Brazilian Journal of Biology最新文献

{"title":"Growth-promoting bacteria in coinoculation in soybean.","authors":"F S Fulaneti, M M Ferreira, R T Vey, F C B Vieira, G M Conceição, J F Spanevello, V C Valdovino, R B Mario, T N Martin","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.295709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.295709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growth-promoting bacteria play a crucial role in sustainable soybean production, prompting research into the application of microbiological interactions to optimize their functions. This study aimed to assess the impact of coinoculation with growth-promoting bacteria on soybean grain productivity. Five experiments were conducted over two harvest seasons, employing a randomized block design with four replications. The first and second experiments, conducted during the 2020/21 and 2021/22 harvests, respectively, included eight treatments: (i) control without microorganism application; (ii) Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj); (iii) Bj + Azospirillum brasilense (Ab); (iv) Bj + Bacillus aryabhattai (Ba); (v) Bj + Bacillus megaterium (Bm); (vi) Bj + Biobokashi (Bi); (vii) Bj + Pseudomonas fluorencens (Pf); and (viii) Bj + Ab + Ba + Bm + Bi + Pf. The third and fourth experiments employed a factorial design, considering irrigation and the eight previously described treatments. The fifth experiment, conducted during the 2020/21 harvest, featured a factorial design considering fertilization levels (no fertilization, 50%, and 100% of recommended fertilization) and the eight aforementioned treatments. Evaluated variables included productivity, mass of thousand grains, number and dry mass of nodules, soil coverage rate, and various root parameters such as length, diameter, surface area, and volume per plant. Overall, optimal results were observed with the coinoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Pseudomonas fluorencens, as well as the coinoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bacillus aryabhattai. These combinations significantly increased the number and mass of nodules, stimulated root growth, and enhanced soybean productivity across diverse locations. Additionally, the study suggests the potential for partial replacement of mineral fertilizers due to increased root volume and nutrient absorption. This research underscores the efficacy of growth-promoting bacteria coinoculation, particularly the synergistic effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with Pseudomonas fluorencens and Bacillus aryabhattai. These findings contribute valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices, demonstrating the potential for improved soybean productivity and reduced reliance on traditional fertilization methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e295709"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145132811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New records and knowledge about the distribution of Eumeninae and Zethinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in protected areas of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil.","authors":"D G S Renne, N Barbado, C Y Shimamoto, J A M Almeida, M G Hermes, G C Jacques, M M Souza","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.295418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.295418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eumeninae and Zethinae are currently treated as subfamilies within the Vespidae and, despite providing several ecosystem services, they are poorly sampled in Brazilian biomes, such as the Atlantic Forest. The Atlantic Forest is a global biodiversity hotspot that has historically faced various anthropogenic pressures, leading to the loss of 87% of its native vegetation cover. This condition underscores the need for studies on the occurrence and distribution of biota in this biome. The present study aimed at surveying these taxa in different protected areas of Atlantic Forest domain, in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Field work was carried out at Parque Nacional Ilha Grande, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu and Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista, between 2019 and 2022. A total of 16 species of Eumeninae and two of Zethinae were registered, of which 44% are considered new records for Paraná. The large number of new records is a direct result of the lack of information about these taxa in the State. Considering the current trend of accelerated biome loss in Brazil, especially concerning the Atlantic Forest, studies focusing on the knowledge of local and regional faunas are urgent, in wasps of the Vespidae family.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e295418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of different degrees of inbreeding in sheep breeding.","authors":"M Zh Dyussegaliyev, N I Idayat, Sh A Zhumabayev, G K Yesseyeva, Zh M Zhsupbekov","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.297101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.297101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article presents the results of research aimed at improving selection methods for Karakul sheep of the Kazakh intrabreed type with a bronze-colored sur (gray) fleece pattern. Based on these findings, the study explores the application of different degrees of inbreeding within linebreeding to accelerate the breeding process. Research methods included determining the animals' kinship using pedigree records, insemination and lambing journals, and lamb evaluation logs. To ensure the accuracy of kinship data for selected sheep, close attention was paid to maintaining precise pedigree documentation on the farm. A summary of the inheritance patterns of bronze coloration under homogeneous selection showed that the degree of inbreeding in genotypes does not affect the heritability of the selected trait. Uniformity is identified as a key breeding trait in colored Karakul sheep, characterized by consistent distribution of fleece roughness across all lamb types. According to the newly developed methods, the degree of inbreeding may help stabilize the genetic potential of Karakul sheep breeding in the Atyrau region. Intraline selection is based on identifying and using the best individuals within a line; therefore, traits primarily determined by additive polygenic action-i.e., those with high heritability-can be improved through such methods. For traits with low heritability, family selection with progeny performance evaluation is necessary. Linebreeding may involve both related (inbreeding) and unrelated matings. Inbreeding is used to increase the frequency of desirable genes and to enhance organism homozygosity. It is applied to fix outstanding traits of specific individuals within a developing line, particularly in the initial stages of line formation. When high homozygosity is achieved through close inbreeding, such lines are referred to as inbred lines. In breeding and pedigree work, linebreeding of sheep with leading fleece colors using an inbreeding coefficient of F = 25% has proven effective. In such cases, expression of traits increased by 8.46%, while in outbred animals, the increase was 14.8%.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e297101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal structure of wood from native species of the Brazilian Cerrado.","authors":"A F Alves, A G Carvalho, O P Lopes, B L C Pereira, A J V Zanuncio","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.287771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.287771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The trees of the Cerrado fulfill indispensable roles in climate regulation, hydrological cycle maintenance, and soil preservation, thereby providing essential ecosystem services crucial for environmental equilibrium. Comprehensive knowledge of tree species is imperative for developing effective conservation strategies, aimed at preserving both the biome and its resident species. The objective was to microscopically describe the wood of tree species from a fragment of the Cerrado biome in Minas Gerais. Wood samples were collected from eleven tree species from Cerrado biome. Microscopic examinations were conducted on permanent histological slides and macerated material. This study is particularly significant as it provides new information on the wood of understudied Cerrado species. One of them is Myrsine gardneriana A. DC., a species not previously documented in the literature. The anatomical descriptions of the tree species provided in this work will aid in the identification of species based on their xylem, without the need for vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics. This tool is useful for regulatory bodies overseeing the timber trade and is particularly relevant for the Cerrado biome, especially in monitoring the origin of commercially traded charcoal.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e287771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive aspects of native and endangered wild Betta fish (Betta dennisyongi and Betta rubra) from Aceh waters, Indonesia.","authors":"F M Nur, A S Batubara, N Fadli, S Rizal, M N Siti-Azzizah, Z A Muchlisin","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.290436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.290436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Betta dennisyongi and Betta rubra are ornamental fish native to Aceh waters, facing a decline in population due to overexploitation and environmental changes. Therefore, this research aimed to obtain information regarding the reproduction of B. dennisyongi and B. rubra. The study was conducted from January to December 2020, with B. dennisyongi and B. rubra samples collected from Nagan Raya Regency and Aceh Besar, respectively. Approximately 1,099 Betta fish samples were successfully collected, comprising 600 B. dennisyongi and 499 B. rubra. The results showed that sex ratio (male:female) analysis had 1:5 and 1:6 for B. dennisyongi and B. rubra, respectively, indicating a predominance of female. Further analysis showed that only 15% of female B. dennisyongi samples had mature gonads out of 505 and 3.7% of male among 95 B. dennisyongi. Female of B. dennisyongi showed first mature gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.99 cm. For B. rubra, only 11.1% of female and 26.9% of male samples showed mature gonads out of 432 and 67, respectively. Female of B. rubra first matured gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.90 cm. Reproductive analysis showed that both species were continuous spawners in the year, as indicated by mature gonads in each month of observation, with fluctuating percentages. The peak spawning period for B. dennisyongi occurred in October, while B. rubra was observed in January. Consequently, it was recommended not to catch these species during their spawning months to maintain the sustainability of these endangered species.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e290436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of dietary Selenium nanoparticles on the fillet composition and antioxidant status of Cirrhinus mrigala.","authors":"K Raziq, U Riaz, M Tariq, M Safdar, S Saeed, E Ibáñez-Arancibia, P R De Los Ríos-Escalante","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.294951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.294951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress affects fish health and poses, significant harm to fish growth and fish physiology in aquaculture when fish are cultured in intensive farming. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) act as a potential antioxidant in their optimal range, but their effect on the growth and health of Cirrhinus mrigala remains unexplored. The study aims to determine the impact of selenium nanoparticles on fish growth, tissue composition and antioxidant effect on Cirrhinus mrigala for sustainable aquaculture activities. The fish were kept in 15 fiberglass tanks each containing 20 fish per tank weighing 7g each fish. Fish were fed with five kinds of experimental diet of selenium nanoparticle (Se-NPs) twice daily concentration of control (0 mg/kg) to 0.25 mg/kg Se-NPs, 0.5 mg/kg Se-NPs, 1 mg/kg Se-NPs and 2 mg/kg Se-NPs groups with 3% of body weight. The growth metrics, biochemical analysis (SOD, GPx, CAT, MDA and TBARS assays) and proximate composition of the muscles were performed using AOAC standard methods. The proximate compositions of C. mrigala, including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash, were not affected by the dietary SeNPs after 90 days of culture. However, the highest level of moisture (76.87) was observed in T1, crude protein was maximum in T5 (17.63±0.26), crude fat content was high in the T1 diet comprising of 13.62±0.33 value, and crude ash was highest in the control diet (1.78±0.11). Results show that 1 mg Se-NPs/kg increase the growth rate (p<0.05), increase the antioxidant activities (SOD: 5.84±0.12, CAT: 64.29±0.25) and decreases the MDA level by 8.5% resulted in decreased in antioxidant stress. This study concludes that 1 mg SeNPs/kg is beneficial for fish growth and antioxidant defense in its optimum range in Cirrhinus mrigala without causing any damage to muscle quality. The study is beneficial for making health-promoting aquafeed and meet the sustainable aquaculture practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e294951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Pleurotus ostreatus extracts: antibacterial and catalytic activity evaluation.","authors":"S Arumugam, K Kasumbwe, V Mohanlall","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.293781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.293781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are attracting increasing attention due to their unique properties, including simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In this study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized at room temperature using extracts from Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus). The resulting POS-AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, and Zetasizer analysis. The UV-Vis spectra displayed a characteristic peak for AgNPs within the wavelength range of 250-800 nm, confirming successful nanoparticle formation. TEM analysis revealed uniform, spherical POS-AgNPs with an average size of approximately 19.9 nm and a zeta potential of -10.8 mV. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups involved in the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles. The green-synthesized PO-AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains, showing greater efficacy compared to both the plant extract and AgNO3 alone. Among the tested bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive, showing the highest inhibition zone at a concentration of 100 µg/mL (15.6 ± 1.2 mm), followed by Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli (13.2 ± 0.3 mm and 12.5 ± 0.5 mm, respectively). The concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth suggests that PO-AgNPs are a promising antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of POS-AgNPs was evaluated by monitoring the reduction of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The nanoparticles demonstrated efficient catalytic activity, leading to the rapid degradation of these compounds. Thus, this study highlights P. ostreatus as a green and sustainable source for the synthesis of AgNPs with notable antibacterial and catalytic properties, holding significant promise for applications in healthcare and various industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e293781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns: a comprehensive analysis of health dynamics across regions in Pakistan (2013-2023).","authors":"R Uppal, M Rehan Uppal, R Tahir, U Saeed, A A Khan, M S Uppal, Z Ali, D U Ozsahin, M N Tariq, Y Waheed, Z Z Piracha","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.285605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.285605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern globally, and Pakistan is no exception. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics, inadequate regulation of their sale, and a lack of awareness contribute to the rising levels of AMR in the country. study presents a detailed analysis of blood and urine samples collected in Pakistan over various periods, focusing on pathogen prevalence, gender distribution, and age-wise patterns. From January 2013 to 2017, the North region exclusively contributed to the blood sample dataset, with Salmonella emerging as the primary pathogen, particularly affecting infants and neonates. Subsequently, from January 2017 to December 2020, a significant dataset emerged from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli prevalent across all age groups, notably impacting adults and infants. In the period from January 2021 to the present, blood samples predominantly originated from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli remaining significant pathogens, affecting adults and the elderly. Regarding urine samples, from January 2013 to December 2017, E.coli was the dominant pathogen, with females showing a higher susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly among the elderly. Similarly, from January 2017 to December 2020, E.coli remained predominant, with UTIs more prevalent in females and the elderly. In the most recent period, the North region significantly contributed to UTI cases, with E.coli remaining predominant and females exhibiting a higher susceptibility, especially among the elderly. This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the epidemiology of blood and urinary tract infections in Pakistan, informing public health strategies and interventions aimed at addressing these health challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e285605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature elevation intensifies the toxicity of metals to terrestrial invertebrates: results of a meta-analysis.","authors":"M F B Cheschin, K G Massi, S Rodgher","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.293488","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1519-6984.293488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study carried out the first systematic review with meta-analysis on the effects of metals and temperature rise individually and their associations with terrestrial invertebrates. Initially, a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles was performed. Meta-analysis demonstrated that metals negatively affected the fitness of annelids, arthropods, and nematodes and positively affected physiological regulation in annelids. In line with our hypothesis, the analysis revealed that the combination of temperature and metals demonstrated more negative effects on invertebrate fitness than the isolated effects of the variables. Cadmium, mercury, and lead in combination with warming caused negative effects on arthropods, while copper and zinc associated with temperature negatively affected annelids. This meta-analytical review emphasizes the need for an integrated and realistic experimental approach in future studies of pollutant effects for terrestrial invertebrates in the global warming scenario.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e293488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of growth-promoting microorganisms and their impact on chickpea growth in tropical regions.","authors":"K S M A Padilha, R F Pegoraro, M N Almeida Neta, E R Duarte, V S Martins Júnior, R P D Souza","doi":"10.1590/1519-6984.291100","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1519-6984.291100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of plant growth-promoting microorganisms is crucial for developing new agricultural strategies aimed at increasing productivity and resilience in semi-arid environments, where water scarcity and soil degradation pose critical challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and relate the effects of inoculation of growth-promoting or nodulating microorganisms in isolates from chickpea roots grown in a semiarid region. The nodules were washed with distilled water, 95% ethanol and 3% NaClO. They were then crushed, and the resulting suspension was diluted six times in saline solution. The microorganisms were inoculated in YMA culture medium and observed for colony counting. Microbiological analyses and biochemical identification were conducted to identify the isolates. Eight bacterial species were identified: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Enterobacter asburiae, Klebsiella variicola, Kosakonia radicincitans, Mesorhizobium sp. 1, Pseudomonas monteilii, and Rhizobium radiobacter. Two chickpea cultivars, Aleppo and Cristalino, were planted in a greenhouse to assess the effects of the identified microorganisms. The plants were inoculated and grown for 72 days. The Cristalino cultivar showed improvement in root length, shoot dry weight, number of nodules, and total nitrogen content when inoculated with Klebsiella variicola and Mesorhizobium sp. 1. The Aleppo cultivar showed greater root dry weight, total dry weight, and root-to-shoot ratio when inoculated with Mesorhizobium sp. 1 and Bacillus cereus. All the microorganisms found in this study have significant potential to promote chickpea plant growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":55326,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"e291100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}