approaches are used by the model, including lag features, rolling statistics, temporal indicators, and outlier reduction using the Interquartile Range (IQR) methodology. To store long-range temporal associations, the TCN architecture employs dilated causal convolutions; the attention mechanism highlights the most important time steps in the input sequence. The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art baseline models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and traditional TCN when tested on a publicly available solar energy dataset. It can accomplish 253.32 MW Mean Absolute Error (MAE), 325.04 MW Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), 2.30% Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and 0.9804 Coefficient of Determination (R2). These parameters are evaluated by experimental means.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"690-701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11653290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WAMA: A Distributed Workload-Aware and Multi-Level Anomaly Detection Framework for Real-Time Smart Grid Device Monitoring","authors":"Zhengrong Wu;Hua Li;Xingzhi Peng;Feihong Lei;Jinqiang Ma","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3734459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3734459","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time anomaly detection is paramount for ensuring the stable operation of smart grids, but the rapid expansion of sensor networks and increasing complexity of power equipment introduce significant challenges: imbalanced computational loads from heterogeneous data update frequencies, and redundant processing due to exhaustive device-level checks. To address these issues, we propose WAMA, a novel distributed framework for real-time anomaly detection in smart grids. WAMA’s architecture is built upon two key innovations: graph-based workload-aware partitioning (GWAP), which models the power sensing network as a weighted graph to achieve balanced workload distribution while preserving spatial locality; and a multi-level detection (MLD) mechanism, which employs a “trigger-and-refine” cascade across three tiers (partition-unit-device) to progressively refine anomaly identification and significantly reduce computational overhead. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate WAMA’s superior performance. Specifically, WAMA’s GWAP improves load balance by a factor of 2 and delivers significantly higher throughput compared to traditional partitioning methods. Furthermore, its MLD mechanism achieves an average throughput an order of magnitude higher than that of the baselines. As a result, WAMA achieves an end-to-end efficiency approximately 26.5 times higher than that of the baselines.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"800-814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11695223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149131036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Power Flow Model of an Extra High-Power Multi-Terminal HVdc Transmission Grid With Parallel-Connected and Voltage-Stacked Converters","authors":"Quan Nguyen;Sreenivasa Jaldanki;Suman Debnath;Jinho Kim;Michael M. Abdelmalak;Sameer Nekkalapu;Bharat Vyakaranam;Marcelo Elizondo","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701911","url":null,"abstract":"To increase power transfer capacity of high-voltage direct current (HVdc) transmission, a new extra high-power HVdc architecture with multiple standard modular multilevel converters (MMCs) per substation has recently been introduced. This paper proposes a power flow model for a multi-terminal HVdc grid with this innovative substation architecture. The proposed multi-terminal HVdc power flow model can be integrated seamlessly with existing ac-dc power flow algorithms with minimal modifications. The model is applicable to various multi-terminal HVdc grid types and topologies, different numbers of dc buses, dc lines, and MMCs per substation, along with diverse control parameters. In addition, it accurately captures both balanced and unbalanced operations of the multi-terminal HVdc grid. The proposed model is verified using a 5-terminal bipole HVdc grid that spans 4 areas in the Eastern Interconnection system of the USA. The numerical solutions obtained from unified and sequential ac-dc power flow algorithms under different operating conditions closely match the time-domain simulation results in PSCAD, validating the accuracy and versatility of the proposed multi-terminal HVdc power flow model.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"484-496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11559114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimizing Voltage Deviations by Using Optimal Volt/VAr Curves Dynamic Control in Smart Inverters for Photovoltaic Installations","authors":"F. Javier Alcántara;Rolando Baldeón Orellana;Hubel Gonzalo Valderrama;Jesús R. Vázquez","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3735228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3735228","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper proposes a new method to improve per unit voltage (V<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathrm {pu}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) control in electrical energy distribution systems (EEDS) through the appropriate injection or absorption of reactive power (Q) from photovoltaic smart inverters (PVSI) deployed within these systems. The improvement in the dynamics of the proposed Volt/VAr control curve (VVC) is based on determining per unit optimal voltage reference values at busbars hosting photovoltaic (PV) generators, by applying decoupled Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers combined with an optimization procedure. These optimal voltage reference values are associated with optimal inverter reactive power values. The optimal VVC adjustment is performed while preserving the same slope as the conventional VVC. The proposed control method is validated through MATLAB simulations on the IEEE 13 bus test system, including three PV generators. The power flow analyses for this system are carried out in OpenDSS, and the interaction between MATLAB and OpenDSS is implemented via the OpenDSS COM interface. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic VVC control in reducing deviations of Vpu from 1 p.u., as well as decreasing the reactive power required from the PVSIs under peak generation conditions.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"815-825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11698786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DSO-Oriented Peer-to-Peer Energy and Reserve Market Framework With Condition-Driven Matching and Break-Even Analysis","authors":"Panithan Srisurapanon;Pikkanate Angaphiwatchawal;Surachai Chaitusaney","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3732529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3732529","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of renewable energy (RE) introduces greater uncertainty into power generation and increases the need for system flexibility. To address the challenge, this paper proposes a framework that integrates peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading with a reserve market to improve system flexibility. In the proposed model, a condition-driven double auction mechanism is used in the day-ahead stage to match reserve buyers and sellers with the objective of maximizing social welfare. In the real-time stage, penalties are applied to contract violations, and participant benefits are evaluated through a break-even analysis. The results show that, in the 6-participant case, some participants achieve 0%–0.0521% higher financial benefits, while in the 20-participant case, a larger proportion of participants achieve 0%–0.1987% higher financial benefits compared with procuring all reserve capacity through the DSO-only scheme. These outcomes depend on the reserve power shortfall and the break-even point. Compared with the conventional double auction, the proposed matching mechanism enables all matched pairs to successfully activate reserve contracts when reserve power is called. Overall, the proposed framework demonstrates the potential of combining P2P energy trading with a reserve market to support distribution-level flexibility procurement under RE uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"826-836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Summer-Only River Energy on Microgrid-Size Battery Energy Storage at High Latitudes","authors":"Baxter W. Bond;Luke O. Woodhouse;Paul X. Duvoy;Nathan J. Green;Benjamin H. Loeffler","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3691248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3691248","url":null,"abstract":"Riverine hydrokinetics (RHK) represent an emerging technology in the renewable energy space with commercially-deployable systems on the horizon. In Alaska, many rural and remote communities exist on major rivers and are burdened by high costs of electricity and imported fuel, making them a promising end-user of these systems. However, it remains an open question as to how the addition of RHK will affect grid performance and electricity costs. Specifically, this study looks at the effects of integrating riverine hydrokinetics on a hybrid diesel microgrid with solar and battery infrastructure. Using real electrical load data and riverbed transects, estimated RHK costs, and modeled solar photovoltaic and river energy resources, a HOMER model was used to analyze the effects on battery degradation, and then expanded to look at fuel usage and levelized cost of energy. The addition of summer-only hydrokinetics was shown to have negligible impacts on battery performance and no impact on battery lifetime. Fuel savings were proportional to RHK size at lower penetrations, but diminished at higher penetrations due to significant curtailment. The estimated capital and operational costs of the RHK predicted an increase in LCOE for all scenarios, ranging from 16% to 39% with increasing system size.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"357-366"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11511747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147937543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-Economic Viability Analysis of Virtual Power Plants","authors":"Alex Farley;Mohammad Amin Mirzaei;Masood Parvania","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3677159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3677159","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual power plants (VPPs) consolidate the flexibility of distributed energy resources (DER) to provide grid services at low capital costs. Their success, however, relies on both economic viability and participant enrollment, the latter of which requires an appealing value proposition to motivate prospective participants to enroll. This paper proposes a techno-economic viability analysis framework to evaluate the interactions between VPP attributes, economic performance, and participant enrollment to identify which VPP use cases yield a viable and sustainably profitable business from an organizational and participant perspective. A VPP use case is defined by its combination of four attributes: resource pool, revenue streams, operation framework, and participant compensation. The proposed framework applies prospect theory to model participant decision-making regarding enrollment in a VPP versus self-scheduled DER operation on retail rates. VPPs are found to be profitable under industry-standard participant compensation in several use cases and multiple markets, but they can only provide a sufficient value proposition to DER owners in specific retail rate scenarios. The results showcase the importance of participant compensation in evaluating a VPP’s economic viability, as it can be a decisive factor in its long-term success.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"423-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11455589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Tailor Power-Electronic Inertia to the Constraints of Its Resource","authors":"Walter Schittek;Nils Wiese;Christian Hachmann;Xiuqiang He;Johannes Heid;Jurian Ferry;Martin Braun","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3698147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3698147","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, research on power-electronic contributions of inherent inertia via grid-forming (GFM) control schemes has made significant progress. But several technical hurdles still stand against major progress towards an optimized use of resources and minimized cost on the way of providing enough <bold>power-electronic inertia</b> for the next decade. Oriented at basic properties of virtual synchronous machines (VSMs), this article indicates generic technical solutions for respecting <bold>active-power</b> (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) <bold>constraints</b> of devices, tapping all working-point-dependent potentials of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> variation for inertia, implementing <bold>RoCoF dead bands</b>, circumventing the inherent slowness of a VSM to follow setpoint changes while retaining the GFM characteristic, and maximizing the combined <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> variation ranges of inertia and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P(f)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> control. The overall objective is to tap the full <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-variation potential of resources at/behind the DC link, even and particularly of the fluctuating ones. The described implementation example of tailored inertia is kept as generic as possible to allow for selective adoption and/or combination with other approaches. After explanation of the technical concepts in sufficient detail, simulations demonstrate the feasibility of tailoring inertia, yielding adequate behaviour in challenging circumstances.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"664-676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11540115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Frequency-Coupled Two-Port Representation of Inverter-Based Resources for Unbalanced Operation","authors":"Rabi Shankar Kar;Zhixin Miao;Lingling Fan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3710091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3710091","url":null,"abstract":"Penetrations of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids keep increasing. In this paper, we derived a two-port phasor-impedance circuit model for IBRs that includes the frequency coupling effect introduced by asymmetry in the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$dq$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-frame control. The physical interpretation of the related phasors of this circuit is also meticulously explained. The two-port circuit model is validated against electromagnetic transient simulation results of an IBR grid integration system subject to an unbalanced grid voltage dip. It is shown that the two-port circuit model achieves better accuracy compared to the decoupled positive- and negative-sequence circuit model (or the single-port model). We also examined the effect of IBR control on significance in frequency coupling and obtained insights regarding the application scopes of the single-port model and the two-port model.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"542-552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11594925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}