Experimental Techniques最新文献

{"title":"Real-Time Temperature Field State Observer and Digital Replica to Support Cyber-Physical Testing","authors":"M. Salmeron,&nbsp;H. Montoya,&nbsp;C.E. Silva,&nbsp;S.J. Dyke","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00765-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00765-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cyber-physical testing is a class of experimental methods in which a system is partitioned into physical and numerical components to study its overall behavior. Transfer systems are typically needed to capture relevant interactions by enforcing appropriate interface conditions between the physical and numerical portions. While cyber-physical testing is often performed using lumped-parameter systems, thermomechanical cyber-physical testing requires the use of thermal actuators as transfer systems to apply a thermal condition over a spatially distributed region or surface. Thus, the interactions between the numerical and physical components are of a distributed nature, i.e., a field rather than point values. In this paper, we develop and experimentally validate a state observer for temperature fields to enable thermomechanical cyber-physical testing. The state observer provides continuous estimates of temperature over a surface of the thermal actuator using only temperature measurements at discrete locations. The estimated temperature field is then leveraged to account for localized mechanical defects in the interface condition. The method consists of building a digital replica of one portion of the control plant. By imposing defects in the digital replica it is used to generate and output the response of a thermal load pattern that represents that of a physical system with mechanical defects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 4","pages":"581 - 595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vibration and Acoustic Coupling Test and Analysis of High-Rise Glulam Building Floor Structure","authors":"Dong Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Wang,&nbsp;Benjamin Mwamba,&nbsp;Yifan Zhang,&nbsp;Qing Lin","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00755-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00755-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To better meet the objective requirements such as the living comfort of residents of high-rise glulam buildings, this paper uses air-borne sound insulation and impact sound insulation testing methods to carry out the measurement and analysis of sound insulation performance of the floor structures of glulam buildings. Environmental excitation and artificial excitation were used to carry out acoustic-vibration coupling experiments and analysis of the floor structure, and the living comfort of the glulam building was evaluated. The research conclusion shows that: due to the gaps in the floor structure, sound insulation valleys appear at 125 Hz and 200 Hz. The impact sound insulation performance of glulam building floors is better than the air-borne sound insulation performance. The steady-state walking excitation method can produce low-frequency vibrations of the floor structure. Under the steady-state running excitation mode, the frequency range of acoustic-vibration coupling is expanded. The correlation between floor vibration and noise is greatest under the rubber hammer continuous tapping mode among artificial excitations. This study can provide a useful reference for the optimization design and test of vibration performance of glulam building floors in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"493 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Method for Dynamic Kolsky Bar Compression at High Temperatures: Application to Ti-6Al-4V","authors":"E.R. Pittman,&nbsp;A. J. Clarke,&nbsp;L. E. Lamberson","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00762-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00762-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An experimental apparatus for measuring the dynamic behavior of materials subjected to strain rates on the order of 10<span>(^3)</span> s<span>(^{-1})</span> and temperatures up to 800°C with a unique triple actuation system is developed in this work. This system is based on the traditional Kolsky (or split-Hopkinson pressure) bar design, with the addition of an external furnace used to heat the specimen to the desired temperature. A synchronized triple pneumatic actuation system is used to control the motion and timing of the the sample, incident, and transmitted bars. The cold contact time (CCT), or the time during which the heated sample is in contact with the room temperature bars before compression, is measured experimentally and carefully controlled to minimize the development of a temperature gradient across the sample and avoid heating of the bars. Experiments are performed in conjunction with ultra high speed imaging and 2D digital image correlation (DIC), as well as high speed thermal imaging. To verify the viability of the proposed system, experiments were conducted on Ti-6Al-4V (wt.%) at temperatures from 25°C up to and 800°C at an average strain rate of approximately 1200 s<span>(^{-1})</span>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"475 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40799-024-00762-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Modal Identification and Tracking of a Cable-Stayed Bridge with p_LSCF","authors":"G. Zhang,&nbsp;Y. Huang,&nbsp;L. Meng","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00761-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00761-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The poly-reference least squares complex frequency-domain estimator(p_LSCF) is one of the most popular modal identification methods, which is employed to track the modal parameter of a cable-stayed bridge in this paper. In order to make p_LSCF more successfully applicable to structural modal automatic tracking, two main contributions are presented: on the one hand, p_LSCF is optimized to obtain clearer stabilization diagram, which is beneficial for physical modes extraction, and on the other hand, automatic analysis on stabilisation diagrams is perform based on density-based spatial clustering to realize continuous identification of modal parameters without the need for manual intervention. Finally, the improved p_LSCF is applied to the modal track of the Yangpu bridge located in Danzhou City, Hainan Province, China. The analysis results suggest that the improved p_LSCF offers notable benefits in mode recognition rate and accuracy compared to the original approach. This improved p_LSCF demonstrates the capability to identify closely spaced modes and delivers exceptionally precise estimations, enabling the detection of minute frequency variations. Moreover, it provides meaningful assessments of modal damping ratios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"459 - 474"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40799-024-00761-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Cover: Study on Velocity Distribution on Cross-Section Flow of T-Shunt","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00763-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00763-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"48 6","pages":"937 - 937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Performance Research of Smart Bolts Based on ALN Piezoelectric Thin Films","authors":"H. Yu,&nbsp;C. Guo,&nbsp;G. Mo","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00754-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00754-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The preparation of smart bolts is mainly achieved by pasting or embedding piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) patchs on the bolt head. However, these two methods are easily affected by temperature and noise due to the presence of the adhesive layer. In this study, a novel smart bolt based on ALN piezoelectric thin film (PTF) is developed. Firstly, a probe based thin film piezoelectric coefficient testing model was established to provide a theoretical basis for measuring the internal electric field distribution of PTF sensors and the equivalent voltage applied to ALN thin films; secondly, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were used to characterize and analyze the piezoelectric layer of the PTF sensor, and the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient was measured, providing a basis for the feasibility of the proposed new smart bolt; finally, a comparative analysis was conducted between the four performance indicators of high-temperature resistance, sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, and repeatability with the PZT adhesive smart bolt. The verification results indicate that the new smart bolt can more accurately identify the health status of the bolt.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"549 - 562"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Microstructure and Properties Changes in 35CrMo Steel Components Using Magnetic Hysteresis Loop and X-Ray Diffraction Techniques","authors":"H. Chen,&nbsp;B. Xu,&nbsp;Z.-X. Shen,&nbsp;Y.-P. Niu,&nbsp;J. Zhou,&nbsp;J.-D. Zhu,&nbsp;G.-M. Cao,&nbsp;Q. Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00760-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00760-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the structural health monitoring of in-service structural components, an important topic is to accurately assess the changes in their microstructure and performance through effective methods. Conventionally, magnetic non-destructive testing technology is very sensitive to changes in microstructure, making it highly suitable for online monitoring of product quality. Based on hysteresis loop and X-ray diffraction techniques, the relationships between microstructure, residual stress and magnetic properties of the full-scale 35CrMo steel components during the heat treatment were studied. Compared to the original state, the quenching and tempering heat treatment processes resulted in significant variations in the magnetic coercive force and the surface residual stresses, which were effectively characterized by the X-ray diffraction cosα method with the Debye–Scherer ring. It was found that the increment in the coercive field has occurred due to the domain wall pinning caused by grain refinement, precipitated carbides and compressive residual stress, while the hardness was increased mainly by precipitation hardening. In particular, the coercivity exhibited a good fit with the hardness and strength, and the correlation coefficients were 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. The current state of the arts allows to forecast the possibility to apply magnetic coercivity measurements for monitoring the microstructure and properties of steel products. However, in order to ensure the reliability of the measurement, it is recommended to establish a standardized procedure for magnetic measurement to reduce the influence of external interference.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"535 - 547"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40799-024-00760-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Enhancing Friction Stir Welding Performance for 2017AA Alloy Through Cooling with Mediterranean Seawater","authors":"M. Boukraa,&nbsp;T. Chekifi,&nbsp;T. Madani,&nbsp;M. Aissani,&nbsp;A. Settar","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00759-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00759-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"563 - 563"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Uncertainty Quantification Guidelines for DIC-Based Numerical Model Validation","authors":"A. Peshave,&nbsp;F. Pierron,&nbsp;P. Lava,&nbsp;D. Moens,&nbsp;D. Vandepitte","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00758-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00758-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate uncertainty quantification (UQ) in digital image correlation (DIC) deformations is essential for quantitative DIC-based finite element (FE) model validation. DIC UQ is well-studied in the current literature, both from a theoretical as well as experimental point-of-view, but rarely from the model validation perspective. Moreover, the DIC uncertainties are usually considered as spatial averages over the whole field of view while local contrast variations generally lead to spatially-varying noise floors. This paper investigates how DIC UQ should be performed when validating FE models. UQ was performed using experimental stationary images of a test sample. Spatial maps of point-wise temporal standard deviation (noise) and mean (bias) were constructed to be used in the model validation process. The effectiveness of reference image averaging at reducing bias and noise was also studied. Specular reflection (‘hotspots’) was given special attention, an important additional source of uncertainty not simulated by the Digital Twin (DT) used to perform the validation. As expected, image noise was found to be the most dominant source of DIC uncertainty. The spatially-random noise on the reference stationary image was found to be responsible for the temporal bias of the displacement distribution, as the copy of noise from that initial image affects all displacement maps since this image is used for all displacement maps. Spatially-random noise on the deformed stationary images was found to be responsible for the temporal standard deviation (noise). Both temporal noise and bias were found to be comparable in magnitude, highlighting the necessity for a spatially heterogeneous model validation criterion that accounts for both. The impact of specular reflection was difficult to quantify and exhibits potential for significantly increasing DIC uncertainties. The use of polarized lights and polarizing filters can mitigate this issue but more work is needed to allow for a realistic error budget to be established for this. Heat haze (refraction from warm air flow between camera and object) and camera heating are additional effects that are difficult to error-budget for. Finally, the effect of stereo-DIC calibration errors needs to be studied further.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"437 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Stress Measurement Method in Concrete Based on Matching Error Analysis and Correction","authors":"C.-Y. Xue,&nbsp;D.-R. Kong,&nbsp;B. Li,&nbsp;C.-D. Xu","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00757-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00757-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate measurement of dynamic stresses in concrete is important for mechanical analysis and theoretical innovation of concrete materials. In dynamic stress measurements of concrete, the matching error between the transducer and the concrete is the controlling error in the total error. To improve the measurement accuracy, in this study, the dynamic stress test method was investigated by considering the matching error. The propagation law of the time- and frequency-domain characteristics of the concrete stress under an explosion load was obtained through simulation, and the measurability of the stress was analyzed. The installation range and the minimum installation spacing of the transducers was analyzed based on the control of the matching error, and a matching error with a practical value was obtained. A stress transducer installation method was designed to meet the measurement requirements, and explosion tests were carried out. The results show that the peak value and bandwidth of the stress signal decayed rapidly with increasing propagation distance. The peak value decays exponentially, while the bandwidth decreases rapidly in the near field of the explosion to near a stable value and then rises gradually in the region close to the free boundary as the propagation distance increases. The minimum distance of the transducer from the explosives is 25 cm. The minimum distance of the transducer from the concrete boundary is 20 cm. The minimum installation distance of the transducers is 18 times the transducer thickness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"425 - 435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}