Applied Vegetation Science最新文献

{"title":"Vegetation patch dynamics in rangelands: How feedbacks between large herbivores, vegetation and soil fauna alter patches over space and through time","authors":"Christian Smit, Isabelle P. R. Buyens, Peter C. le Roux","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12747","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Large herbivore grazing is a popular conservation management tool to promote vegetation structural diversity of rangelands. However, vegetation patch dynamics, that is, how patches of grazing-defended tall vegetation and grazer-preferred short lawns shift over space and time, is poorly understood. Here, we describe a new conceptual framework for patch dynamics within rangelands, combining theories of classical cyclical succession, self-organization and multitrophic feedbacks between grazers, vegetation and bioturbating soil fauna.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We use the cattle-grazed salt marsh of the island Schiermonnikoog, The Netherlands, as a model system. The grazed salt marsh is characterized by distinct tall vegetation patches dominated by the grazing-defended rush <i>Juncus maritimus</i> and grazing-intolerant grass <i>Elytrigia atherica</i>, surrounded by a matrix of grazing lawn (dominated by <i>Festuca rubra</i>).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> The Framework</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on previous observational and experimental studies, we propose a cyclical patch dynamic where plant species composition and structure transitions through four phases: patch initiation (a) occurs when the grazing-defended rush <i>J. maritimus</i> establishes in the grazed lawn. Patch establishment (b) follows when the grazing-intolerant grass <i>E. atherica</i> establishes in the patch due to associational defence by <i>J. maritimus</i> and produces a large amount of litter that attracts the key bioturbating amphipod <i>Orchestia gammarellus</i>. Patch expansion (c) occurs when <i>O. gammarellus</i> activities improve soil properties of the patch, which favours <i>E. atherica</i> growth, leading to <i>E. atherica</i> competitively displacing <i>J. maritimus</i> in the centre of the patch. Patch degeneration (d) follows when cattle enter the enlarged patch to consume <i>E. atherica</i> in the centre, trample the soil, displace <i>O. gammarellus</i> and decrease vegetation cover, opening space for grazing-lawn species to invade. The cycle restarts when remnants of the rush <i>J. maritimus</i> in the degenerated patches (or individuals recently established from seed dispersal) initiate new patches in the grazing lawn.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Synthesis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our proposed patch-dynamic model provides a means to describe the mechanisms driving vegetation patch dynamics and serves as a foundation for further experimental and observational exploration, not only for this specific system, but more generally for grazed syste","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50118582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest” [Applied Vegetation Science, 24(3), e12607]","authors":"Rachel Jayne Standish,&nbsp;Aaron David Gove,&nbsp;Andrew Haden Grigg,&nbsp;Matthew Ian Daws","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12746","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12746","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Standish, R.J., Gove, A.D., Grigg, A.H., &amp; Daws, M.I. (2021) Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest. <i>Applied Vegetation Science</i>, 24(3), e12607. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12607</p><p>Due to an error in the species richness variable in the space-for-time dataset, the first panel of Figures 3, 5 and 6, and Table 3, are incorrect. The corrections appear below.</p><p>These new results show a significant decline in species richness with both restoration age (Figure 3; Table 3) and with time since fire (Figure 5; Table 3). Additionally, species richness of restored jarrah forest at 25 years of age was significantly lower than that observed in reference forest (Figure 6).</p><p>We apologise for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant species composition and vegetation structure of Sphagnum cultivation sites","authors":"Amanda Grobe","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12744","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12744","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The cultivation of <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses in paludiculture has high potential for the use of formerly drained peatlands under wet conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plant species composition and vegetation structure of <i>Sphagnum</i> cultivation sites in comparison with near-natural donor sites and rewetted sites without <i>Sphagnum</i> introduction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Central Europe, northwest Germany close to the Dutch–German border.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The treatments (rewetting with and without <i>Sphagnum</i> introduction) and a near-natural donor as a reference were each studied at three different sites. At each site, bryophyte and vascular plant species composition as well as parameters of vegetation structure were sampled in 40 randomly positioned plots of 25 cm × 25 cm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In addition to the highly frequent <i>Sphagnum</i>, several further plant species typical of bogs were introduced. At two cultivation sites, the species composition showed a high degree of similarity to the near-natural donor sites, whereas the third site was more similar to the rewetted sites without the introduction of <i>Sphagnum</i> biomass. Rewetted sites were species-poor in comparison with all other sites. Apart from a high cover of <i>Sphagnum</i>, the vegetation structure at the cultivation sites differed significantly from the near-natural donor sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Sphagnum</i> cultivation sites can be used to grow donor material for peatland restoration and contribute to species conservation by providing substitute habitat for bog-typical and threatened plant species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44682706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There is room for everyone: Invasion credit cannot be inferred from the species–area relationship in fragmented forests","authors":"Giacomo Trotta,&nbsp;Francesco Boscutti,&nbsp;Aurélien Jamoneau,&nbsp;Guillaume Decocq,&nbsp;Alessandro Chiarucci","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12745","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12745","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Questions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;div&gt;Land use change, habitat fragmentation and biological invasion represent major drivers of global change that strongly interact to alter ecosystems. Following the breaking apart of forests into smaller fragments or the afforestation of former agricultural lands, biodiversity experiences drastic changes due to species loss and turnover over time. This leads to two important outcomes, namely extinction debt and invasion (colonization) credit, which both reflect the inertia of the system's response to environmental changes. Our study investigated the following questions:\u0000\u0000 &lt;ul&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;li&gt;Is it possible to infer invasion credit from species–area relationship (SAR) residuals both for native and alien plants?&lt;/li&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;li&gt;Is there any trend linked with the degree of habitat fragmentation through time?&lt;/li&gt;\u0000 &lt;/ul&gt;\u0000 &lt;/div&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Location&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Somme, Oise and Aisne departments, northern France.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We analyzed the pattern of SARs' residuals for native and alien vascular plant species separately across nine sets of forest fragments that differ by the landscape matrix they are embedded in (i.e., open field, &lt;i&gt;bocage&lt;/i&gt;, forest), while considering plant richness, area and age of the 355 forest patches.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The relationship between alien and native SARs’ residuals is positive across all landscapes, suggesting a lack of invasion credit. Instead, these results support the “rich get richer” hypothesis, that is a high environmental heterogeneity allows colonization by new species, be they native or alien. Interestingly, the relationship between alien and native residuals depends upon fragment age (i.e., time since patch creation) in the most intensively managed landscapes (i.e., open fields). In the latter, recent forest patches are more prone to alien invasion, as a likely consequence of increased alien propagule pressure (i.e., more sources and vectors for alien plants), increased forest invasibility (i.e., disturbance-induced environmental heterogeneity), and decreased matrix permeability (i.e., natives are more dispersal-limited than aliens).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Our study provides new insights into alien species ecology, by showing that (i) it is not possible t","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45482436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration of invaded temperate grasslands: species phenology adds to microsite and seed availability","authors":"Cecilia D. Molina,&nbsp;Pedro M. Tognetti,&nbsp;Pamela Graff","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12742","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12742","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Questions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Restoring diversity in temperate grasslands requires eliminating invaders and recovering different native phenological groups. Clipping and seed addition promote native grass recovery, but these effects could depend on the phenological overlap between invaders and native species. We evaluated the importance of the interaction between two types of clipping, species phenology and sowing to restore temperate grasslands invaded by the cool-season forage species <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> (tall fescue).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Flooding Pampa grassland (Buenos Aires, Argentina).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We applied selective and non-selective clipping on tall fescue during the peak growing season, combined with the sowing of native cool- and warm-season grasses. Plant species cover was estimated visually for 3 years; species were categorized by functional groups. Moreover, through emergence trials, we evaluated whether the soil seed bank had been impoverished by invasion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regardless of selectivity, clipping decreased tall fescue cover by 12%/year, which reduced microsite limitation. Consequently, total native richness increased by 5 spp./year and cover increased from 3% to 50% by the last experimental year, independent of clipping type. Moreover, native warm-season grasses, the group with the least phenological overlap with invaders, increased by nearly 25% in cover and by 5 spp./m² with clipping and independently of sowing. Contrarily, native cool-season grasses, with more phenological overlap with invaders, increased 5% with propagule addition. Furthermore, the seed bank was enriched with tall fescue and depleted of cool-season grasses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results reveal that overcoming microsite limitation is a necessary condition to restore plant diversity in grassland invaded by tall fescue. Nevertheless, seed limitation and phenological overlap may be particularly important to restore the diversity of some native functional groups of plants. Considering the phenology of species can help to identify either clipping targets or phenological groups to be sown when restoring native diversity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43013807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of long-term mowing on species diversity, biomass and composition of plant community in a semi-arid grassland in northeastern China","authors":"Nazim Hassan,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhong,&nbsp;Deli Wang,&nbsp;Yu Zhu,&nbsp;Iqra Naeem,&nbsp;Abel Bui Ahungu,&nbsp;Ho Yi Wan,&nbsp;Xiaofei Li","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12743","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12743","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Questions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>How does long-term, moderate-intensity mowing affect plant community diversity, biomass, and composition in semi-arid grasslands? And what are the underlying mechanisms that drive differences in plant community structure and functions between mowed and unmowed grasslands?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A semi-arid grassland in Jilin Province, northeastern China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a 30-year experiment, we investigated long-term effects of mowing on the grassland ecosystem in northeastern China by comparing plant community diversity, biomass, and composition between mowed and unmowed permanent plots across six grasslands.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long-term mowing did not affect plant species richness, but increased species evenness by 29%. Mowing had little effects on above-ground (shoot) and below-ground (root) biomass. The unchanged above-ground biomass in the mowed areas was attributed to a trade-off between biomass of grasses and forbs: mowing significantly increased forb biomass by 50%, but reduced grass biomass by 20% and the grass to forb biomass ratio by 46%. Mowing also reduced biomass of the dominant <i>Leymus chinensis</i> grass by 24% and litter biomass by 56%. Regression analyses indicated that the species evenness was negatively affected by <i>L. chinensis</i> biomass and litter biomass.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrates that, although long-term moderate mowing has limited effects on plant species richness and plant biomass, such a managed strategy can greatly reduce the dominance of grass species and allow the growth of forb species, leading to a higher species evenness in the plant community. This win–win situation promotes forage production for farmers while increasing plant diversity for conservation, suggesting that current mowing tactics can be a sustainable management practice in this ecosystem. However, the continuous loss of plant litter because of mowing may have negative influences on soil nutrient availability in the long run. From this perspective, a short-term halt in mowing or fertilization that allows plants and soil nutrients to recover could represent a more optimal protocol for management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46164447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile","authors":"Nicolás A. Gómez-Fernández,&nbsp;Cecilia Smith-Ramírez,&nbsp;Cristian A. Delpiano,&nbsp;Alejandro Miranda,&nbsp;Inao A. Vásquez,&nbsp;Pablo I. Becerra","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12741","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12741","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Questions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Facilitation by pioneer plants and herbivore exclusion may contribute to plant regeneration and restoration of degraded semiarid ecosystems. In this study we evaluated the main and interactive effects of the exclusion of large and medium-sized mammal herbivores and the presence of the pioneer tree <i>Vachellia caven</i> on natural regeneration of woody species in degraded savannas.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two localities of the native sclerophyllous forest of central Chile</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twelve 30 × 40 m exclosures and twelve non-exclosure areas located near native forests were established in savannas of <i>V. caven</i> in each locality. Regeneration coming from seeds and resprouts was sampled both under the canopy of <i>V. caven</i> and without canopy in each exclosure and non-excluded area.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After seven years, species richness and density of older regeneration (0.5–2 m high) were positively affected by herbivore exclusion and the presence of <i>V. caven</i>. No significant interaction between herbivore exclusion and <i>V. caven</i> was observed. Younger regeneration (&lt;0.5 m high) was positively affected by herbivore exclusion and the presence of <i>V. caven</i> only in some years with almost no interactive effect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The exclusion of large and medium-sized exotic herbivores and facilitation by pioneer trees are complementary for regeneration. The variable but permanent presence of younger and older regeneration within exclosures and under <i>V. caven</i> during the experiment may lead to an increase of density and diversity of adult plants and recovery of the native forest. However, this process may be slow due to other limiting factors, for instance, reduced precipitation associated with climate change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47078468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and non-target effects of herbicides in foothills grassland restoration are short-lived","authors":"Rachelle Lugar,&nbsp;Cara R. Nelson,&nbsp;Viktoria Wagner","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12738","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12738","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Questions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Selective herbicides are frequently used in ecological restoration to control invasive non-native forbs and recover plant communities. However, the long-term efficacy of this practice, its non-target effects on native plants, and its role in facilitating secondary invasions are not well understood. Similarly, little is known about the extent to which herbicide drift may affect native plant communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Foothills grasslands of Montana, USA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a 6-year experiment to investigate changes in the abundance of a target invasive plant, knapweed (<i>Centaurea stoebe</i> subsp. <i>micranthos</i>) and plant community structure in response to the herbicides Tordon® (picloram) and Milestone® (aminopyralid), applied at a recommended rate and a diluted rate that simulated drift.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Knapweed cover and the richness of native and non-native forb species declined in the first 3 years in response to treatment at recommended rates, but not drift rates. Secondary invasion by non-native monocots was significant but weak. The cover of native forbs and the cover and richness of native monocots did not differ among treatments but changed significantly with the year. Surprisingly, 6 years after treatments, there were no differences among treatments in the cover of the target invasive plant or community structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results demonstrate that the efficacy and non-target effects of herbicides in grassland restoration can be short-lived and idiosyncratic because of year effects. Restoration of knapweed invasions might require other active interventions, such as seeding or repeated spraying. Our study supports previous calls for long-term monitoring of herbicides application in ecological restoration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45455544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is a suitable management for Typha latifolia control in wet meadows?","authors":"Jan Titěra,&nbsp;Lenka Pavlů,&nbsp;Vilém V. Pavlů,&nbsp;Petr Blažek","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12740","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12740","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Typha latifolia</i> causes serious problems in wet meadows by overgrowing and suppressing other native plants. To determine suitable management for <i>T. latifolia</i> control, we addressed the following question: What are the effects of long-term cutting at different frequencies (once or twice per year and no management) and biomass removal on cover and other characteristics of <i>T. latifolia</i>, and on sward productivity and plant species composition?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Malá Strana nature reserve, Jizerské hory Mountains, Czechia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A long-term experiment arranged in a randomised block design with three blocks was established in 2005. Data were collected from five treatments: unmanaged control; cutting once a year in June without biomass removal and with biomass removal; cutting twice per year in June and August without biomass removal and with biomass removal. Percentage cover of <i>T. latifolia</i> and other vascular plant species was visually estimated and <i>T. latifolia</i> characteristics (tiller density, height, dry-matter biomass [DMB] yield and litter), sward height and DMB yield were measured during 2005–2018 at the end of June.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results and Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regular cutting once or twice per year regardless of cut biomass removal led to reductions in tiller density, height, litter and DMB yield of <i>T. latifolia.</i> Biomass removal had only a slight tendency to affect <i>T. latifolia</i> characteristics. The higher frequency of cutting significantly decreased the mean <i>T. latifolia</i> cover, litter and DMB yield. Cutting once or twice per year regardless of biomass removal led to successive changes in plant species composition but had no effect on the species richness and evenness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cutting at least once per year without biomass removal seems to be sufficient to achieve a decrease in DMB yield and litter of <i>T. latifolia</i> plants, and thereby maintain the wet-meadow vegetation without loss of species richness and also preventing the overgrowth of shrubs and trees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47033874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trait variation in juvenile plants from the soil seed bank of temperate forests in relation to macro- and microclimate","authors":"Cristina Gasperini,&nbsp;Elisa Carrari,&nbsp;Sanne Govaert,&nbsp;Camille Meeussen,&nbsp;Karen De Pauw,&nbsp;Jan Plue,&nbsp;Pieter Sanczuk,&nbsp;Thomas Vanneste,&nbsp;Pieter Vangansbeke,&nbsp;Giovanni Iacopetti,&nbsp;Pieter De Frenne,&nbsp;Federico Selvi","doi":"10.1111/avsc.12739","DOIUrl":"10.1111/avsc.12739","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The soil seed bank is a key component of the biodiversity of plant communities, but various aspects of its functioning in temperate forest ecosystems are still unknown<i>.</i> We here adopted a trait-based approach to investigate the effects of macro- and microclimatic gradients on the juvenile plant communities from the realized seed bank of two types of European temperate forest.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oak-dominated forests in Italy and Belgium.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analysed the variation of key functional traits (plant height, leaf area, leaf dry weight, specific leaf area and leaf number) of juvenile plants from the realised soil seed bank in relation to elevation (from 0 to 800 m a.s.l.), forest type (thinned and unthinned forest) and distance to the forest edge. We translocated soil samples from the forest core to the edge (and vice versa) and from high- to low-elevation forests to test the effects of edge and warming respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Taller communities developed at the forest edge due to higher light availability and warmer temperatures. The translocation from the core to the edge did not significantly modify mean trait values. Instead, the shadier and cooler microclimate of the forest core reduced the mean leaf area, mean dry weight, height and leaf number in the communities realised from the edge soil. The translocation from high- to lowland forests led to increased values for all traits (except specific leaf area). Edge vs core trait variation was more driven by intraspecific variability, whereas the translocation from high- to low-elevation forests caused trait changes mostly due to species turnover.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global warming might result in a functional shift of the understorey due to both an early filtering effect on the seedlings from soil seed banks and their adaptive trait adjustments to temperature increase. Furthermore, our study underpins the importance of edge vs core microclimate in driving the functional composition of the realised soil seed bank.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55494,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vegetation Science","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/avsc.12739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47607876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}