PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100613
Wenhua Zhong , Tianle Li , Shangkun Hou , Hongyu Zhang , Zilong Li , Guijun Wang , Qiegen Liu , Xianlin Song
{"title":"Unsupervised disentanglement strategy for mitigating artifact in photoacoustic tomography under extremely sparse view","authors":"Wenhua Zhong , Tianle Li , Shangkun Hou , Hongyu Zhang , Zilong Li , Guijun Wang , Qiegen Liu , Xianlin Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditional methods under sparse view for reconstruction of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) often result in significant artifacts. Here, a novel image to image transformation method based on unsupervised learning artifact disentanglement network (ADN), named PAT-ADN, was proposed to address the issue. This network is equipped with specialized encoders and decoders that are responsible for encoding and decoding the artifacts and content components of unpaired images, respectively. The performance of the proposed PAT-ADN was evaluated using circular phantom data and the animal <em>in vivo</em> experimental data. The results demonstrate that PAT-ADN exhibits excellent performance in effectively removing artifacts. In particular, under extremely sparse view (e.g., 16 projections), structural similarity index and peak signal-to-noise ratio are improved by ∼188 % and ∼85 % in <em>in vivo</em> experimental data using the proposed method compared to traditional reconstruction methods. PAT-ADN improves the imaging performance of PAT, opening up possibilities for its application in multiple domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000302/pdfft?md5=86d3dab12cde52a647b608a499d42964&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000302-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100610
Xuan Mu , Chenshuo Ma , Xuan Mei , Junlong Liao , Rebecca Bojar , Sizhe Kuang , Qiangzhou Rong , Junjie Yao , Yu Shrike Zhang
{"title":"On-demand expansion fluorescence and photoacoustic microscopy (ExFLPAM)","authors":"Xuan Mu , Chenshuo Ma , Xuan Mei , Junlong Liao , Rebecca Bojar , Sizhe Kuang , Qiangzhou Rong , Junjie Yao , Yu Shrike Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a promising technology that enables nanoscale imaging on conventional optical microscopes by physically magnifying the specimens. Here, we report the development of a strategy that enables i) on-demand labeling of subcellular organelles in live cells for ExM through transfection of fluorescent proteins that are well-retained during the expansion procedure; and ii) non-fluorescent chromogenic color-development towards efficient bright-field and photoacoustic imaging in both planar and volumetric formats, which is applicable to both cultured cells and biological tissues. Compared to the conventional ExM methods, our strategy provides an expanded toolkit, which we term as expansion fluorescence and photoacoustic microscopy (ExFLPAM), by allowing on-demand fluorescent protein labeling of cultured cells, as well as non-fluorescent absorption contrast-imaging of biological samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100610"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000272/pdfft?md5=da97f917a2b808430f850a641b00a587&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000272-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100612
Zijian Gao , Lei Li , Minghui Liu, Shen Tian, Mingyang Feng, Yingying Qiao, Chongxin Shan
{"title":"Photoacoustic trace gas detection of OCS using a 2.45 mL Helmholtz resonator and a 4823.3 nm ICL light source","authors":"Zijian Gao , Lei Li , Minghui Liu, Shen Tian, Mingyang Feng, Yingying Qiao, Chongxin Shan","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A miniaturized photoacoustic spectroscopy-based gas sensor is proposed for the purpose of detecting sub-ppm-level carbonyl sulfide (OCS) using a tunable mid-infrared interband cascade laser (ICL) and a Helmholtz photoacoustic cell. The tuning characteristics of the tunable ICL with a center wavelength of 4823.3 nm were investigated to achieve the optimal driving parameters. A Helmholtz photoacoustic cell with a volume of ∼2.45 mL was designed and optimized to miniaturize the measurement system. By optimizing the modulation parameters and signal processing, the system was verified to have a good linear response to OCS concentration. With a lock-in amplifier integration time of 10 s, the 1σ noise standard deviation in differential mode was 0.84 mV and a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 409.2 ppbV was achieved at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100612"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000296/pdfft?md5=c999ade4ca4469a94bf9c373027291a2&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000296-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140817014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100608
Yuxuan Liu , Jiasheng Zhou , Yating Luo , Jinkai Li , Sung-Liang Chen , Yao Guo , Guang-Zhong Yang
{"title":"UPAMNet: A unified network with deep knowledge priors for photoacoustic microscopy","authors":"Yuxuan Liu , Jiasheng Zhou , Yating Luo , Jinkai Li , Sung-Liang Chen , Yao Guo , Guang-Zhong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has gained increasing popularity in biomedical imaging, providing new opportunities for tissue monitoring and characterization. With the development of deep learning techniques, convolutional neural networks have been used for PAM image resolution enhancement and denoising. However, there exist several inherent challenges for this approach. This work presents a <strong>U</strong>nified <strong>P</strong>hoto<strong>A</strong>coustic <strong>M</strong>icroscopy image reconstruction <strong>Net</strong>work (UPAMNet) for both PAM image super-resolution and denoising. The proposed method takes advantage of deep image priors by incorporating three effective attention-based modules and a mixed training constraint at both pixel and perception levels. The generalization ability of the model is evaluated in details and experimental results on different PAM datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the method. Experimental results show improvements of 0.59 dB and 1.37 dB, respectively, for 1/4 and 1/16 sparse image reconstruction, and 3.9 dB for image denoising in peak signal-to-noise ratio.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100608"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000259/pdfft?md5=6e9fbd1a1d430dc8823039b6c73b9b70&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000259-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100609
Zeqi Wang, Wei Tao, Hui Zhao
{"title":"Extractor-attention-predictor network for quantitative photoacoustic tomography","authors":"Zeqi Wang, Wei Tao, Hui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantitative photoacoustic tomography (qPAT) holds great potential in estimating chromophore concentrations, whereas the involved optical inverse problem, aiming to recover absorption coefficient distributions from photoacoustic images, remains challenging. To address this problem, we propose an extractor-attention-predictor network architecture (EAPNet), which employs a contracting–expanding structure to capture contextual information alongside a multilayer perceptron to enhance nonlinear modeling capability. A spatial attention module is introduced to facilitate the utilization of important information. We also use a balanced loss function to prevent network parameter updates from being biased towards specific regions. Our method obtains satisfactory quantitative metrics in simulated and real-world validations. Moreover, it demonstrates superior robustness to target properties and yields reliable results for targets with small size, deep location, or relatively low absorption intensity, indicating its broader applicability. The EAPNet, compared to the conventional UNet, exhibits improved efficiency, which significantly enhances performance while maintaining similar network size and computational complexity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100609"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000260/pdfft?md5=6e4c98d8c7cdda71c0606b303f45d6ee&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000260-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140778540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100611
Xiuting Li , Yik Weng Yew , Keertana Vinod Ram , Hazel H. Oon , Steven Tien Guan Thng , U.S. Dinish , Malini Olivo
{"title":"Structural and functional imaging of psoriasis for severity assessment and quantitative monitoring of treatment response using high-resolution optoacoustic imaging","authors":"Xiuting Li , Yik Weng Yew , Keertana Vinod Ram , Hazel H. Oon , Steven Tien Guan Thng , U.S. Dinish , Malini Olivo","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, characterized by thick scaly plaques. It imposes a notable disease burden with varying levels of severity affecting the quality of life significantly. Current disease severity assessment relies on semi-objective visual inspection based on the Psoriasis Area and Severity index (PASI) score that might not be sensitive to sub-clinical changes. Histology of psoriasis skin lesions necessitate invasive skin biopsies. This indicates an unmet need for a non-invasive, objective and quantitative approach to assess disease severity serially. Herein, we employ multispectral Raster-Scanning Optoacoustic Mesoscopy (ms-RSOM) derived structural and microvascular functional imaging metrics to examine the lesional and non-lesional skin in psoriasis subjects across different severities and also evaluate the treatment outcome in a subject with topical steroids and biologics, such as adalimumab. ms-RSOM derived structural metrics like epidermal thickness and total blood volume (TBV) and microvascular functional information such as oxygen saturation (sO<sub>2</sub>) are evaluated by spectrally resolving the endogenous chromophores like melanin, oxy-, and deoxy-hemoglobin. Initial findings reveal an elevated sO<sub>2</sub> and TBV with severity in lesional and non-lesional psoriasis skin, thus representing increasing inflammation. An increase in epidermal thickness is also noted with the degree of severity, corresponding to the inflammation and increased abnormal cell growth. As a marker to evaluate the treatment response, we observed a decrease in epidermal thickness, sO<sub>2,</sub> and TBV in a psoriasis patient post-treatment, which is consistent with the decrease in the PASI score from 4.1 to 1.9. We envision that ms-RSOM has a huge potential to be translated into routine clinical setting for the diagnosis of severity and assessment of treatment monitoring in psoriasis subjects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000284/pdfft?md5=a1fbdbd08b41b8f260469cb3f24fac38&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000284-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140792925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100607
Wende Dong , Chenlong Zhu , Dan Xie , Yanli Zhang , Shuyin Tao , Chao Tian
{"title":"Image restoration for ring-array photoacoustic tomography system based on blind spatially rotational deconvolution","authors":"Wende Dong , Chenlong Zhu , Dan Xie , Yanli Zhang , Shuyin Tao , Chao Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ring-array photoacoustic tomography (PAT) system has been widely used in noninvasive biomedical imaging. However, the reconstructed image usually suffers from spatially rotational blur and streak artifacts due to the non-ideal imaging conditions. To improve the reconstructed image towards higher quality, we propose a concept of spatially rotational convolution to formulate the image blur process, then we build a regularized restoration problem model accordingly and design an alternating minimization algorithm which is called blind spatially rotational deconvolution to achieve the restored image. Besides, we also present an image preprocessing method based on the proposed algorithm to remove the streak artifacts. We take experiments on phantoms and in vivo biological tissues for evaluation, the results show that our approach can significantly enhance the resolution of the image obtained from ring-array PAT system and remove the streak artifacts effectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000247/pdfft?md5=c4b00f3a7bf9c6ab8070e6195ee32c46&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000247-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140619904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100606
Zhibin Huang , Sijie Mo , Huaiyu Wu , Yao Kong , Hui Luo , Guoqiu Li , Jing Zheng , Hongtian Tian , Shuzhen Tang , Zhijie Chen , Youping Wang , Jinfeng Xu , Luyao Zhou , Fajin Dong
{"title":"Optimizing breast cancer diagnosis with photoacoustic imaging: An analysis of intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics","authors":"Zhibin Huang , Sijie Mo , Huaiyu Wu , Yao Kong , Hui Luo , Guoqiu Li , Jing Zheng , Hongtian Tian , Shuzhen Tang , Zhijie Chen , Youping Wang , Jinfeng Xu , Luyao Zhou , Fajin Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The differentiation between benign and malignant breast tumors extends beyond morphological structures to encompass functional alterations within the nodules. The combination of photoacoustic (PA) imaging and radiomics unveils functional insights and intricate details that are imperceptible to the naked eye.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to assess the efficacy of PA imaging in breast cancer radiomics, focusing on the impact of peritumoral region size on radiomic model accuracy.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>From January 2022 to November 2023, data were collected from 358 patients with breast nodules, diagnosed via PA/US examination and classified as BI-RADS 3–5. The study used the largest lesion dimension in PA images to define the region of interest, expanded by 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm, for extracting radiomic features. Techniques from statistics and machine learning were applied for feature selection, and logistic regression classifiers were used to build radiomic models. These models integrated both intratumoral and peritumoral data, with logistic regressions identifying key predictive features.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The developed nomogram, combining 5 mm peritumoral data with intratumoral and clinical features, showed superior diagnostic performance, achieving an AUC of 0.950 in the training cohort and 0.899 in validation. This model outperformed those based solely on clinical features or other radiomic methods, with the 5 mm peritumoral region proving most effective in identifying malignant nodules.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This research demonstrates the significant potential of PA imaging in breast cancer radiomics, especially the advantage of integrating 5 mm peritumoral with intratumoral features. This approach not only surpasses models based on clinical data but also underscores the importance of comprehensive radiomic analysis in accurately characterizing breast nodules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000235/pdfft?md5=c3e7f2b5e61ec0746de61e92607fd53d&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000235-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140604837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100604
Jonas Pangerl , Pritam Sukul , Thomas Rück , Patricia Fuchs , Stefan Weigl , Wolfram Miekisch , Rudolf Bierl , Frank-Michael Matysik
{"title":"An inexpensive UV-LED photoacoustic based real-time sensor-system detecting exhaled trace-acetone","authors":"Jonas Pangerl , Pritam Sukul , Thomas Rück , Patricia Fuchs , Stefan Weigl , Wolfram Miekisch , Rudolf Bierl , Frank-Michael Matysik","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research we present a low-cost system for breath acetone analysis based on UV-LED photoacoustic spectroscopy. We considered the end-tidal phase of exhalation, which represents the systemic concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – providing clinically relevant information about the human health. This is achieved via the development of a CO<sub>2</sub>-triggered breath sampling system, which collected alveolar breath over several minutes in sterile and inert containers. A real-time mass spectrometer is coupled to serve as a reference device for calibration measurements and subsequent breath analysis. The new sensor system provided a 3σ detection limit of 8.3 ppbV and an NNEA of 1.4E-9 Wcm<sup>−1</sup>Hz<sup>−0.5</sup>. In terms of the performed breath analysis measurements, 12 out of 13 fell within the error margin of the photoacoustic measurement system, demonstrating the reliability of the measurements in the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000211/pdfft?md5=7b03c076150117d8c1b3811a12d01dbd&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000211-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140191376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhotoacousticsPub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100605
Jiapeng Wang , Hongpeng Wu , Xiaoli Liu , Gang Wang , Yong Wang , Chaofan Feng , Ruyue Cui , Zhenfeng Gong , Lei Dong
{"title":"Cantilever-enhanced dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy","authors":"Jiapeng Wang , Hongpeng Wu , Xiaoli Liu , Gang Wang , Yong Wang , Chaofan Feng , Ruyue Cui , Zhenfeng Gong , Lei Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy (DC-PAS) advances spectral measurements by offering high-sensitivity and compact size in a wavelength-independent manner. Here, we present a novel cantilever-enhanced DC-PAS scheme, employing a high-sensitivity fiber-optic acoustic sensor based on an optical cantilever and a non-resonant photoacoustic cell (PAC) featuring a flat-response characteristic. The dual comb is down-converted to the audio frequency range, and the resulting multiheterodyne sound waves from the photoacoustic effect, are mapped into the response frequency region of the optical cantilever microphone. This cantilever-enhanced DC-PAS method provides advantages such as high sensitivity, compact design, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Through 10 seconds averaging time, the proposed approach experimentally achieved a minimum detection limit of 860 ppb for acetylene. This technology presents outstanding opportunities for highly sensitive detection of trace gases in a wavelength-independent manner, all within a compact volume.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100605"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000223/pdfft?md5=d0750952327bbf550a2e061d4112c7ab&pid=1-s2.0-S2213597924000223-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140195741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}