IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy最新文献

{"title":"Data-Oriented Parallel-in-Time Electromagnetic Transient Simulation of AC–DC Grid","authors":"Yang Li;Tianshi Cheng;Ning Lin;Venkata Dinavahi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3684873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3684873","url":null,"abstract":"An electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation framework is developed by integrating the Parallel-in-Time algorithm with a data-oriented Entity–Component–System (ECS) architecture. The proposed method aims to enhance computational efficiency for EMT problems by jointly exploiting temporal concurrency and memory locality on multi-core CPU platforms. The ECS paradigm reorganizes component data into cache-friendly, structure-of-arrays layouts, reducing memory access latency and enabling efficient multithreaded execution. On top of this, the Parareal algorithm introduces time-parallelism by decomposing the simulation horizon into macro segments for concurrent fine-grid integration and coarse–fine correction iterations. A delay-consistent segmentation strategy is introduced to accommodate traveling-wave transmission-line effects without sacrificing parallel scalability or numerical accuracy. The framework is implemented in Rust based on the Bevy engine and evaluated using a modified IEEE 118-bus AC-DC network. Numerical validation confirms agreement with PSCAD/EMTDC^® reference waveforms under diverse scenarios, including synchronous generator ramp-up, three-phase fault switching, line energization, and MMC DC-link dynamics. Performance benchmarks reveal that optimal integration parameter tuning can yield significant speedups: a maximum runtime reduction of 44.1% is achieved at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${5}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${80}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, while a 38.5% gain is recorded at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${1}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${25}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> denote the fine and coarse time-step in the parallel-in-time framework. These results highlight the practical advantages of combining time-parallel algorithms with data-oriented simulation structures for accelerating EMT simulations under realistic grid conditions.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11483120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-Informed Neural Ordinary Differential Equations for Parameter Estimation in Rotating Generators","authors":"Koji Yamashita;Nanpeng Yu","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3723363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3723363","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate estimation of dynamic parameters of generators is crucial for constructing high-fidelity models for dynamic studies and ensuring the reliable operation of power systems. This paper develops a physics-informed neural ordinary differential equations (ODE) approach to learn the parameters of a generator’s dynamic model using grid sensor data. A physics-informed neural network is designed to represent the ODEs governing power system dynamics. A loss function is defined as the discrepancy between the dynamic response generated by the physics-informed neural network and synthesized grid sensor data, which mimics real-world measurements. The model parameters are iteratively updated using neural ODEs and the adjoint method. Unlike moving window-based approaches, the proposed neural ODE framework enhances parameter estimation by leveraging a longer observation period with a mini-batch scheme. Numerical studies on a 3-machine 9-bus system demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods in dynamic parameter estimation accuracy.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"714-726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11653365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HELM/TMP-Based Remote Voltage Control Framework for Modern Power Systems","authors":"Glaucus R. S. Lima;Lucas S. Nepomuceno;Edimar J. Oliveira;Leonardo W. Oliveira","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3739669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3739669","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a Remote Voltage Control (RVC) framework that integrates the Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method Based on Total Multiplication of Polynomials (HELM/TMP). The RVC equations are analytically embedded into the holomorphic formulation, enabling seamless modeling of voltage control generators and direct enforcement of reactive power limits while avoiding the reformulation and oscillatory reclassification risk inherent to conventional iterative bus-type switching. This approach ensures numerical stability and consistent voltage regulation under varying operating conditions. The proposed methodology is validated on IEEE 30 and 118-bus systems under multiple operating scenarios that combine historical wind and solar generation data with real load profiles, offering a realistic performance assessment. The results indicate that the HELM/TMP-based RVC robustly maintains pilot bus voltage setpoints under coordinated control, efficiently redistributing reactive power between participating generators while preventing overloading of individual resources; under individual control, the framework accurately identifies and enforces saturation conditions, revealing a structural limitation of single-resource regulation under realistic operating scenarios. Compared to the conventional Newton-Raphson method, the proposed framework achieves equivalent numerical accuracy while demonstrating competitive computational efficiency, reducing average processing time by up to 80%, highlighting its effectiveness as a power-flow engine for RVC-intensive analyses, with potential benefit to planning frameworks that repeatedly invoke power-flow evaluations as an inner subroutine.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"877-891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11718809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149131038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harmonic Compensation and Frequency Support of Microgrids Using Battery Energy Storage System With Hardware-in-the-Loop Validation","authors":"Zakaria Afshar;Saeed Sepasi;Josep M. Guerrero","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3740374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3740374","url":null,"abstract":"Converter-dominated microgrids (MGs), an emerging class of converter-dominated power systems (CDPS), feature extensive converter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) and power-electronic loads such as variable-frequency drives (VFDs). A representative example is the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) MG located in Hawaii, which exhibits converter-dominated behavior due to extensive power-electronic interfacing and large motor-drive loads. In particular, its VFD-driven pump systems draw non-sinusoidal currents that cause notable harmonics at the point of common coupling (PCC), motivating a unified approach that combines harmonic mitigation with fast primary frequency support. This paper proposes a multifunctional battery energy storage system (BESS) control strategy that performs shunt active power filtering and droop-based primary frequency control within a single converter. The proposed controller integrates shunt active power filter (SAPF) harmonic-current reference generation into the BESS droop loop, enabling the BESS grid-side converter to inject both the active power required for frequency support and the compensation currents required to cancel load harmonics at the PCC. By leveraging the existing BESS inverter and DC-link, the approach avoids a separate dedicated SAPF inverter and DC-link capacitor, reducing additional hardware and semiconductor utilization. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests of a NELHA-inspired microgrid model validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, demonstrating harmonic mitigation together with stable frequency response and power sharing under nonlinear-load conditions. Furthermore, an FFT-based analysis of the proposed HIL case yields a grid-current THD of 0.92%. For comparative context, this result is evaluated against literature-reported THD values of 1.18% for a conventional hysteresis-controlled SAPF and 5.88% for an existing fixed-switching-frequency active harmonic-filtering method. The proposed system also provides integrated droop-based primary frequency support.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"892-903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11720395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaheuristic-Based Optimal Scheduling of the Appliances and EV Charging in Grid-Connected Commercial Building Integrated With HRES and BESS Considering the BESS Discharge","authors":"Terapong Boonraksa;Nopprut Saeli;Promphak Boonraksa;Boonruang Marungsri","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3676351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3676351","url":null,"abstract":"Building energy management has become increasingly important as energy demand continues to grow and the need to reduce operational costs and environmental impacts intensifies. The integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) in grid-connected commercial buildings offers significant potential for improving energy efficiency and cost savings. This paper proposes an optimal appliance and EV charging scheduling strategy based on metaheuristic optimization algorithms to enhance building energy management performance. Simulation results indicate that the Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm (SBOA) outperforms the other considered techniques. In case study 3, where the BESS is scheduled to discharge during on-peak periods, the building energy cost is reduced to 524.22 USD per month, resulting in a net total cost of 1,124,542.47 USD. Moreover, the optimal scheduling of appliances and EV charging integrated with HRES and BESS achieves the highest energy cost savings, reducing the net total cost by 55.90%. The proposed system attains a payback period of 8.84 years and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.0989 USD/kWh, while reducing CO2 emissions by 79.84%. Overall, the proposed approach effectively minimizes energy costs, reduces grid dependency, and maximizes renewable energy utilization, demonstrating its economic and environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"217-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11449222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manifold-Based Analysis of P–Q Coupling in Grid-Forming Converters With Current and Voltage Constraints","authors":"Ziqian Zhang;ROBERT Schuerhuber;Lothar Fickert;Guochu Chen","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3688151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3688151","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a visualization of the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(theta, {E})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> manifold that governs <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> coupling in grid-forming converters (GFM). A simplified large-signal model is derived, using the internal voltage magnitude <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and phase angle <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> as state variables. The model clarifies the coupling among <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and shows how the thresholds of current and voltage limiters determine both the existence and accessibility of stable equilibrium points. By tracing the operating point trajectories on the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> manifold, the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> coupling surface reveals the mechanism that leads to transient loss of synchronization during abrupt phase jumps. The analysis further explains how limiters modify the dynamic critical phase angle that separates secure and insecure operating regions, and highlights the dual role of small-signal based <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> decoupling: it increases the admissible phase jump margin but can prolong post-disturbance recovery (the disturbance considered throughout is a permanent grid voltage phase jump) when limiters are active.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"345-356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11495162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tuning Framework for VSG-Based Controllers Considering Frequency Stability and Control in Microgrids","authors":"Erico Gurski;Roman Kuiava;Gilney Damm;Luís Felipe Normandia Lourenço","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3683698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3683698","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids have emerged as an effective solution for integrating distributed energy resources, providing operational flexibility by their ability to operate in grid-connected and islanded modes. However, the high penetration of inverter-based sources in these systems introduces significant stability challenges. Grid-forming converters, especially those based on the Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) concept, offer a promising means of frequency control by emulating inertial and damping characteristics. Nevertheless, tuning the VSG’s parameters remains challenging, as these coefficients strongly influence multiple and often conflicting performance metrics. This work proposes a comprehensive framework for the optimal tuning and validation of VSG strategies, targeting both inertial and primary frequency control. The framework integrates small-signal stability analyses for both grid-connected and islanded operation modes and transient frequency response for unintentional islanding events. In addition, it applies to conventional and enhanced VSG structures with adaptive or supplementary loops. A detailed case study demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness in improving frequency performance and maintaining stability across varying operating conditions. The proposed framework provides a systematic and adaptable tool for frequency control enhancement, for identifying the most suitable VSG strategy for a given system, and for defining protection thresholds through statistical assessment of dynamic responses.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"286-296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11481090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Comparison Between the UPFC and a Coordinated Operation of Separated STATCOM and SSSC for Stability Improvement","authors":"Ata Alqenneh;Ayman Faza","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3696090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3696090","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity demand is rapidly increasing, causing severe stress on the grid. This can lead to voltage and transient stability issues, which can lead to system-level failures. FACTS devices provide an efficient solution to mitigate potential stability problems. This paper considers improving the voltage and transient stability of the IEEE 14-bus system by installing a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). Furthermore, the UPFC is compared to the combined operation of two devices: the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). A new configuration is also proposed, in which the operation of the STATCOM and SSSC subcomponents of the UPFC are coordinated while connected to different busses. Results show that this configuration performed superiorly over the other FACTS devices. The main findings show that the coordinated operation of FACTS devices provides additional improvements in system stability, reducing the average voltage drop and frequency deviations occurring due to disturbances.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"391-402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148171718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic-Adversarial Networks (PANs): A Probability-Informed Deep Learning Approach for Electrical Demand Forecasting","authors":"Hussein Sharadga;Yuhan Du;Javad Mohammadi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701634","url":null,"abstract":"Time series forecasting has significantly advanced with the rise of deep learning models. However, recent methods often ignore the role of probabilistic state transitions in capturing temporal uncertainty. This paper introduces a novel forecasting framework based on a Probability-Adversarial Network (PAN), which leverages an adversarial architecture to embed probabilistic dynamics into neural networks. By incorporating probabilistic reasoning into a generator and discriminator architecture, the proposed PAN enhances forecasting accuracy and improves the model’s ability to handle uncertainty in sequential data. The framework is evaluated on electrical demand time series from a large-load, highly variable data center, and an average-size load, a more predictable school. Results demonstrate improved performance over probability-agnostic deep learning baselines for both load types, highlighting PAN’s versatility in addressing diverse forecasting challenges.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"460-469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11556278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverter-Based Resource Oscillation Source Locating via Passivity","authors":"Zhengyu Wang;Lingling Fan;Zhixin Miao;Deepak Ramasubramanian;Lin Zhu;Yunzhi Cheng","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3712590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3712590","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents locating oscillation sources in inverter-based resource (IBR) integrated systems using the oscillation flow approach. The oscillation active or reactive power flow is used as an index of passivity at a particular frequency, which is computed based on the voltage and exporting current phasors of the oscillation frequencies at the IBR point of interconnection. The oscillation power flow direction indicates the oscillation source location against the measurement point. This method is applicable when the system has a dominant natural oscillation mode in either the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$abc$ </tex-math></inline-formula> phase voltage and current or the root mean square (RMS) magnitudes. The method has been tested for four types of oscillations: subsynchronous oscillations due to a type-3 wind farm with radial connection to series compensation, low-frequency weak grid oscillations, phase-locked-loop (PLL)-induced oscillations, and plant control delay caused voltage-var oscillations. The oscillation power flow computed in either the static or the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$dq$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frame is able to detect and locate the oscillation sources in all four scenarios. Additionally, two forced oscillation scenarios are presented to demonstrate the application scope for this method.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"583-594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11605114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148627207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}