Applied Vegetation Science最新文献

{"title":"FloraVeg.EU — An online database of European vegetation, habitats and flora","authors":"Milan Chytrý,&nbsp;Marcela Řezníčková,&nbsp;Petr Novotný,&nbsp;Dana Holubová,&nbsp;Zdenka Preislerová,&nbsp;Fabio Attorre,&nbsp;Idoia Biurrun,&nbsp;Petr Blažek,&nbsp;Gianmaria Bonari,&nbsp;Dariia Borovyk,&nbsp;Natálie Čeplová,&nbsp;Jiří Danihelka,&nbsp;Denys Davydov,&nbsp;Pavel Dřevojan,&nbsp;Nina Fahs,&nbsp;Riccardo Guarino,&nbsp;Behlül Güler,&nbsp;Stephan M. Hennekens,&nbsp;Richard Hrivnák,&nbsp;Veronika Kalníková,&nbsp;Veronika Kalusová,&nbsp;Tomáš Kebert,&nbsp;Ilona Knollová,&nbsp;Kateřina Knotková,&nbsp;Dragan Koljanin,&nbsp;Anna Kuzemko,&nbsp;Javier Loidi,&nbsp;Zdeňka Lososová,&nbsp;Corrado Marcenò,&nbsp;Gabriele Midolo,&nbsp;Djordjije Milanović,&nbsp;Ladislav Mucina,&nbsp;Pavel Novák,&nbsp;Eckhard von Raab-Straube,&nbsp;Kamila Reczyńska,&nbsp;Joop H. J. Schaminée,&nbsp;Petra Štěpánková,&nbsp;Krzysztof Świerkosz,&nbsp;Jakub Těšitel,&nbsp;Tamara Těšitelová,&nbsp;Lubomír Tichý,&nbsp;Denys Vynokurov,&nbsp;Wolfgang Willner,&nbsp;Irena Axmanová","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12798","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article describes FloraVeg.EU, a new online database with open-access information on European vegetation units (phytosociological syntaxa), vegetated habitats, and plant taxa. It consists of three modules. (1) The <i>Vegetation</i> module includes 149 phytosociological classes, 378 orders and 1305 alliances of an updated version of the EuroVegChecklist modified based on the decisions of the European Vegetation Classification Committee. Vegetation units dominated by vascular plants are characterized by country-based distribution maps and data on the dominant life forms, phenology, soil properties, relationships to vegetation regions, elevational vegetation belts and azonal habitats, successional status, and degree of naturalness. A list of diagnostic taxa is also provided for each class. (2) The <i>Habitats</i> module includes vascular-plant-dominated terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitat types from the first to the third or fourth highest hierarchical levels of the EUNIS classification. Of these, 249 vegetated habitats are characterized by a brief description, a point-based distribution map, diagnostic, constant, and dominant taxa, and a list of the corresponding alliances. (3) The <i>Species</i> module provides information on 37 characteristics of European vascular plant species and some infrageneric or infraspecific taxa, including functional traits (habitus and growth type, leaf, flower, fruit and seed traits, and trophic mode), taxon origin (native vs alien), and ecological information (environmental relationships, Ellenberg-type indicator values, disturbance indicator values, and relationships to vegetation units and habitat types). Values for at least three variables are available for 36,404 species. Individual taxa, vegetation units, and habitats in these three modules are illustrated by more than 34,000 photographs. The <i>Download</i> section of FloraVeg.EU provides open-access data sets in a spreadsheet format that can be used for analyses. FloraVeg.EU is a new resource with easily accessible data that can be used for research in vegetation science, ecology, and biogeography, as well as for education and conservation applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive effects of fire and grazing on vegetation structure and plant species composition in subtropical grasslands","authors":"Fernando Forster Furquim,&nbsp;John Derek Scasta,&nbsp;Gerhard Ernst Overbeck","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12800","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Question</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fire and grazing, and their interaction, are the main drivers of vegetation structure and plant species composition in many grasslands globally. However, for subtropical grasslands in southern Brazil, the interactive effects of fire and grazing on plant community composition characteristics remain relatively understudied, even though this ecosystem is recognized as fire-dependent with critical importance for livestock grazing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Subtropical grassland in southern Brazil (Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul state).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Beginning in 2017, we established an experiment with three treatments: fire only (F), grazing only (G), and fire and grazing (F + G). Grazing was continuous with ca 1.1 animal unit per hectare annually and prescribed fires were applied annually in winter. We assessed vegetation structure (via percentage of bare soil, height of canopy, and available forage) and plant species composition during spring (November) and summer (March) of 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 (only summer season).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Differences in vegetation structure were found among treatments, wherein bare soil, height of canopy and available forage were higher in F, and lower but similar in F + G and G. Plant species richness was equal among treatments, but cover of C3 grasses was higher in F than in other treatments, and shrub cover was lower in F and F + G in comparison to G. In F + G treatment, available biomass for subsequent burning was limited, resulting in lower amounts of fuel, reduced fire spread, and ultimately less total area burned in the subsequent years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that interaction of fire and grazing can be a useful vegetation management tool for conserving native plant species, increasing availability of more desirable forage plants, and decreasing shrubs (including toxic <i>Senecio</i> species which contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids). The singular and interactive effects of fire and grazing suggest the subhumid Río de la Plata grasslands are a fire-adapted ecosystem with variable plant functional trait responses facilitating differential dominance. There is a need for future work to address spatio-temporal variability and vegetation heterogeneity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal optimisation of drone-based photogrammetry in a heterogeneous boreal landscape","authors":"Ian A. Brown,&nbsp;Mark Ghaly,&nbsp;Caroline Greiser,&nbsp;Norris Lam,&nbsp;Philipp Lehmann","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12797","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12797","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, have become more affordable and easier to use, resulting in increased UAV applications in ecology and conservation. However, solar illumination, vegetation phenology and prevailing weather conditions will impact the quality of the derived products to differing degrees. In this study, we investigate how seasonal differences in solar illumination, tree foliage and weather conditions impact the accuracy of digital elevation models (DEM) and canopy height models (CHM) in a heterogeneous boreal landscape.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We compared DEMs and CHMs derived from drone photogrammetry with DEMs and CHMs produced from a drone-mounted laser scanner across three seasons with different solar illumination, tree foliage and weather conditions during leaf-off and leaf-on seasons. Photogrammetric height models were evaluated across three land-cover classes consisting of open areas, sparse-forest and forest. The most accurate CHM for sparse-forest was produced during summer under overcast conditions, whereas for the forest class, summer under clear skies was best.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry performed well against the LiDAR survey in most cases with correlations between sampled points of up to <i>R</i>² = 0.995. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) were &lt;1.5 m in all DEMs and as low as 0.31 m in autumn clear-sky data over open terrain. CHM RMSEs were somewhat higher in all cases except under winter overcast conditions when the RMSE for sparse-forest reached 6.03 m.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We have shown that SfM photogrammetry is surprisingly robust to variations in vegetation type, tree phenology and weather, and performs well in comparison with a reference LiDAR data set. Our results show that, in boreal forests, autumn is the preferred season under clear-sky conditions for DEM generation from SfM photogrammetry across all land-cover classes, whereas summer is preferred for CHM modelling with a small trade-off between overcast and clear-sky conditions over different vegetation types. These results can help potential SfM users in ecology and forestry plan missions and review the quality of products derived from drone photogrammetry products.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141841301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest habitat diversity in the Cantabrian Mixed Forests ecoregion (NW Iberian Peninsula), a climatic refugium in western Europe","authors":"Víctor González-García,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernández-Pascual,&nbsp;Xavier Font,&nbsp;Borja Jiménez-Alfaro","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12793","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>(i) To classify forest habitat diversity in the Cantabrian Mixed Forests ecoregion, a putative biodiversity refugium in Western Europe, and (ii) to evaluate how the distribution of functional and ecological habitat types is explained by climatic drivers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cantabrian Mixed Forests ecoregion (northwestern Iberian Peninsula).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We compiled a vegetation database for the ecoregion using data stored in the Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation Information System (SIVIM). Then, we used the EUNIS Habitat Classification expert system, the modified Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and the semi-supervised <i>k</i>-means classification to classify all Forest plots into regionalised EUNIS habitat types. We determined the environmental space of each ecological forest type with bioclimatic and soil variables, and computed principal components analysis (PCA), generalised linear models (GLMs) and PERMANOVA to evaluate climatic differences among forests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified 24 ecological forest habitat types (12 broadleaved deciduous, seven broadleaved evergreen and five coniferous), whose regional distribution is mainly driven by the oceanic influence and the amount and seasonality of annual precipitation. Most forest types had a specific climatic optimum, but there were also climatic overlaps in habitats traditionally favoured by human activities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Cantabrian Mixed Forests ecoregion is a hotspot of forest diversity within the temperate deciduous forest biome in Europe, including multiple functional and ecological forest types. Such forest diversity is explained by present macro- and mesoclimatic heterogeneity, Pleistocene refugia, and the legacy of human intervention during the Holocene.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141736841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating reference conditions using baseline vegetation data to inform large-scale ecosystem restoration efforts","authors":"Colin Guilfoyle,&nbsp;Elvira de Eyto,&nbsp;Conor T. Graham,&nbsp;Sam Birch,&nbsp;Heather T. Lally","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12796","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ecological restoration is informed by established guidelines, including the use of reference ecosystems to direct restoration objectives and quantify progress. Despite their importance, the use of reference conditions in restoration projects has been inconsistent, particularly where habitat degradation has occurred at landscape scales. Here we use baseline vegetation data and the relationship between vegetation communities and environmental conditions to identify and select positive reference sites within a proposed landscape-scale restoration project. In addition, we demonstrate the use of positive references in monitoring through an adjacent post-restoration case study area.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wild Nephin National Park, Mayo, Ireland.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vegetation communities at sites (<i>n</i> = 230) within a large (4700 ha) proposed restoration area were surveyed using quadrats. Positive reference sites were identified following community classification within the Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC). The environmental determinants of positive references were assessed through redundancy analysis. Based on these determinants, sites with similar environmental conditions were identified though k-medoids clustering, enabling positive references to be spatially designated. Ordination and Ellenberg's indicator values were used to demonstrate the use of positive references in restoration monitoring.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 49 positive reference sites were identified for the study area. Altitude, soil type, subsoil type, soil depth and topographical position were identified as significant determinants of communities within positive reference sites. K-medoids clustering with 11 clusters accurately grouped environmentally similar regions of the study area and enabled positive reference sites to be determined and designated spatially based on the cluster groupings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, the study demonstrates with a practical example how landscape-scale restoration can be informed and monitored through the identification of appropriate positive reference sites within the restoration area, based on the relationship between existing non-degraded plant communities and their environmental determinants, derived from baseline habitat data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141639519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire and grazing interaction in a subhumid grassland: Effects on a dominant tussock grass","authors":"Luis López-Mársico,&nbsp;Felipe Lezama,&nbsp;Alice Altesor","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12795","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Questions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Herbivory and fire are the main disturbance drivers in open ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fire, cattle grazing, and their interaction on structural traits and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the tussock grass <i>Saccharum angustifolium</i>, and its temporal dynamics in a subhumid grassland.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grasslands of the Eastern Hills, Uruguay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We set three blocks (four plots of 300 m² each) in a homogeneous grazed area dominated by <i>S. angustifolium</i> within a protected area. Each block presented the combinations that emerged from the two levels of cattle grazing (grazed/ungrazed) and burning (burned/unburned) factors. The experimental burning was carried out in the spring. Clump volume, number of flowering culms, NDVI of <i>S. angustifolium</i>, and soil variables were measured for 2 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Burning efficiency (plant biomass burned of the total available) was 82%, burn intensity ranged from 178–610 kW m⁻¹, and the soil temperature increased 40% compared with pre-fire measurements. The volume of <i>S. angustifolium</i> clumps decreased with fire, and the difference between burned–unburned plots decreased with time. The burned–ungrazed treatment increased the number of <i>S. angustifolium</i> flowering culms. NDVI of <i>S. angustifolium</i> clumps increased 50% with fire, and then decreased with time. Soil temperature was higher in burned treatments, and moisture was higher in unburned treatments on some dates. Bulk density, for the 0–5-cm depth, was 9% higher in burned than in unburned plots irrespective of grazing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results provide new data in favor of the management practice carried out by ranchers in Uruguayan grasslands dominated by <i>S. angustifolium</i>. Our data complement the evidence that a fire–grazing interaction can maintain grasslands in different phases of a stable state. Our results constitute a useful contribution for the managers/authorities of the protected area, and can be extrapolated to other tussock grass-dominated grassland areas.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grazing effects on vegetation: Biodiversity, management, and restoration","authors":"Péter Török,&nbsp;Regina Lindborg,&nbsp;David Eldridge,&nbsp;Robin Pakeman","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12794","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In many regions, wild large herbivores have maintained open landscapes up to and including historic times, but, more recently, have been largely replaced by domestic livestock. By employing extensive and traditional grazing and browsing regimes, conservation actions support biodiversity and recovery in natural and degraded areas. However, grazing also plays other important ecological roles, for example, in the maintenance and/or recovery of important ecosystem services, such as biomass production and carbon sequestration. Understanding herbivore effects on plant composition and functional diversity, and ecosystem functioning and services, is essential for informing ecological theory and practice. The current Special Issue highlights that the effects of grazing on vegetation are strongly context-dependent. The articles identify at least three major factors acting in concert, which are responsible for contrasting diversity and functional patterns of vegetation subjected to herbivores: (i) herbivore identity; (ii) grazing intensity; and (iii) vegetation type. Insights from this Special Issue imply that long-term experiments across different habitat types and in underrepresented regions are needed to provide valuable information for grazing planning and management. They also demonstrate that integrating indigenous and traditional ecological knowledge, and considering socio-economic contexts, can provide opportunities for improving sustainable grazing management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12794","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing grass biomass estimation methods for management decisions in a semi-arid landscape","authors":"Linda Riquelme,&nbsp;Libby Rumpff,&nbsp;David H. Duncan,&nbsp;Peter A. Vesk","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12792","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Environmental managers require reliable and cost-efficient monitoring methods for effective decision-making. Understanding forage availability is important for managing wild, vertebrate herbivore populations. We developed a process for exploring the accuracy and cost efficiency of various biomass estimation techniques for a case study where semi-arid woodland restoration is threatened by kangaroo grazing, with the aim of determining which method was most fit for purpose in a given decision context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wyperfeld National Park, southeastern Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grass biomass was estimated using a variety of methods, then compared to clipped biomass using linear models. Biomass estimation methods were either field-based (i.e., rising plate meter, multispectral radiometer) or satellite-based (i.e., Landsat satellite imagery, AussieGRASS forage production model). Sampling occurred across open and wooded semi-arid vegetation types. We compared methods based on accuracy, the ability of each method to accurately predict a ‘forage-switch’ threshold, cost, and the suitability for the management context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For this case study, the multispectral radiometer was the most precise, yet most expensive, biomass estimation method over a single survey. However, satellite imagery proved to be the most cost-efficient and fit for purpose, as it was inexpensive and most accurately estimated biomass around a forage-switch threshold, second only to the multispectral radiometer. Accuracy of all methods was improved by including tree cover in the regression models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We demonstrate a process for exploring which biomass estimation tool might be preferred for a given decision context, highlighting accuracy, consideration of tolerance to uncertainty and risk, the spatial and temporal scale of information required, and budget constraints.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pastoralism in the high tropical Andes: A review of the effect of grazing intensity on plant diversity and ecosystem services","authors":"Sisimac Alli Duchicela,&nbsp;Luis Daniel Llambí,&nbsp;Vivien Bonnesoeur,&nbsp;Francisco Román-Dañobeytia","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12791","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pastoralism is a land-use system that involves the care and use of grazing livestock and has been more common in areas of low resource availability. In this review, we analyze the impact of pastoralism on biodiversity and ecosystem services across the tropical Andes. This region is the most extensive and populated tropical mountain region in the world and presents a high diversity of biomes, livestock types and management histories. Given that pastoralism is a main land use here, understanding its impacts is important for providing appropriate recommendations for sustainable management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tropical Andes; Venezuela to the north of Argentina and Chile.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To understand these impacts, we performed a systematic literature search (August 2021) and obtained 103 articles. We created a conceptual framework to map how available research has contributed to our understanding of the main pastoral systems, their associated management strategies and the impact of different grazing intensities on vegetation cover/diversity and ecosystem services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that research has focused on two leading pastoral systems in the region: bovines in the páramo biome of the northern Andes and camelids in the puna biome of the central Andes. We found important environmental impacts at high grazing intensities for both the puna camelid and páramo bovine pastoral systems, including a decrease in soil organic carbon and an increase in soil compaction, a decrease in above-ground biomass, plant species richness, and graminoid cover, as well as clear changes in the growth-form composition of vegetation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given these findings, we recommend coordinated research efforts using common methodologies, documenting current and previous land use, including stocking rates, and combining observational and experimental approaches to develop a more integrated understanding of pastoralism's impacts across this diverse and vulnerable region.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141487915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automation of green roof plant cover measurements using machine learning and a comparison of digital and thermal imaging techniques","authors":"Ronglan Cao,&nbsp;J. Scott MacIvor","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12790","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Post-analyses of digital red, green, blue (RGB) and thermal images have become increasingly popular as modern approaches to plant cover analysis. Image analyses are often coupled with semi-automated or automated workflows to reduce the amount of human labor input compared with traditional manual procedures. This study aims to evaluate and compare different image segmentation methods for plant cover analysis using digital RGB and thermal images, focusing on the effectiveness of semi-automated and manual segmentation techniques in monitoring plant cover on green roofs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An Extensive green roof in the City of Toronto.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We surveyed the plant cover of an extensive green roof using digital and thermal imagery. The plant cover values were obtained using three methods: traditional manual segmentation based on a visual examination (MS), ImageJ Color Threshold (CT) and Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS), all performed within FIJI (a distribution of ImageJ). Manual segmentation based on visual examination was used as a reference standard.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant correlation was found between the cover estimation using the CT and TWS methods relative to MS, and between cover estimation using the thermal image and the RGB image. TWS overestimated plant cover on thermal images while producing an underestimation on RGB images. CT demonstrated a performance closer to MS than TWS, indicating that manually customized methods produced results more aligned with MS. The estimated cover values by MS were not significantly affected by the image type (digital RGB or thermal).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results suggest that RGB and thermal imaging techniques may provide complementary results and reveal unique information regarding the functioning of green roofs. The accuracy of supervised machine-learning methods could be enhanced with site-specific data to provide a more accurate and efficient estimation of plant cover, which might be beneficial for long-term studies on green roofs and ecological sites in remote locations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"27 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141425086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}