{"title":"Intermixed levels of visual search difficulty produce asymmetric probability learning","authors":"Bo-Yeong Won, Andrew B. Leber","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02897-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02897-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When performing novel tasks, we often apply the rules we have learned from previous, similar tasks. Knowing when to generalize previous knowledge, however, is a complex challenge. In this study, we investigated the properties of learning generalization in a visual search task, focusing on the role of search difficulty. We used a spatial probability learning paradigm in which individuals learn to prioritize their search toward the locations where a target appears more often (i.e., high-probable location) than others (i.e., low-probable location) in a search display. In the first experiment, during a training phase, we intermixed the easy and difficult search trials within blocks, and each was respectively paired with a distinct high-probable location. Then, during a testing phase, we removed the probability manipulation and assessed any generalization of spatial biases to a novel, intermediate difficulty task. Results showed that, as training progressed, the easy search evoked a stronger spatial bias to its high-probable location than the difficult search. Moreover, there was greater generalization of the easy search learning than difficult search learning at test, revealed by a stronger bias toward the former’s high-probable location. Two additional experiments ruled out alternatives that learning during difficult search itself is weak and learning during easy search specifically weakens learning of the difficult search. Overall, the results demonstrate that easy search interferes with difficult search learning and generalizability when the two levels of search difficulty are intermixed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamara Rathcke, Eline Smit, Yue Zheng, Massimiliano Canzi
{"title":"Perception of temporal structure in speech is influenced by body movement and individual beat perception ability","authors":"Tamara Rathcke, Eline Smit, Yue Zheng, Massimiliano Canzi","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02893-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02893-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The subjective experience of time flow in speech deviates from the sound acoustics in substantial ways. The present study focuses on the perceptual tendency to regularize time intervals found in speech but not in other types of sounds with a similar temporal structure. We investigate to what extent individual beat perception ability is responsible for perceptual regularization and if the effect can be eliminated through the involvement of body movement during listening. Participants performed a musical beat perception task and compared spoken sentences to their drumbeat-based versions either after passive listening or after listening and moving along with the beat of the sentences. The results show that the interval regularization prevails in listeners with a low beat perception ability performing a passive listening task and is eliminated in an active listening task involving body movement. Body movement also helped to promote a veridical percept of temporal structure in speech at the group level. We suggest that body movement engages an internal timekeeping mechanism, promoting the fidelity of auditory encoding even in sounds of high temporal complexity and irregularity such as natural speech.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-024-02893-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark Edwards, David Denniston, Camryn Bariesheff, Nicholas J. Wyche, Stephanie C. Goodhew
{"title":"Individual differences in emotion-induced\u0000 blindness: Are they reliable and what do they measure?","authors":"Mark Edwards, David Denniston, Camryn Bariesheff, Nicholas J. Wyche, Stephanie C. Goodhew","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02900-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02900-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The emotion-induced-blindness (EIB) paradigm has been extensively used\u0000 to investigate attentional biases to emotionally salient stimuli. However, the low\u0000 reliability of EIB scores (the difference in performance between the neutral and\u0000 emotionally salient condition) limits the effectiveness of the paradigm for\u0000 investigating individual differences. Here, across two studies, we investigated\u0000 whether we could improve the reliability of EIB scores. In Experiment 1, we introduced a mid-intensity emotionally salient\u0000 stimuli condition, with the goal of obtaining a wider range of EIB magnitudes to\u0000 promote reliability. In Experiment 2, we\u0000 sought to reduce the attentional oddball effect, so we created a modified EIB\u0000 paradigm by removing the filler images. Neither of these approaches improved the\u0000 reliability of the EIB scores. Reliability for the high- and mid-intensity EIB\u0000 difference scores were low, while reliability of the scores for absolute performance\u0000 (neutral, high-, and mid-intensity) were high and the scores were also highly\u0000 correlated, even though overall performance in the emotionally salient conditions\u0000 were significantly worse than in the neutral conditions. Given these results, we can\u0000 conclude that while emotionally salient stimuli impair performance in the EIB task\u0000 compared with the neutral condition, the strong correlation between the emotionally\u0000 salient and neutral conditions means that while EIB can be used to investigate\u0000 individual differences in attentional control, it is not selective to individual\u0000 differences in attentional biases to emotionally salient stimuli.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13414-024-02900-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140959880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}