Attention Perception & Psychophysics最新文献

{"title":"To boldly go where no text has gone before: The effects of boldface letters on eye movements in reading","authors":"Abigail I. Spear,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Johnson,&nbsp;Hayley Yun,&nbsp;Jane Ashby,&nbsp;Abigail L. Kleinsmith","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03067-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03067-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the years, numerous speed-reading technologies have proposed ways for people to improve their reading speed and efficiency. The current study empirically tested Bionic Reading’s claims that bolding the first half of words provides an optimal location for the eyes to land and is enough to process the entire word. Participants read paragraphs in five bolding conditions to see how reading patterns and eye movements were impacted. Bionic Reading’s claims were not supported by this study, as bolding the first half of every word did not facilitate reading relative to bolding the middle half or last half of every word and, in fact, led to costs relative to regular unbolded reading. Additionally, visual access to only the first few letters was not enough to recognize whole words. The differential effects of bolding were also explored across different individual difference measures, but Bionic Reading was not found to be beneficial for any specific population on reading speed or in eye movement measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1270 - 1286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rejecting an irrelevant singleton in the absence of a competing target","authors":"Luca Betteto,&nbsp;Matteo De Tommaso,&nbsp;Massimo Turatto","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03069-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03069-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Theories of visual distraction handling commonly propose that mechanisms of distractor rejection are engaged because irrelevant, salient objects tend to dominate the attentional competition with the target. Consequently, the resulting misallocation of attention is thought to trigger distractor suppression, ultimately reducing unwanted attentional capture. Using a modified version of the classic additional-singleton paradigm based on four consecutive displays in each trial, where the target and the distractor competed for attention only in the last one, we demonstrated that the attentional capture elicited by a color singleton was strongly attenuated when the singleton repeatedly appeared within the same trial, even in the absence of a competing target. Importantly, this capture attenuation was not associated with target impairment when the target appeared at the singleton location, suggesting that the within-trial rejection was likely controlled by an expectation-based mechanism rather than a suppressive one. Our findings point to the existence of distinct within-trial and across-trials rejection mechanisms, potentially operating on different timescales and involving suppressive and nonsuppressive processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1083 - 1097"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-025-03069-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learned distractor rejection: Robust but surprisingly rapid","authors":"Isaac Savelson,&nbsp;Christopher Hauck,&nbsp;Mei-Ching Lien,&nbsp;Eric Ruthruff,&nbsp;Andrew B. Leber","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03051-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03051-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability to reduce the distraction associated with repetitive irrelevant stimuli is critical to goal-directed navigation of the visual environment. Research has supported the existence of such an ability, which has often been referred to as <i>learned distractor rejection</i> (Vatterott &amp; Vecera <i>Psychonomic</i> <i>Bulletin &amp; Review</i>, <i>19</i>, 871–878, 2012). However, despite being theoretically relevant to many prominent accounts of distractor ignoring, few studies have directly tested learned distractor rejection since its conception. In the current study we present three direct replications of Vatterott and Vecera’s method that were separately conducted by two independent groups of researchers. Using the conventional split-block analysis, all three replications produce nearly identical results that fail to replicate the original study’s finding. However, using analyses on a finer-grained timescale we found compelling evidence for the existence of a learned ignoring of salient distractors. Critically, this learning occurred much more rapidly than has been previously assumed, taking only two or three encounters with the distracting item before efficient rejection emerged.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1132 - 1149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-025-03051-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cents and shenshibility: The role of reward in talker-specific phonetic recalibration.","authors":"Hannah Mechtenberg, Shawn N Cummings, Emily B Myers, Sahil Luthra","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03048-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-025-03048-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To what degree might speech perception be affected by factors external to the speech signal? Here, we consider whether listeners consider the value of individual talkers (e.g., a person that is important to the listener versus a passing stranger) when learning the idiosyncrasies of their speech, perhaps by directing their attention to the more \"valuable\" talker. In general, talker-specific phonetic recalibration has proven to be remarkably robust, leaving open how permeable it is to domain-general influences like attention and reward. The current study asked whether the magnitude of the talker-specific learning effect was modulated by an external reward intended to bias listeners to prioritize one talker over the other. Using an established paradigm, participants learned idiosyncratic pronunciations of the /s/ and /ʃ/ fricatives by two talkers-\"Jane\" and \"Austin.\" Over multiple experiments, participants were more likely to receive a few additional cents for one talker compared with the other following correct responses during exposure. We hypothesized that participants would show greater phonetic recalibration to the high-reward talker compared with the low-reward talker. Our results showed that participants did not show a difference in the degree of learning based on the value of each talker, suggesting that lexically guided perceptual learning is robust to external rewards. This finding opens discussions into the role of reward and attention in talker-specific phonetic recalibration, and how domain-general factors influence speech perception more broadly.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial selectivity in visual detection suffers when attention is divided","authors":"John Palmer,&nbsp;Cathleen M. Moore,&nbsp;Alex L. White,&nbsp;Geoffrey M. Boynton","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03066-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03066-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humans are not perfect at selectively responding to one stimulus while ignoring others visible at the same time. In <i>spatial filtering tasks</i>, this imperfect selectivity is often measured by how the judgment of the relevant stimulus depends on whether an irrelevant stimulus is associated with the same response. Such <i>congruency effects</i> decline with increasing spatial separation between stimuli and are minimal for widely separated stimuli. However, there is evidence that divided attention can increase congruency effects even for widely separated stimuli. We investigated this possibility for a pair of widely separated stimuli and a simple yes/no detection task. Performance was measured for a single task (only one of the stimuli was task-relevant) and for a dual task (both of the stimuli were task-relevant). In the single task there were small congruency effects, whereas in the dual task larger congruency effects occurred despite the widely separated stimuli. Results from a second experiment with sequential and simultaneous presentations were consistent with the congruency effect being due to later processes such as memory or decision rather than immediate processes such as perception. Additional results comparing high and low performance levels were consistent with congruency effects being due to a graded process such as attenuation or crosstalk rather than an all-or-none process such as blocking or substitution. These results rule out many possible theories of spatial selectivity. Our working hypothesis is that spatial selection can protect against interactive processing of multiple stimuli for a single task but not for dual tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1107 - 1131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-025-03066-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of task difficulty on target-type switching in haptic foraging: Evidence for increased switching with extreme task demands.","authors":"Maximilian Stefani, Wolfgang Mack, Marian Sauter","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03064-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-025-03064-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated how varying difficulty levels modulate haptic foraging performance and search behavior. Thirty-three blindfolded participants had to locate and remove 20 target objects within three conditions - easy feature, conjunction, and hard feature - defined by target-distractor similarity. Response times and target-type switching were measured, and errors were recorded but remained very low across all conditions. Results revealed that higher task difficulty was associated with longer response times. Although participants switched between target types frequently in both the easy and the hard feature conditions, they switched significantly less often in the conjunction condition. This suggests that tasks requiring multiple feature dimensions to distinguish targets from distractors elicit more top-down-driven sequential searching, whereas distinctly defined targets permit more frequent shifts driven by salient cues. Practice effects emerged as participants performed each condition faster when they had already practiced different search conditions. These findings show that haptic search behavior, like visual foraging, is shaped by the interplay of top-down and bottom-up processes. They further highlight that tactile and visual systems may share common representational pathways and that practical considerations, such as target similarity and prior experience, play a crucial role in task efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Word superiority and sentence superiority effects in post-cued letter-in-string identification","authors":"Stéphanie Massol,&nbsp;Jonathan Grainger","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03059-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03059-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examined word superiority and sentence superiority effects in post-cued letter identification by embedding target letters in a letter string that was part of a sequence of letter strings separated by spaces. Experiment 1 compared letter identification in words versus random consonant strings (i.e., nonwords), thus involving three conditions: grammatical word (e.g., HE RUNS O<u>V</u>ER THERE; the target being the letter V), ungrammatical word (e.g., THERE HE O<u>V</u>ER RUNS), and nonwords (e.g., THPRN HJ G<u>V</u>TR LPDKS). Stimuli were displayed for 500 ms and post-masked. Letter-in-word identification was greater in the grammatical than in the ungrammatical word context (a sentence superiority effect, SSE). Moreover, letter-identification accuracy was greater in words than in nonwords (a word superiority effect, WSE). Experiment 2 used pronounceable pseudowords instead of nonwords and replicated the SSE and WSE seen in Experiment 1, with the size of the WSE being substantially reduced relative to Experiment 1. Experiment 3 tested letter identification in words, pseudowords, and nonwords, either in a grammatical or in an ungrammatical context. We again found a significant SSE on letter-identification accuracy combined with the standard pattern of the WSE (word &gt; pseudoword &gt; nonword). Finally, the classic WSE pattern was also found when stimuli were presented in isolation in Experiment 4.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1342 - 1352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-025-03059-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How robust is categorial distractor suppression? Assessing the impact of additional categories and increased set size","authors":"Jessica N. Goetz,&nbsp;Mark B. Neider","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03056-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03056-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Distractor suppression is the process of utilizing top-down information about distractors to improve search performance. Most studies have utilized simple stimuli and concluded that basic visual features are suppressed. However, recent studies have shown that categorical information can be suppressed, albeit with limited categories and display set sizes. In three experiments, we examined whether suppression for categorical distractors remained robust in more realistic search conditions by increasing the number of categories and display set sizes. Across our experiments, we modified previous experiments’ paradigms where participants searched for specific <i>t</i> orientations that were embedded in categorical objects. In Experiment 1, we increased the number of categories. In Experiment 2, we only increased the display set size. In Experiment 3, we increased both the number of categories and the display set size. Response times were faster on trials where the cued distractor category appeared, indicating distractor suppression effects in Experiments 1 and 2 but not Experiment 3. Combined, the results suggest that categorical distractor suppression effects likely occur in more realistic contexts, but other more beneficial search strategies may also be employed with increased task complexity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1162 - 1178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the temporal dynamics of reward utilization in dual-task situations","authors":"Leif E. Langsdorf,&nbsp;Torsten Schubert","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03058-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-025-03058-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In dual-task (DT) situations, performance typically deteriorates compared with single-tasking situations. These decrements can be explained by the serial scheduling of response selection stages constituting a central bottleneck as with decreasing stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) the reaction time for the second task (Task 2; RT2) increases. Prior studies indicated that the reaction time for the first task (Task 1; RT1) and RT2 are improved in reward compared with no-reward conditions for a block-wise reward prospect, which reflects reward-related optimization in DT processing. However, it remains unclear whether participants can flexibly utilize reward information in a trial-by-trial manner to achieve reward-related improvements. Additionally, it is unclear whether a potential reward-related optimization reflects optimized task preparation only or whether the prospect of reward can evoke an <i>additional</i> task optimization mechanism that extends beyond preparation-related processing improvements. For Experiment 1, we combined a trial-wise reward prospect for participants' Task 1 performance, which was signaled by a cue before Task 1 onset, with block-wise presented cue–target intervals (CTI) of either 200 ms <i>or</i> 700 ms, resulting in precise temporal predictability of Task 1 onset by participants. First, we observed a reduced RT1 in the reward compared with the no-reward condition. Furthermore, the reward effects increased on RT2 for short compared with long SOAs, reflecting effect propagation at short SOA from Task 1 onto Task 2. Second, RTs decreased with increasing CTI, while reward effects increased with increasing CTI. Consequently, preparation-related processing improvements of DT performance were <i>additionally</i> improved by reward utilization. For Experiment 2, temporal predictability of Task 1 onset was reduced compared with Experiment 1 by presenting CTIs randomized within blocks, which allowed replicating the result pattern of Experiment 1. Across both experiments, the results indicate that participants can flexibly utilize reward information in a trial-by-trial manner and that reward utilization <i>additionally</i> improves preparation-related processing improvements for DT conditions with predictable and less predictable Task 1 onset.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"87 4","pages":"1249 - 1269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-025-03058-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing individual differences in selection history bias manifested in goal-directed reaching movements.","authors":"Fan Zhang, Mukesh Makwana, Dietmar Heinke, Joo-Hyun Song","doi":"10.3758/s13414-025-03068-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-025-03068-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Everyday interactions with a complex environment often demand selecting a single target among multiple distractors. A recent framework of attentional control suggests that object selection is influenced not only by perceptual salience and current goals but also by selection history. Here, we examine how this interplay between target and distractor history manifests in individual differences in target selection for goal-directed reaching movements. We employ a priming-of-popout (PoP) paradigm combined with continuous tracking of reaching movements. Participants reach for an odd-colored target among homogeneous distractors while we systematically manipulate the sequence of target and distractor colors from one trial to the next. We record behavioral data such as reach trajectory, initiation latency, and movement time, and calculate attraction scores using the single target reach trajectory as the baseline to evaluate performance across six conditions. For each participant, we determine their maximum attraction score and its timing for each condition. Subsequently, using k-means clustering and t-SNE analysis identifies four distinct clusters as subgroups, indicating different strategies in attentional and action selection with varying degrees of influence from previous target versus distractor feature repetition and their distinct contributions to PoP. Our findings underscore that previous selection history triggers a dynamic interaction between target facilitation and distractor inhibition, resulting in individual differences in target selection strategies for goal-directed actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}