Experimental Techniques最新文献

{"title":"Simulation and Modelling of a Precision Method for Static Low Force Measurement","authors":"V. Kumar,&nbsp;M. Jewariya,&nbsp;S. S. K. Titus,&nbsp;S. K. Gautam","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00753-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00753-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study addresses the growing need for precision static low-force measurement in industries and metrology. Traditional force measurement systems rely on contact-based methods, involving the attachment of deflection sensors to the spring element, which can lead to electronic complexity and limited robustness, especially for low-force measurement. Therefore, this study demonstrates and presents a novel and robust force sensing approach for static low-force measurement by introducing a simple and easily implementable non-contact force sensing method. The research begins with the designing and modelling of cross beam spring element, followed by virtual testing using Ansys Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software to determine the maximum induced stress for validating the design for a 5 N load capacity. Additionally, the FEA study explores the optimal detectable deflection to assess the feasibility of utilizing speckle pattern imaging techniques for non-contact force measurement. Experimental simulated results reveal a linear correlation between angular deflection and exerted force with a calibration constant of approximately 0.0008 radians per Newton. This approach has offered a promising and efficient solution for precision static low force measurement and could also be used in other fields of metrology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"415 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simplified Method for Predicting Shaker Voltage in IMMATs","authors":"M. Behling,&nbsp;B. Thomason,&nbsp;R.L. Mayes,&nbsp;M.S. Allen,&nbsp;W.J. DeLima","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00750-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00750-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Impedance Matched Multi-Axis Tests (IMMATs) can replicate in-service vibration induced stress more accurately than single axis shaker table tests as they can better match a part’s operational boundary conditions and excite it in multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously. The shakers used in IMMATs are less powerful than shaker tables, so shaker force limits can be exceeded during tests if they are not placed adequately for the desired environment. The ability to predict shaker voltage and force before performing a test is, therefore, helpful in selecting shaker locations so that their limits are not exceeded. In this study, electrodynamic shakers were modeled as discrete electromechanical systems, and the shaker parameters were chosen to match experimentally obtained acceleration/voltage frequency response functions (FRFs). These models were coupled to a finite element model of the device under test (DUT) via dynamic substructuring, and the substructured model was demonstrated to accurately predict shaker voltage as well as the error in reproducing the environment at multiple accelerometer locations. A simple method called the FRF Multiplication method, in which the FRF of the substructured system is approximated as the product of two separate FRFs of the shaker and DUT respectively, was proposed and applied to the same system, yielding similar voltage and error predictions to those obtained using substructuring. Simple case studies were presented to explore the applicability of the proposed method, and it was demonstrated to have similar accuracy to the substructuring method in a range of cases. Additionally, we showed that while it was not possible to derive a unique model of the shakers from acceleration/voltage FRFs alone, the models that could be obtained were sufficient to predict test error almost perfectly and shaker voltage with less than 40 percent error.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"383 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculation of Principal Directional Strains of Layers Inside Carbon Fiber Laminates Based on Sequential Strain Measurements","authors":"S. Wang,&nbsp;X. F. Li,&nbsp;X. L. Han,&nbsp;Q. Zhang,&nbsp;Z. G. Li,&nbsp;S. Y. Lv","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00752-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00752-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article proposes a method to calculate the main direction strain inside the carbon fiber laminate based on the measured strain on the surface. The method is to paste strain gauges on the surface of the laminate, and the main direction strain inside the laminate is deduced through the selection of strain gauges, the determination of the paste method, the acquisition and processing of data, and the combination of the relevant theories of mechanics of materials and mechanics of composite materials. This method effectively solves the difficult problem of strain measurement inside carbon fiber laminates. The article validates the method with different layers of the laminate as test objects. The accuracy of the strain measurement of the surface layer and the validity of the calculation of the main directional strain of the internal layers based on the measured strain are verified by means of tests and finite element software calculations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"407 - 414"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Random Vibration Testing with Specified Fatigue Damage Spectrum and Preserved Power Spectral Density","authors":"A. Steinwolf","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00748-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00748-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fatigue damage spectrum (FDS) model characterizes how the damage potential is distributed over the excitation frequency range, similarly to how the power spectral density (PSD) characterizes the distribution of the excitation level. However, reproducing the in-service PSD during vibration testing on shakers does not necessarily mean that the FDS would be also reproduced. This is because some peaks, higher than those in a signal generated from the PSD, occur in vibrations of automobiles, trucks, and railway vehicles. Presence of these peaks in real in-service vibrations and their absence in the PSD-based random testing is the reason why the FDS obtained by the ordinary PSD control of the shaker is different in shape and usually lies below the in-service FDS. It is shown in the paper that the FDS shape as a function of frequency can be controlled by manipulating some of the IFFT phases instead of prescribing all of them randomly. Since the phase manipulation does not affect the excitation PSD, the FDS can be controlled with the PSD preserved. It was demonstrated in the paper for an example of automobile vibration that, when the ordinary PSD imitation failed in the numerical simulations, the developed PSD + FDS imitation was able to match not only the FDS of in-service vibration with non-Gaussian high peaks but also the accelerated FDS profile, which was 3 times higher than the in-service FDS. Numerical results have also shown that the FDS precision is maintained if the testing continues longer than the duration of the measured data record.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 3","pages":"371 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of Dynamic Recrystallization Kinetics of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel During Hot Rolling","authors":"B. C. Zhao,&nbsp;Y. P. Zhang,&nbsp;X. Jin,&nbsp;W. J. Zhen","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00747-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00747-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A Gleeble thermal–mechanical simulator equipped with an induction heating system was employed to perform single pass compression test to study the dynamic recrystallization behavior of a high-strength low-alloy steel in a wide range of temperatures ( 900℃-1050℃) and strain rates (0.1 s⁻¹-10 s⁻¹). Based on the flow behavior of the tested steel, a new method has been proposed to determine the stress or strain for the onset of dynamic recrystallization. The resultant stresses or strains are compared with the ones determined by using the previous method to confirm the validity of the new method. Moreover, the stress or strain for the onset of dynamic recrystallization is modeled using Zener-Hollomon parameter. With the assistant of the process parameters, temperature, strain and stress, the activation energy has been determined. Finally, the dynamic recrystallization kinetics model is constructed and the validity is tested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 2","pages":"341 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Friction Stir Welding Performance for 2017AA Alloy through Cooling with Mediterranean Seawater","authors":"M. Boukraa,&nbsp;T. Chekifi,&nbsp;T. Madani,&nbsp;M. Aissani,&nbsp;A. Settar","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00751-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00751-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the demand for aluminum alloys in various industries continues to grow, the development of robust welded joints has become an essential consideration. Traditional welding techniques struggle to meet the rigorous demands of modern applications. The aim of this study is to explore alternative welding methods, focusing on friction stir welding (FSW) and its underwater variant, underwater friction stir welding (UFSW), using Mediterranean seawater cooling, to join 2017AA aluminum alloy. From a methodological point of view, the study includes experimental measurements of thermal cycling and a comparative analysis of the resulting microstructures in weld joints. The unique cooling environment provided by Mediterranean seawater is a key variable in this analysis. The results reveal important information, particularly for the UFSW technique, where the introduction of Mediterranean seawater cooling leads to a substantial reduction in maximum temperatures and a decrease in plastic deformation level confirmed through fracture analysis in mechanical study. In addition, this cooling environment promotes the formation of a finer grain structure in the weld zone, exceeding the characteristics observed in conventional FSW joints. The potential benefits observed, including improved microstructure, corrosion resistance and wear resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 2","pages":"189 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Tapered Impact Damper for Traffic Signal Structure Vibrations Using the Method of Harmonic Balance","authors":"C. Ganci,&nbsp;R. Kuether,&nbsp;S. Hurlebaus","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00743-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00743-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Significant vibration amplitudes and cycles can be produced when traffic signal structures with low inherent damping are excited near one of their natural frequencies. For the mitigation of wind-induced vibrations, dynamic vibration absorbers coupled to the structure are often used. This research investigates the performance of a tapered impact damper, consisting of a hanging spring-mass oscillator inside a housing capable of reducing vibration amplitude over a broader frequency range than the conventional tuned mass damper. A nonlinear, two degree-of-freedom model is developed with coordinates representing the traffic structure and the tapered impact damper. This research focuses on the application of the harmonic balance method to approximate the periodic solutions of the nonlinear equations to compute the nonlinear dynamics of the damped traffic signal structure. After designing and manufacturing a tapered impact damper, the traffic signal structure is tested with and without the damper using free vibration snapback tests. The experimental frequency and damping backbone curves are used to validate the analytical model, and the effectiveness of the damper is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 2","pages":"327 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of Unsteady Lift Force Measurements Using Non-Dimensional Scaling Optimization","authors":"Z.T. Jones,&nbsp;N.A. Vlajic","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00740-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00740-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Measuring dynamic forces acting on a structure over an extended bandwidth is difficult because of the influence of system dynamics. Such is the case for the measurement of the unsteady lift exerted on a flat-plate airfoil, the forces on which scale according to fluid dynamics scaling laws. To correct unsteady lift measurements for a flat-plate airfoil over a wider bandwidth, we present a force reconstruction technique using non-dimensional scaling laws as optimization criteria. In this non-dimensional scaling law, the amplitude and frequency of the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the total force measured over a range of flow speed conditions scale such that they collapse to a single curve. Two sets of optimization criteria, namely, minimizing the variance between the collapsed forces and curve-fitting a functional form for the force, are established to estimate modal participation factors for a specified number of resonance modes. Modal parameters, including natural frequencies and loss factors, are estimated by operational modal analysis. Simulation cases are provided as initial validation. Experimental validation was performed using an experiment in which distributed forces are applied to a flexible structure via a series of electromagnets mounted on individual force gages to measure the applied forces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 2","pages":"313 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Property Investigation of Inconel 718 Alloy Using Multiple Trimmings and WEDM","authors":"L. Sun,&nbsp;S. Shi,&nbsp;X. Li,&nbsp;Y. Hou,&nbsp;Z. Chu,&nbsp;B. Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00749-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00749-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nickel-based Inconel 718 alloy, known for its high strength, hardness, and temperature resistance, is widely used in cutting-edge industries such as aerospace. However, after wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), the alloy surface can experience varying degrees of thermal damage, leading to a significant deterioration in the service performance of manufactured parts. In this study, single-factor experiments were conducted on the nickel-based Inconel 718 alloy to investigate the effects of different machining parameters on the surface quality, material removal rate, and microstructure. Using Taguchi experiments, parameter combinations that achieved the maximum material removal rate and minimum surface roughness were obtained. Based on parameter optimization, multiple trimming strategies were employed to study the effects of multiple trimming on the evolution of the surface microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy parts. The results showed that with an increase in the number of trimmings, the thermal damage to the surface gradually decreased. After multiple trimmings, the roughness average (Ra) value was reduced to 0.396 μm, the recast layer thickness was reduced from 9.035 μm to 0.92 μm, and the surface hardness approached that of the substrate, effectively removing the surface-hardened layer. The tensile strength of the samples after multiple trimmings increased by 52.2 MPa. The fracture strain of the main cutting was 63.1%, while that after multiple trimmings was approximately 67%. The stress required to fracture the sample increased, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties. The thickness of the brittle fracture zone at the fracture edge was reduced from 18.89 μm to 6.65 μm. The findings indicate that parameter optimization and multiple trimming strategies can improve the surface quality and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy workpieces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 2","pages":"299 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Efficiency of Single Lap Riveted Joints in the Carbon Nanofiller Reinforced Laminated Polymer Composites","authors":"K. Kumar,&nbsp;R. K. Verma,&nbsp;J. Ramkumar,&nbsp;S. C. Jayswal","doi":"10.1007/s40799-024-00746-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40799-024-00746-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminated (GFRPL) composites are extensively used in the development of multiple loading and high performance engineering components. It consists of greater properties, such as enhanced strength-to-weight ratio, and exceptional thermal stability. This plays a vital role in advanced composite manufacturing, that includes automobile parts, aeroplane parts, spaceships, and sporting goods. During manufacturing, the polymeric laminates essentially require the joining procedure while assembling the structural applications; in such cases, the bolted joint is frequently used to connect the different structural components. In the structural design of two-component joints, the component is governed by the durability and joint strength rather than the component capacity. In the joint setup, many types of joints are used to connect the fibrous composite, i.e., adhesive joint, bolted joint, and riveted joint. This work enhanced the riveted joint efficiency of laminated composite plates. The neat GFRPL and modified GFRPL samples were developed at 1, 2, and 3 Wt.% loading of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT). Herein, the effect of MWCNT on single-lap riveted joining behavior and feasibility was investigated. The lap joint aluminum blind rivet with a 5 mm diameter was used to join the two composites’ specimens. The tensile test of single lap riveted joint specimen, impact, and Shore D hardness tests were performed to analyze the composite’s shear strength, energy absorption, and hardness. The outcome showed that the MWCNT loading enhances the shear strength, ductility, and hardness. The findings revealed that the higher shear strength and maximum failure load capacity were obtained for GFRPL samples modified by 1 Wt.% supplement of MWCNT as compared to the neat GFRPL, 2 and 3 Wt.% samples. The net tension failure occurred between the hole and the structure’s side edges. Optimizing the geometrical configuration of the single-lap riveted joint helps reduce bearing failure and applied net tension. The analysis of the riveted joint revealed its potential for further structural applications. Further, the morphological investigation of the fracture surface of the tested specimens and the elemental composition of the developed nanocomposites was explored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":553,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Techniques","volume":"49 2","pages":"279 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}