Imtiaz Parvez;Maryamossadat Aghili;Hugo Riggs;Aditya Sundararajan;Arif I. Sarwat;Anurag K. Srivastava
{"title":"A Novel Authentication Management for the Data Security of Smart Grid","authors":"Imtiaz Parvez;Maryamossadat Aghili;Hugo Riggs;Aditya Sundararajan;Arif I. Sarwat;Anurag K. Srivastava","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3393971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3393971","url":null,"abstract":"Bidirectional wireless communication is employed in various smart grid components such as smart meters and control and monitoring applications where security is vital. The Trusted Third Party (TTP) and wireless connectivity between the smart meter and the third party in the key management-based encryption techniques for the smart grid are expected to be totally trustworthy and dependable. In a wired/wireless medium, however, a man-in-the-middle may seek to disrupt, monitor and manipulate the network, or simply execute a replay attack, revealing its vulnerability. Recognizing this, this study presents a novel authentication management (model) comprised of two layer security schema. The first layer implements an efficient novel encryption method for secure data exchange between meters and control center with the help of two partially trusted simple servers (constitutes the TTP). In this setting, one server handles the data encryption between the meter and control center/central database, and the other server administers the random sequence of data transmission. The second layer monitors and verifies exchanged data packets among smart meters. It detects abnormal packets from suspicious sources. To implement this node-to-node authentication, One class support vector machine algorithm is proposed which takes advantages of the location information as well as the data transmission history (node identification, packet size, and data transmission frequency). This schema secures data communication, and imposes a comprehensive privacy throughout the system without considerably extending the complexity of the conventional key management scheme.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"218-230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10508893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140902521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel VSC-Based STATCOM Model Based on Dynamic Phasors for Unbalanced Distribution Networks","authors":"Jesus H. Sanchez;Luis M. Castro","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3392190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3392190","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the dynamic phasor-based modeling of three-phase voltage-source converters (VSC) operating as static var compensators (STATCOM). The generalized averaging theory is used to represent the DC, 1st, and 2nd harmonics of the converter fundamental response. The VSC model is characterized by the use of basic power system elements. On the AC side, it consists of three wye-connected, single-phase complex transformers whose taps replicate the AC-to-DC energy conversion of the converter commanded by the modulating variables. On the DC side, a capacitor is connected in parallel with a current source to reproduce the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2{omega }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 effects of the network unbalances. Dynamic controllers based on symmetrical components were developed for the VSC to operate as STATCOM. All these aspects distinguish the proposed VSC model from the switching-based model (SBM) and averaged-value model (AVM). The model’s dynamic behavior was validated by comparing it to the SBM and AVM, using a five-bus, three-phase network taken from Simulink/Simscape Electrical. Root mean square errors were smaller than 5.56% and 5.53%, with the new model being 43 and 17 times more computationally efficient than the SBM and AVM, respectively. The IEEE 34-bus test system with two STATCOM was also studied to verify the model practicality. Short-circuit faults were assessed to prove that both STATCOM suitably perform under unbalanced operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"241-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10506591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detailed Nonlinear Modeling and High-Fidelity Parallel Simulation of MMC With Embedded Energy Storage for Wind Farm Grid Integration","authors":"Bingrong Shang;Ning Lin;Venkata Dinavahi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3392246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3392246","url":null,"abstract":"Integration of renewable energy is increasingly prevalent, yet its stochasticity may compromise the stability of the power system. In this paper, a high-voltage dc (HVDC) link model based on the modular multilevel converter with embedded energy storage (MMC-EES) is presented and, utilizing the massively parallel computing feature of the graphics processing unit (GPU), its efficacy in compensating a varying wind energy generation is studied. Constant power is oriented in the inverter control by incorporating a DC-DC converter with EES into its submodules. High-fidelity electromagnetic transient modeling is conducted for insights into converter control and energy management. A fully iterative solution is carried out for the nonlinear model for high accuracy. Since the sequential data processing manner of the central processing unit (CPU) is prone to an extremely long simulation following an increase of component quantity with even one order of magnitude, the massively concurrent threading of the GPU is exploited. The computational challenges posed by the complexity of the MMC circuit are effectively tackled by circuit partitioning which separates nonlinearities. In the meantime, components of an identical attribute are designed as one kernel despite inhomogeneity. The proposed modeling and computing method is applied to a multi-terminal DC system with wind farms, and significant speedups over CPU-based simulation are achieved, with the accuracy validated by the offline simulation tool PSCAD.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"196-206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10506689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140813887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Prominent Virtual Synchronous Generator Strategies Under Different Network Conditions","authors":"Chalitha Liyanage;Inam Nutkani;Lasantha Meegahapola","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3384354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3384354","url":null,"abstract":"The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is the most widely used grid-forming inverter (GFMI) control technique. The VSG can provide enhanced ancillary services and improved dynamic response compared to conventional synchronous generators and grid-following inverters (GFLIs). Developing an improved understanding of VSG strategies is vital to deploy them in the appropriate context in power grids. Therefore, this paper provides a rigorous comparative performance analysis of prominent VSG strategies (e.g., ISE-Lab, synchronverter, Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) model, and power synchronisation control (PSC)) under different network conditions (e.g., X/R ratios, network faults, and load types). Dynamic simulation studies have been carried out using a simplified test system to assess the performance of VSG models. Furthermore, comprehensive mathematical models of VSGs have been derived in order to verify the simulation results through a frequency domain stability analysis. Moreover, the offline simulation platform results have been validated in real-time using the IEEE-39 bus network on the OPAL-RT platform. According to the analysis, the synchronverter-based VSGs perform much better under low X/R ratios, fault conditions, and dynamic loads. Hence, they are more suitable for distribution grids and load centres with a high share of dynamic loads.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"178-195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10488377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140555870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dingrui Li;Yiwei Ma;Yu Su;Chengwen Zhang;Lin Zhu;He Yin;Fred Wang;Leon M. Tolbert
{"title":"A Controllable Distributed Energy Resource Transformer-Based Grounding Scheme for Microgrids","authors":"Dingrui Li;Yiwei Ma;Yu Su;Chengwen Zhang;Lin Zhu;He Yin;Fred Wang;Leon M. Tolbert","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3381609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3381609","url":null,"abstract":"A microgrid (MG) may lose its grounding provided by the main distribution grid in islanded mode, which could cause equipment insulation damage, hazards to personnel, and protection malfunction. Existing MG grounding schemes include the grounding transformer-based scheme and distributed energy resource (DER) transformer-based scheme. However, the grounding transformer-based scheme will increase MG’s cost, and the DER transformer approach will affect the main grid in the grid-connected mode. Moreover, future MGs may have multiple source locations. In each source location, the source and critical load can potentially operate as a sub-MG, requiring a grounding when it stands alone. In this scenario, the drawbacks of existing grounding schemes will be further magnified. In this paper, a novel controllable DER transformer-based grounding scheme is proposed, where a controllable switch is added to the neutral wire of the transformer. The proposed scheme can disable grounding capability in the grid-connected mode and enable it in the islanded mode by changing the transformer connection. The proposed approach can avoid impacts on the main distribution grid and eliminate the need for additional transformers. The design methodology of the proposed grounding scheme is provided. Simulation verification is conducted on a realistic MG model and experimental verification is conducted.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"165-177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140351513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lintao Ye;Krishna Chaitanya Kosaraju;Vijay Gupta;Rodrigo D. Trevizan;Raymond H. Byrne;Babu R. Chalamala
{"title":"Decentralized Reactive Power Control in Distribution Grids With Unknown Reactance Matrix","authors":"Lintao Ye;Krishna Chaitanya Kosaraju;Vijay Gupta;Rodrigo D. Trevizan;Raymond H. Byrne;Babu R. Chalamala","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3379485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3379485","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of decentralized control of reactive power provided by distributed energy resources for voltage support in the distribution grid. We assume that the reactance matrix of the grid is unknown and potentially time-varying. We present a decentralized adaptive controller in which the reactive power at each inverter is set using a potentially heterogeneous droop curve and analyze the stability and the steady-state error of the resulting system. The effectiveness of the controller is validated in simulations using a modified version of the IEEE 13-bus and a 8500-node test system.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"154-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10476591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140342704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques on Computational Electromagnetics for Power System Apparatus: An Overview","authors":"Dinusha Maramba Gamage;Madhawa Ranasinghe;Venkata Dinavahi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3378577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3378577","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a review of the most recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) as applied to computational electromagnetics (CEM) to address challenges and unlock opportunities in power system applications. It is intended to provide readers and practitioners in electromagnetics (EM) and related applicable fields with valuable perspectives on the efficiency and capabilities of machine learning (ML) techniques used with CEM tools, offering unparalleled computational advantage. The discussion begins with an overview of traditional computational methods in EM, highlighting their strengths and limitations. The paper then delves into the integration of AI techniques, including ML, deep learning, and optimization algorithms, into CEM frameworks. Emphasis is placed on how AI enhances the accuracy and efficiency of EM simulations, enabling rapid analysis and optimization of power system components and configurations. Case studies and examples illustrate the successful application of AI-based CEM in solving practical challenges in electrical machine modeling, condition monitoring, and design optimizations in power systems. This paper conducts a comprehensive assessment of AI-based CEM techniques, critically evaluating their merits, addressing open issues, and examining the technical implementations within the context of power system applications.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"130-140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10473758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140209553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Passive Over-Current Trip Device for Seismic Resilience","authors":"Lai-Wan Hsu;Jian-Hong Liu;Kun-Long Chen;Pei-Ching Chen;Kuo Lung Lian;Hong-En Chiang;Zhi-Kai Fan;Zhao-Yin Chen;Chung-Liang Cheng;Chi-Feng Chung;Yuan-Ching Tu","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3401165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3401165","url":null,"abstract":"The seismic resilience has become a critical concern for power systems for high-impact, low-probability disasters such as severe earthquakes. In order to enhance seismic resilience for power systems, a novel protective device, the Passive Over-Current Trip (POCT), has been designed in this paper. In the design, the POCT integrates a fuse and a mechanical switch, able to trigger the breaker to interrupt the circuit to ensure effective protection. The POCT has the trip-free feature as it fulfills its protective function without the need for an electric relay requiring a continuous power supply. The proposed POCT provides an immediate and reliable solution for the protection in high and ultra-high voltage applications. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed POCT, shockproof and tripping tests were conducted. A seismic test waveform from the Fukushima earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 was used to test POCT. Under such a severe earthquake, no structural or mechanical damage on the associated components in the POCT was found. Also, the POCT is also in compliance with IEEE 693 standard. Finally, various tripping tests show that the POCT can operate within 18 ms when a fault occurs in a power system, which is much shorter than that of a typical high-voltage fuse.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"254-265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10530942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141187292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quan Nguyen;Hongyan Li;Pavel Etingov;Marcelo Elizondo;Jinxiang Zhu;Xinda Ke
{"title":"Benefits of Multi-Terminal HVdc Under Extreme Conditions via Production Cost Modeling Analyses","authors":"Quan Nguyen;Hongyan Li;Pavel Etingov;Marcelo Elizondo;Jinxiang Zhu;Xinda Ke","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3376734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3376734","url":null,"abstract":"System operators rely on system flexibility to handle unexpected reliability and resilience events, ranging from excessive resource forecast errors to extreme events like heatwaves, earthquakes, and cyberattacks. This paper provides a production cost modeling (PCM) methodology to quantify contributions to system flexibility and economic benefits by controllable HVdc and multi-terminal HVdc (MTdc) transmission systems. First, the PCM model of a general MTdc grid is developed to be seamlessly added to existing scalable PCM model of an ac power system. Second, a method for modeling extreme operating conditions, including heatwave and wildfire, in PCM is presented. Finally, the planning 2030 Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system is used as an example to demonstrate the benefits of existing and future dc lines in point-to-point, radial, and meshed configurations. Under extreme system conditions including heatwave and wildfire, it is identified from the PCM simulation results that HVdc and MTdc transmission flexibility can provide substantial economic, reliability, and environmental benefits. These benefits include reductions up to 6.4% total generation cost, 8.6% unserved load, 50.3% renewable curtailment, 75% locational marginal price, and 4.0% CO2 emission amount.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"117-129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10471538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. M. Casolino;M. de Santis;L. Di Stasio;C. Noce;P. Varilone;P. Verde
{"title":"Measured Rare Voltage Sags and Clusters of Sags: Prediction Models Driven by the Intermittence Indices","authors":"G. M. Casolino;M. de Santis;L. Di Stasio;C. Noce;P. Varilone;P. Verde","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3397365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3397365","url":null,"abstract":"The field measurement campaigns have revealed that voltage sags also occur as clusters and not only as rare phenomena. The clusters of sags represent a stochastic process due to their time dependence; the rare satisfy the requirements for a Poisson distribution process. To forecast both kinds of sags using the statistics of the measurements, different approaches are required. In this study, a general method for predicting both types of sags is proposed with a procedure that can be implemented automatically. The method uses intermittent indices to distinguish between the sites that have a prevalent number of rare sags and the sites where rare sags and clusters occurred. Based on this means of identification, the technique offers two distinct models for predicting each kind of sag. The final goal is to implement the procedure in a measurement system that can automatically pre-analyze the recorded sags and choose the best technique for prediction depending on the type of sag. The first results were satisfying with forecast errors reduced in comparison with those obtained without the proposed procedure.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10521533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141068961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}