Attention Perception & Psychophysics最新文献_第10页

Target–distractor similarity predicts visual search efficiency but only for highly similar features 目标-分隔符相似性可预测视觉搜索效率，但仅限于高度相似的特征

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y

Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer

{"title":"Target–distractor similarity predicts visual search efficiency but only for highly similar features","authors":"Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A major constraining factor for attentional selection is the similarity between targets and distractors. When similarity is low, target items can be identified quickly and efficiently, whereas high similarity can incur large costs on processing speed. Models of visual search contrast a fast, efficient parallel stage with a slow serial processing stage where search times are strongly modulated by the number of distractors in the display. In particular, recent work has argued that the magnitude of search slopes should be inversely proportional to target–distractor similarity. Here, we assessed the relationship between target–distractor similarity and search slopes. In our visual search tasks, participants detected an oddball color target among distractors (Experiments 1 & 2) or discriminated the direction of a triangle in the oddball color (Experiment 3). We systematically varied the similarity between target and distractor colors (along a circular CIELAB color wheel) and the number of distractors in the search array, finding logarithmic search slopes that were inversely proportional to the number of items in the array. Surprisingly, we also found that searches were highly efficient (i.e., near-zero slopes) for targets and distractors that were extremely similar (≤20° in color space). These findings indicate that visual search is systematically influenced by target–distractor similarity across different processing stages. Importantly, we found that search can be highly efficient and entirely unaffected by the number of distractors despite high perceptual similarity, in contrast to the general assumption that high similarity must lead to slow and serial search behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 6","pages":"1872 - 1882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142217125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contextual control demands determine whether stability and flexibility trade off against each other 情境控制要求决定了稳定性和灵活性是否相互抵消

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x

Raphael Geddert, Tobias Egner

{"title":"Contextual control demands determine whether stability and flexibility trade off against each other","authors":"Raphael Geddert, Tobias Egner","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cognitive stability, the ability to focus on a current task, and cognitive flexibility, the ability to switch between different tasks, are traditionally conceptualized as opposing end-points on a one-dimensional continuum. This assumption obligates a stability-flexibility trade-off – greater stability equates to less flexibility, and vice versa. In contrast, a recent cued task-switching study suggested that stability and flexibility can be regulated independently, evoking a two-dimensional perspective where trade-offs are optional (Geddert & Egner, <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</i>, <i>151</i>, 3009–3027, 2022). This raises the question of under what circumstances trade-offs occur. We here tested the hypothesis that trade-offs are guided by cost-of-control considerations whereby stability and flexibility trade off in contexts that selectively promote stability or flexibility, but not when neither or both are promoted. This proposal was probed by analyzing whether a trial-level metric of a stability-flexibility trade-off, an interaction between task-rule congruency and task sequence, varied as a function of a broader block-level context that independently varied demands on stability or flexibility by manipulating the proportion of incongruent and switch trials, respectively. In Experiment 1, we reanalyzed data from Geddert and Egner, <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</i>, <i>151</i>, 3009–3027, (2022); Experiment 2 was a conceptual replication with a design tweak that controlled for potential confounds due to local trial history effects. The experiments produced robust evidence for independent stability and flexibility adaptation, and for a context-dependent expression of trial-level stability-flexibility trade-offs that generally conformed to the cost-of-control predictions. The current study thus documents that stability-flexibility trade-offs are not obligatory but arise in contexts where either stability or flexibility are selectively encouraged.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 7","pages":"2529 - 2551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142217124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attending is not enough: Responding to targets is needed for across-trial statistical learning 仅仅参加是不够的：跨试验统计学习需要对目标做出反应。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02952-0

Ai-Su Li, Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes

{"title":"Attending is not enough: Responding to targets is needed for across-trial statistical learning","authors":"Ai-Su Li, Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02952-0","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02952-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent evidence shows that observers are able to learn across-trial regularities as indicated by faster responses to targets whose location was predicted by the target’s location on the preceding trial. The present study investigated whether responding to both targets of the pair, as was the case in studies thus far, was needed for learning to occur. Participants searched for a shape singleton target and responded to the line inside. There were two across-trial predicting-predicted regularities regarding target locations: if the target appeared at one specific location on a given trial, it would appear at another specific location on the next trial. Unlike previous experiments, for one of these regularity pairs a response was only needed on either the first or the second target in the pair. Experiment 1 showed that across-trial learning only occurred when responding was required to both targets of a pair. If the response to one target of a pair had to be withheld, no learning occurred. Experiment 2 showed that the absence of learning cannot be attributed to carry-over inhibition resulting from not having to respond. After learning across-trial contingencies, learning remained in place even when the response to the first target of the pair had to be withheld. Our findings show that the execution of the (arbitrary) simple key-press response for both trials of the pair was needed for across-trial statistical learning to occur, whereas solely attending target locations did not result in any learning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 6","pages":"1963 - 1973"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11410895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Racial salience modulated the face race lightness illusion: A comparative study of Caucasians and Asians 种族显著性调节人脸种族亮度错觉：白种人与亚洲人的比较研究。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02947-x

Linlin Yan, Yiwen Zhu, Yang Shen, Zurui Zhang, Yajie Liang, Zhe Wang, Yu-Hao P. Sun

{"title":"Racial salience modulated the face race lightness illusion: A comparative study of Caucasians and Asians","authors":"Linlin Yan, Yiwen Zhu, Yang Shen, Zurui Zhang, Yajie Liang, Zhe Wang, Yu-Hao P. Sun","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02947-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02947-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Previous research has demonstrated the existence of the face race lightness (FRL) illusion. It indicates that Black faces tend to appear darker than White faces, even when their luminance values are objectively adjusted to be the same. However, the debate over the exclusive influence of face-race categories on the FRL illusion continues, with the impact of racial groups on the illusion remaining relatively unexplored. To address these gaps, we conducted studies to investigate whether the FRL illusion varies in terms of racial salience and racial groups. We manipulated the racial salience by altering the orientation of the faces. A total of 64 Caucasians (Study 1) and 63 Asians (Study 2) were recruited. Participants were shown pairs of faces in rapid succession and were asked to report which face appeared lighter or darker. In each trial, the two faces belonged to the same race category: Black, Black–White ambiguous, or White. The luminance of the first face remained consistent across trials while the luminance of the second face varied and was adjusted across eight levels (− 20, − 12, − 8, − 4, + 4, + 8, + 12, + 20). Our findings reveal that the FRL illusion is largely dependent on the salience of face-race information. When faces were presented upright, the FRL illusion was prominent; however, it disappeared when faces were inverted. Remarkably, the FRL illusion was observed not only in Caucasians but also in Asians. Therefore, our results suggest that the FRL illusion primarily stems from race salience rather than participants’ racial groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 6","pages":"2093 - 2103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The relationship between space and time perception: A registered replication of Casasanto and Boroditsky (2008) 空间与时间感知之间的关系：对 Casasanto 和 Boroditsky（2008 年）的注册复制。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02942-2

Mirinda M. Whitaker, Rachael C. Hansen, Sarah H. Creem-Regehr, Jeanine K. Stefanucci

{"title":"The relationship between space and time perception: A registered replication of Casasanto and Boroditsky (2008)","authors":"Mirinda M. Whitaker, Rachael C. Hansen, Sarah H. Creem-Regehr, Jeanine K. Stefanucci","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02942-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02942-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Everything in our environment moves through both space and time, and to effectively act we must be aware of both spatial and temporal elements in relation to our own bodies. Thus, perceptions of space and time have an intimate relationship. Walsh’s a theory of magnitude (ATOM) suggests that space and time perception rely on a general magnitude system and their relationship should be roughly symmetrical. Alternatively, metaphor theory, which is based on the philosophical work of Lakoff and Johnson, argues that we represent time using a spatial metaphor and thus the relationship should be asymmetrical (with space influencing time more than time influences space). A compelling line of evidence for metaphor theory comes from the work of Casasanto & Boroditsky. <i>Cognition</i>, <i>106</i>(2), 579–593. (2008) who experimentally demonstrated this asymmetric effect. However, in our previous unpublished online replication attempt of this work, we found a roughly symmetrical relationship between space and time, more in line with the theoretical predictions of ATOM. Given this, we performed a registered replication of Casasanto & Boroditsky. <i>Cognition</i>, <i>106</i>(2), 579–593. (2008) in both an online and laboratory environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 6","pages":"2210 - 2218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statistically learned associations among objects bias attention 物体间的统计学习关联会使注意力产生偏差。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3

Andrew Clement, Brian A. Anderson

{"title":"Statistically learned associations among objects bias attention","authors":"Andrew Clement, Brian A. Anderson","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A growing body of research suggests that semantic relationships among objects can influence the control of attention. There is also some evidence that learned associations among objects can bias attention. However, it is unclear whether these findings are due to statistical learning or existing semantic relationships. In the present study, we examined whether statistically learned associations among objects can bias attention in the absence of existing semantic relationships. Participants searched for one of four targets among pairs of novel shapes and identified whether the target was present or absent from the display. In an initial training phase, each target was paired with an associated distractor in a fixed spatial configuration. In a subsequent test phase, each target could be paired with the previously associated distractor or a different distractor. In our first experiment, the previously associated distractor was always presented in the same pair as the target. Participants were faster to respond when this distractor was present on target-present trials. In our second experiment, the previously associated distractor was presented in a different pair than the target in the test phase. In this case, participants were slower to respond when this distractor was present on both target-present and target-absent trials. Together, these findings provide clear evidence that statistically learned associations among objects can bias attention, analogous to the effects of semantic relationships on attention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 7","pages":"2251 - 2261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Memory, attention and creativity as cognitive processes in musical performance: A case study of students and professionals among non-musicians and musicians 音乐表演中的记忆、注意力和创造力认知过程：非音乐家和音乐家中学生和专业人士的案例研究。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02944-0

Jingtao Zhao

{"title":"Memory, attention and creativity as cognitive processes in musical performance: A case study of students and professionals among non-musicians and musicians","authors":"Jingtao Zhao","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02944-0","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02944-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research discusses that cognitive processes such as memory, attention and creativity differ in students and professionals, among musicians and non-musicians, dealing with musical performance. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the role of memory, attention and creativity as cognitive processes in musical performance, focusing on the differences between non-musicians and musicians. The sample involved 400 individuals, students and professionals, specialising in music and economics. The research instruments used by the scholars were <i>the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Conners Performance Test,</i> and <i>the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking</i>. Musical students possessed better-developed auditory and short-term memory, while professional musicians had better auditory, visual working and short-term memory. Analysis of attention reveals that music students score better than non-musicians on all four aspects: inattention, impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. For professionals, the key aspects are impulsivity and sustained attention with better results revealed in musicians. Creative thinking was the only factor where the differences were statistically significant in all five scales and the findings proved that creativity was better developed among musicians. This study provides an in-depth analysis and adds new knowledge to existing literature and empirical data on the cognitive processes associated with musical performance, focusing on memory, attention and creativity. By examining the differences between non-musicians and musicians, as well as students and professionals, the study provides insight into how musical performance can be used as a way to develop these cognitive processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 6","pages":"2042 - 2052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Working memory load does not interfere with distractor suppression in the additional singleton task 在额外的单人任务中，工作记忆负荷不会干扰分心物抑制。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02940-4

Francisco Vicente-Conesa, Ignacio Castillejo, Miguel A. Vadillo

{"title":"Working memory load does not interfere with distractor suppression in the additional singleton task","authors":"Francisco Vicente-Conesa, Ignacio Castillejo, Miguel A. Vadillo","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02940-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02940-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the last decade, the additional singleton task has been widely used to study visual statistical learning. In this paradigm, participants are instructed to find a target while ignoring a series of distractors. In some trials, a salient singleton distractor is added to the search display, making the task more difficult. However, if the singleton appears more frequently in one particular location of the display, participants eventually learn to suppress attention towards this location. It has been suggested that this type of learning is probably implicit and independent of working memory (WM) resources. To our knowledge, only one study has explored the impact of WM in suppression effect (Gao & Theeuwes, <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27,</i> 96–104, 2020). However, there are reasons to suspect that the amount and type of WM load used in that study may have been suboptimal to detect any effects on distractor suppression. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of WM load on distractor suppression addressing these issues. Contrary to our expectations, our results confirm that this type of learning is indeed highly resilient even to strong manipulations of WM load.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 6","pages":"2003 - 2012"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142010005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In simple but challenging search tasks, most errors are stochastic 在简单但具有挑战性的搜索任务中，大多数错误都是随机的。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y

Jeremy M. Wolfe, Johan Hulleman, Ava Mitra, Wentao Si

{"title":"In simple but challenging search tasks, most errors are stochastic","authors":"Jeremy M. Wolfe, Johan Hulleman, Ava Mitra, Wentao Si","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In visual search tasks in the lab and in the real world, people routinely miss targets that are clearly visible: so-called look but fail to see (LBFTS) errors. If search displays are shown to the same observer twice, we can ask about the probability of joint errors, where the target is missed both times. If errors are “deterministic,” then the probability of a second error on the same display–given that the target was missed the first time–should be high. If errors are “stochastic,” the probability of joint errors should be the product of the error rate for first and second appearances. Here, we report on two versions of a <i>T</i> among <i>L</i>s search with somewhat degraded letters to make search more difficult. In Experiment 1, <i>T</i>s could either appear amidst crowded “clumps” of <i>L</i>s or more in isolation. Observers made more errors when the <i>T</i> was in a clump, but these errors were mainly stochastic. In Experiment 2, the task was made harder by making <i>T</i>s and <i>L</i>s more similar. Again, errors were predominantly stochastic. If other, socially important errors are also stochastic, this would suggest that “double reading,” where two observers (human or otherwise) look at each stimulus, could reduce overall error rates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":"86 7","pages":"2289 - 2300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retraction Note: Mask-related costs in measuring preview benefit: Evidence from a distributional analysis based on target word reading times 撤稿说明：衡量预览效益的面具相关成本：基于目标词阅读时间的分布分析证据。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02943-1

Nikki G. Fackler, Peter C. Gordon

引用次数: 0