Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of global transcriptomes for nontyphoidal Salmonella clinical isolates from pediatric patients with and without bacteremia after their interaction with human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro","authors":"Buyandelger Batsaikhan ,&nbsp;Pei-Chun Lin ,&nbsp;Katsumi Shigemura ,&nbsp;Yu-Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Reo Onishi ,&nbsp;Pei-Ru Chang ,&nbsp;Hung-Yen Cheng ,&nbsp;Shiuh-Bin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella</em> (NTS) outbreaks of invasive diseases are increasing. Whether the genetic diversity of invasive NTS correlates with the clinical characteristics and bacteremia development in NTS infections remains unclear. In this study, we compared the global transcriptomes between bacteremic and nonbacteremic NTS strains after their interaction with human intestinal epithelial cells <em>in vitro</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We selected clinical isolates obtained from stool and blood samples of patients with or without bacteremia and patients with high and low C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The bacterial RNA samples were isolated after coculturing with Caco-2 cells for RNA sequencing and subsequent analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CRP is an unreliable predictive maker for NTS bacteremia with a median CRP level of 1.6 mg/dL. Certain <em>Salmonella</em> Pathogenicity Island (SPI)-1 genes (<em>sipC</em>, <em>sipA</em>, <em>sicA</em>, <em>sipD</em>, and <em>sipB</em>), SPI-2 genes (<em>ssaP</em>, <em>ssrA</em>, and <em>ssaS</em>), and six SPI-4 genes (<em>siiA</em>, <em>siiB</em>, <em>siiC</em>, <em>siiD</em>, <em>siiE</em>, and <em>siiF</em>) remained upregulated in the bacteremic blood-derived strains but significantly downregulated in the nonbacteremic strains after their interaction with Caco-2 cells. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis identified that arginine biosynthesis, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and phosphotransferase system pathways were activated in bacteremic NTS strains after Caco-2 cell priming.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CRP levels were not correlated with bacteremia development. Significant regulation of certain SPI genes in bacteremic NTS strains after Caco-2 cell priming; bacteremia development might be influenced by the host immune response and the extent to which specific metabolism pathways in NTS strains can be prevented from invading the bloodstream.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Mpox-specific IgG titers before and after breakthrough Mpox infection in an HIV-infected individual with viral suppression and prior 2-dose Mpox vaccination","authors":"Wang-Da Liu,&nbsp;Tai-Ling Chao,&nbsp;Sui-Yuan Chang,&nbsp;Chien-Ching Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 149-151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from Raman spectra by Artificial Intelligent Raman Detection and Identification System (AIRDIS) with machine learning","authors":"Yu-Tzu Lin ,&nbsp;Hsiu-Hsien Lin ,&nbsp;Chih-Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Kun-Hao Tseng ,&nbsp;Pang-Chien Hsu ,&nbsp;Ya-Lun Wu ,&nbsp;Wei-Cheng Chang ,&nbsp;Nai-Shun Liao ,&nbsp;Yi-Fan Chou ,&nbsp;Chun-Yi Hsu ,&nbsp;Yu-Hui Liao ,&nbsp;Mao-Wang Ho ,&nbsp;Shih-Sheng Chang ,&nbsp;Po-Ren Hsueh ,&nbsp;Der-Yang Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Rapid and accurate identification of bacteria is required in order to develop effective treatment strategies. Traditional culture-based methods are time-consuming, while MALDI-TOF MS is expensive. The Raman spectroscopy, due to its relatively cost-effectiveness, offers a promising alternative for bacterial identification. However, its clinical utility still requires further validation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, the artificial intelligent Raman detection and identification system (AIRDIS) was implemented to identify bacterial species, including <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (n = 1290), <em>Enterococcus faecium</em> (n = 1020), <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (n = 1366), <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (n = 1067), and <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (n = 811). Raman spectra were collected, preprocessed, and analyzed by machine learning (ML).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After training on 24,420 Raman spectra from 1221 isolates and testing on 4333 isolates, the AIRDIS demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99 for Gram classification, with accuracies of 97.64 % for Gram-positive bacteria and 98.86 % for Gram-negative bacteria. Spectral differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were linked to structural variations in their cell walls, such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. At the species level, <em>S. aureus</em>, <em>E. faecium</em>, <em>K. pneumoniae</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, and <em>A. baumannii</em> were identified with high accuracy, ranging from 94.76 % to 96.88 %, with all species achieving an AUC of 0.99.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Validation with a large number of clinical isolates demonstrated Raman spectroscopy combined with ML excels in identification of five bacterial species associated with multidrug resistance. This finding confirms the clinical utility of the system while laying a solid foundation for the future development of antimicrobial resistance prediction models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 77-85"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium co-infections in an HIV-infected, viral suppressed patient with a normal CD4 count","authors":"Chun-Hsien Chen ,&nbsp;Wei-Hung Cheng ,&nbsp;Ling-Shan Syue ,&nbsp;Ming-Chi Li ,&nbsp;Chin-Shiang Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 154-155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the novel gene chip and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in broth culture","authors":"Wen-Hung Wang ,&nbsp;Chun-Yu Lin ,&nbsp;Shu-Huei Jain ,&nbsp;Po-Liang Lu ,&nbsp;Yen-Hsu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health issue. Prompt and accurate TB diagnosis is crucial for starting appropriate treatments and preventing the disease's spread. Current diagnostic techniques are either slow or expensive. This study aimed to create and evaluate a new, fast, highly reliable, and cost-effective TB detection method using a gene chip and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis on Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tubes (MGIT) specimens.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We assessed the effectiveness of a novel gene chip and RFLP methods targeting the 16S rRNA gene of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> in 2000 MGIT culture-positive specimens. RFLP analysis identified the <em>Afe</em>I restriction site within the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genome. Discrepancies were investigated through extensive sequencing and Cobas TaqMan PCR analysis, along with reviewing patient profiles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both methods showed high efficacy in detecting MTBC in broth cultures, with the gene chip method achieving a sensitivity of 99.27 %, specificity of 98.35 %, and the RFLP method showing a sensitivity of 98.18 %, specificity of 99.31 %. False negatives in two isolates were due to a mutation in the <em>Afe</em>I site. Additionally, five cases showed MTBC presence when nontuberculous Mycobacterium species grew in cultures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our novel gene chip and RFLP methods are effective for rapid highly-reliable and cost-effective <em>M. tuberculosis</em> detection in MGIT specimens. Both gene chip and RFLP methods are suitable for resource-limited settings, offering an economical advantage. These methods have significant potential to improve clinical TB diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forty years of HIV infection and AIDS in Taiwan: Reflection on the past and looking toward the future","authors":"Sung-Hsi Huang ,&nbsp;Hsun-Yin Huang ,&nbsp;Stephane Wen-Wei Ku ,&nbsp;Po-Hsien Kuo ,&nbsp;Kuan-Yin Lin ,&nbsp;Guan-Jhou Chen ,&nbsp;Chia-Chi Lee ,&nbsp;Yen-Fang Huang ,&nbsp;Chien-Ching Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We review the epidemiology, policies, and control programs of HIV infection in Taiwan in the past 40 years since the first case of HIV infection was diagnosed in 1984. With the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Taiwan in 1997, the incidences of HIV-related opportunistic illnesses and mortality have significantly declined. However, despite improved access to HIV testing and treatment, late presentation of HIV infection remains common. Unprotected sex, particularly among men who have sex with men, continues to be the leading risk for HIV transmission after implementation of harm reduction program to control an outbreak of HIV infection among people who inject drugs that occurred in 2003–2007. The sequential introduction of well-tolerated, effective, single-tablet antiretroviral regimens has facilitated the implementation of “treat-all” policy in 2016, rapid ART initiation within 7 days of diagnosis in 2018, and same-day ART initiation in 2021 when immunochromatography was used for rapid confirmation of HIV infection. Government-funded pilot program of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection, which was launched in 2016 followed by wider enrollment of people at high risk for HIV acquisition in 2018, have contributed to sustained declines of the incidence of HIV infection since 2018, along with high rates of linkage to HIV care, ART initiation, viral suppression, and retention in care in Taiwan. Challenges remain to achieve HIV elimination and long-term successful management of HIV infection, which include stigma and discrimination, late presentation of HIV infection, and accelerated ageing with increasing rates of co-morbidities among people with HIV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 7-16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Influenza and the risk of active tuberculosis occurrence among individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: A national cohort study in South Korea (2015–2020)” [J Microbiol Immunol Infect 57 (2024) 437–445 JOUMII-D-23-00515R1]","authors":"Jaehee Lee ,&nbsp;Hyewon Seo ,&nbsp;Dohyang Kim ,&nbsp;Jinseub Hwang ,&nbsp;Jin-Won Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Page 148"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High hemolytic activity in Staphylococcus aureus t1081/ST45 due to increased hla protein production and potential RNAIII-independent regulation","authors":"Yu-Tzu Lin ,&nbsp;Ngoc-Niem Bui ,&nbsp;Yu-Syuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Cheng-Wen Lin ,&nbsp;Chun-Li Lee ,&nbsp;Tai-Fen Lee ,&nbsp;Po-Ren Hsueh","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>α-Hemolysin, encoded by <em>hla</em>, is a major virulence factor of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Sequence type (ST) 45 is a globally spread clone with increasing clinical prevalence in Taiwan. Our previous study showed that among the CC45 isolates, the <em>spa</em> type t1081 isolates presented greater hemolytic activity.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The hemolytic activity of 67 CC45 isolates (44 t1081 and 23 non-t1081) from clinical blood cultures was assessed using rabbit red blood cells. The sequences of <em>hla</em> and its upstream regulatory regions and RNAIII were compared between the two groups. The expression of <em>hla</em> and its regulators RNAIII, <em>mgrA</em>, and <em>saeR</em> was analyzed via qRT‒PCR, while Hla protein levels were measured via Western blotting.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with non-t1081 isolates, t1081 isolates presented increased hemolytic activity. No significant differences in <em>hla</em> sequences, upstream regulatory regions, or gene expression levels were detected between the two groups. The expression of the transcriptional regulators <em>mgrA</em> and <em>saeR</em> was also similar between the two groups. Western blotting revealed increased Hla protein in the t1081 isolates. However, neither the sequence or expression of RNAIII, a regulator of <em>hla</em> at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, differed between the groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study revealed that, compared with other CC45 isolates, the t1081/ST45 isolates presented greater hemolytic activity. This heightened activity was due mainly to increased Hla protein levels. Moreover, the higher translation levels may be independent of the known regulator RNAIII, indicating a potential RNAIII-independent mechanism for Hla regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of human neutrophils with Trichomonas vaginalis protozoan highlights lactoferrin secretion","authors":"Wei-Hung Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruei-Min Chen ,&nbsp;Seow-Chin Ong ,&nbsp;Yuan-Ming Yeh ,&nbsp;Po-Jung Huang ,&nbsp;Chi-Ching Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neutrophils are vital constituents of the immune response in the vaginal environment, playing a pivotal role in the defense against trichomoniasis. Earlier studies have shown that <em>Trichomonas vaginalis</em> (<em>T. vaginalis</em>) can release leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a molecule that attracts and activates neutrophils. Additionally, secretory products from this parasite can induce the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in mast cells and neutrophils, which further recruits neutrophils to the infection site. The precise reasons behind <em>T. vaginalis</em> actively promoting interaction between parasites and neutrophils rather than inhibiting the inflammatory response remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this study, we collected conditioned medium to elucidate the intricate dynamics between <em>T. vaginalis</em> and human neutrophils. We conducted a comprehensive profiling of soluble excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs), identifying 192 protein spots, of which 94 were successfully characterized through mass spectrometry analysis. Notably, the majority of induced ESPs from co-cultivation exhibited consistency with the trichomonad and neutrophil standalone groups, except for lactoferrin, which was observed exclusively following the interaction between neutrophils and <em>T. vaginalis</em>. The secretion of lactoferrin was determined to be a contact-dependent process. It was interesting to identify the ability of the iron-loaded lactoferrin to extend the survival time of <em>T. vaginalis</em> under iron-deficient conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study represents the first to identify the origin of lactoferrin during <em>T. vaginalis</em> infection, shedding light on the potential reason for <em>T. vaginalis</em>'s ability to attract neutrophils to the infection site: the acquisition of the iron source, lactoferrin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 138-147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction model, risk factor score and ventilator-associated pneumonia: A two-stage case-control study","authors":"Hua Meng ,&nbsp;Yuxin Shi ,&nbsp;Kaming Xue ,&nbsp;Di Liu ,&nbsp;Xiongjing Cao ,&nbsp;Yanyan Wu ,&nbsp;Yunzhou Fan ,&nbsp;Fang Gao ,&nbsp;Ming Zhu ,&nbsp;Lijuan Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmii.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most important hospital acquired infections in patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) in the intensive care unit, but the effective and robust predictable tools for VAP prevention were relatively lacked.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study aimed to establish a weighted risk scoring system to examine VAP risk among a two-stage VAP case-control study, and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of risk factor score (RFS) for VAP. We constructed a prediction model by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models in 363 patients and 363 controls, and weighted RFS was calculated based on significant predictors. Finally, the diagnostic performance of the RFS was testified and further validated in another 177 pairs of VAP case-control study.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LASSO, RF and XGBoost consistently revealed significant associations of length of stay before MV, MV time, surgery, tracheotomy, multiple drug resistant organism infection, C-reactive protein, PaO₂, and APACHE II score with VAP. RFS was significantly linearly associated with VAP risk [odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval = 2.699 (2.347, 3.135)], and showed good discriminations for VAP both in discovery stage [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.857] and validation stage (AUC = 0.879).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results of this study revealed co-occurrence of multiple predictors for VAP risk. The risk factor scoring system proposed is a potentially useful predictive tool for clinical targets for VAP prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection","volume":"58 1","pages":"Pages 94-102"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}